Turkish majorities:
81-673: The Yörüks , also Yuruks or Yorouks ( Turkish : Yörükler ; Greek : Γιουρούκοι , Youroúkoi ; Bulgarian : юруци ; Macedonian : Јуруци , Juruci ), are a Turkic ethnic subgroup of Oghuz descent , some of whom are nomadic , primarily inhabiting the mountains of Anatolia , and partly in the Balkan peninsula . On the Balkans Yörüks are distributed over a wide area from the eastern parts of North Macedonia, parts of Bulgaria, north to Larissa in Thessaly and southern Thrace. Their name derives from
162-539: A yayla house for the summers, sometimes in relation to the Alevi community etc. and with Yörüks maintaining a stronger association with nomadism. These names ultimately hint to their Oghuz Turkish roots. The remaining "true" Yörüks of today's Anatolia traditionally use horses as a means of transportation, though these are steadily being replaced by trucks. The Yörüks are divided in a large number of named endogamous patrilineal tribes (aşiret). Among recent tribes mentioned in
243-597: A branch of the larger Altaic family, including Japanese , Korean , Mongolian and Tungusic , with various other language families proposed for inclusion by linguists. Altaic theory has fallen out of favour since the 1960s, and a majority of linguists now consider Turkic languages to be unrelated to any other language family, though the Altaic hypothesis still has a small degree of support from individual linguists. The nineteenth-century Ural-Altaic theory, which grouped Turkish with Finnish , Hungarian and Altaic languages,
324-475: A form of consonant mutation whereby a voiced obstruent, such as /b d dʒ ɡ/ , is devoiced to [p t tʃ k] at the end of a word or before a consonant, but retains its voicing before a vowel. In loan words, the voiced equivalent of /k/ is /g/; in native words, it is /ğ/. This is analogous to languages such as German and Russian , but in the case of Turkish it only applies, as the above examples demonstrate, to stops and affricates, not to fricatives. The spelling
405-566: A low of US$ 50,526 in 2008 and a high of US$ 3,001,920 in 1977. The most profitable period was the decade from 1975 to 1985, when the annual yield ranged from $ 2–3 million USD. The most important fish species have historically been the Eurasian carp and the pike perch, while crayfish were the most important species overall between 1975 and 1985. Several native fish species such as V. vimba , C. pestai , and P. handlirschi were never economically significant. Predation and overfishing have threatened
486-415: A negative suffix -me to the verb (the suffix comes after the stem but before the tense): Necla okula gitmedi ('Necla did not go to school'). In the case of a verbal sentence, an interrogative clitic mi is added after the verb and stands alone, for example Necla okula gitti mi? ('Did Necla go to school?'). In the case of a nominal sentence, then mi comes after the predicate but before
567-689: A superficial similarity to the Germanic runic alphabets . With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages ( c. 6th –11th centuries), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia , covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia all the way to Europe and the Mediterranean . The Seljuqs of the Oghuz Turks , in particular, brought their language, Oghuz —the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into Anatolia during
648-467: A total volume of 4,000 cubic hectometres (140 billion cubic feet ), of which 1,000 cubic hectometres (35 billion cubic feet) is drawn off for irrigation, drinking water, or other human uses. Approximately 45,000 hectares are irrigated by waters drawn from the lake. There is no thermal stratification in the lake. A strait called the Hoyran Boğazı divides Lake Eğirdir into two parts:
729-407: A verb in the form of the copula ol or y (variants of "be"). Examples of both are given below: The two groups of sentences have different ways of forming negation. A nominal sentence can be negated with the addition of the word değil . For example, the sentence above would become Necla öğretmen değil ('Necla is not a teacher'). However, the verbal sentence requires the addition of
810-531: Is a lake in the Lakes Region of Turkey . The town of Eğirdir lies near its southern end, 107 kilometers (66 miles) north of Antalya . With an area of 482 square kilometres (186 sq mi) it is the fourth largest lake in Turkey, and the second largest freshwater lake. The town and the lake were formerly called Eğridir , a Turkish pronunciation of the town's old Greek name Akrotiri . Eğridir means "it
891-526: Is based on the dialect of Istanbul . This Istanbul Turkish ( İstanbul Türkçesi ) constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by Ziya Gökalp , Ömer Seyfettin and others. Dialectal variation persists, in spite of the levelling influence of the standard used in mass media and in the Turkish education system since the 1930s. Academic researchers from Turkey often refer to Turkish dialects as ağız or şive , leading to an ambiguity with
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#1732880327905972-527: Is commercially harvested. It is not native to the lake, but when exactly it was introduced is unknown. From 1970 to 1985, Lake Eğirdir accounted for 75% of Turkey's annual crayfish catch. In 1986, however, the lake's crayfish population "collapsed" due to crayfish plague and crayfish harvesting stopped. Its population later recovered somewhat and commercial harvesting was resumed in 1999; however, catch numbers have never recovered to pre-plague levels (harvests are "1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than those in
1053-435: Is considered even less plausible in light of Altaic's rejection. The theory was based mostly on the fact these languages share three features: agglutination , vowel harmony and lack of grammatical gender. The earliest known Old Turkic inscriptions are the three monumental Orkhon inscriptions found in modern Mongolia . Erected in honour of the prince Kul Tigin and his brother Emperor Bilge Khagan , these date back to
1134-506: Is crooked" in Turkish, so to remove the negative connotations, in the mid-1980s the "i" and the "r" were transposed in a new official name, thus creating Eğirdir , a name that evokes spinning and flowers, although many people in Turkey still call both the town and the lake by its former name. Lake Eğirdir must have existed in ancient times, since coins from the nearby city of Parlaos have been found with ships on them, but no clear references to
1215-727: Is estimated at approx. 418 thousand people, mainly divided into Surguch (7000 without children) and Yörük (320,000 without children). They live mainly in the European part of Turkey , in Dulovo and the Deliorman area in Bulgaria and in the Kumanovo and Bitola areas of North Macedonia . Dialects include Gajal , Gerlovo Turk, Karamanli, Kyzylbash, Surguch, Tozluk Turk, Yuruk (Konyar, Yoruk), Prizren and Macedonian Gagauz. Current estimates of 2019 assume that in
1296-630: Is mutually intelligible with Azerbaijani . In particular, Turkish-speaking minorities exist in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire , such as Iraq, Bulgaria, Cyprus , Greece (primarily in Western Thrace ), the Republic of North Macedonia , Romania, and Serbia. More than two million Turkish speakers live in Germany; and there are significant Turkish-speaking communities in
1377-401: Is of uncertain origin but is native to the area, and 1 is of unknown status but likely an exotic species. Introduction of invasive species since the 1950s, along with overfishing , has caused significant disruption in the local ecosystem. The first major change came in 1955, when the non-native pike perch , which preys on other fish , was intentionally introduced to the lake. The reason
1458-612: Is one of the official languages of Cyprus . Turkish has official status in 38 municipalities in Kosovo , including Mamusha, , two in the Republic of North Macedonia and in Kirkuk Governorate in Iraq. Cyprus has requested the European Union to add Turkish as an official language, as it is one of the two official languages of the country. In Turkey, the regulatory body for Turkish is
1539-560: Is the 18th most spoken language in the world. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish —the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire —spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Perso-Arabic script -based Ottoman Turkish alphabet
1620-513: Is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages , with around 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and one of two official languages of Cyprus . Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers also exist in Germany , Austria , Bulgaria , North Macedonia , Greece , other parts of Europe , the South Caucasus , and some parts of Central Asia , Iraq , and Syria . Turkish
1701-642: Is usually made to match the sound. However, in a few cases, such as ad 'name' (dative ada ), the underlying form is retained in the spelling (cf. at 'horse', dative ata ). Other exceptions are od 'fire' vs. ot 'herb', sac 'sheet metal', saç 'hair'. Most loanwords, such as kitap above, are spelled as pronounced, but a few such as hac 'hajj', şad 'happy', and yad 'strange' or 'stranger' also show their underlying forms. Native nouns of two or more syllables that end in /k/ in dictionary form are nearly all /ğ/ in underlying form. However, most verbs and monosyllabic nouns are underlyingly /k/. The vowels of
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#17328803279051782-431: Is usually referred to as yumuşak g ("soft g"), written ⟨ğ⟩ in Turkish orthography , represents a vowel sequence or a rather weak bilabial approximant between rounded vowels, a weak palatal approximant between unrounded front vowels, and a vowel sequence elsewhere. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens
1863-690: The Aegean region, with its usage extending to Antalya . The nomadic Yörüks of the Mediterranean Region of Turkey also have their own dialect of Turkish. This group is not to be confused with the Yuruk nomads of Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey, who speak Balkan Gagauz Turkish . The Meskhetian Turks who live in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Russia as well as in several Central Asian countries, also speak an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, originating in
1944-583: The Eğirdir-Kovada graben , a north–south depression that also includes Lake Kovada. Two distinct stages of geological deposits are visible on dry land. Deposits from the first stage are exposed above ground in the Yeşilköy area; this is called the Yeşilköy Formation. This may have been deposited by the prehistoric Gölcük Volcano , 50 km to the southwest near the city of Isparta. The second phase
2025-560: The Kızılırmak river are called Turkmen and those in the west Yörük. Both terms were used together in Ottoman sources for Dulkadirli Turkmens living in Maraş and its surroundings. The ethnohistorical terms Turcoman and Turkmen are used synonymously in literature to designate Yörük ancestry. Historians and ethnologists often use the additional appellative 'Yörük Turcoman ' or 'Turkmens' to describe
2106-605: The Laz language ). Kastamonu is spoken in Kastamonu and its surrounding areas. Karamanli Turkish is spoken in Greece, where it is called Kαραμανλήδικα . It is the literary standard for the Karamanlides . At least one source claims Turkish consonants are laryngeally-specified three-way fortis-lenis (aspirated/neutral/voiced) like Armenian, although only syllable-finally. The phoneme that
2187-437: The Ottoman Empire period ( c. 1299 –1922) is termed Ottoman Turkish , which was a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably and was largely unintelligible to the period's everyday Turkish. The everyday Turkish, known as kaba Türkçe or "vulgar Turkish", spoken by the less-educated lower and also rural members of society, contained a higher percentage of native vocabulary and served as basis for
2268-604: The Second Turkic Khaganate (dated 682–744 CE). After the discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the Orkhon Valley between 1889 and 1893, it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the Old Turkic language written using the Old Turkic alphabet , which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to
2349-549: The Seljuq Turks , who are both regarded as the ethnic and cultural ancestors of the Ottomans , the administrative language of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from Arabic and Persian . Turkish literature during the Ottoman period, particularly Divan poetry , was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of imported words. The literary and official language during
2430-527: The Trabzon region of northeastern Turkey follows the reduced vowel harmony of Old Anatolian Turkish , with the additional complication of two missing vowels (ü and ı), thus there is no palatal harmony . It is likely that elün meant "your hand" in Old Anatolian. While the 2nd person singular possessive would vary between back and front vowel, -ün or -un, as in elün for "your hand" and kitabun for "your book",
2511-570: The Turkish Language Association ( Türk Dil Kurumu or TDK), which was founded in 1932 under the name Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti ("Society for Research on the Turkish Language"). The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the ideology of linguistic purism : indeed one of its primary tasks was the replacement of loanwords and of foreign grammatical constructions with equivalents of Turkish origin. These changes, together with
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2592-573: The 11th century. Also during the 11th century, an early linguist of the Turkic languages, Mahmud al-Kashgari from the Kara-Khanid Khanate , published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk ( ديوان لغات الترك ). Following the adoption of Islam around the year 950 by the Kara-Khanid Khanate and
2673-645: The 14th century, Ibn Batutta mentioned merchant shipping on the lake at Eğirdir (or Akrīdūr , as he called the city in Arabic). Lake Eğirdir is fed by about 40 different springs, some of which are intermittent, and also by rainfall within its 3,309-km drainage basin . The main streams which feed Lake Eğirdir are the Pupa, the Hoyran, the Yalvaç, and the Çay. Besides evaporation , water exits Lake Eğirdir either by flowing out through
2754-940: The 14th century. An earlier offshoot of the Yörüks, the Kailar or Kayılar Turks, were among the first settlements in Europe. In 1900 the Rumelian Turkish population in the Balkans was estimated at seven million. Shortly after the independence of the new Bulgarian state , they formed a significant minority in the country. Several waves of migration led to a decline of the Rumelian Turkish population, leaving about 1.5 million people by 1925. Many Rumelian Turks in Greece are not counted in census because they are registered as Christians to escape discrimination. Due to religious, linguistic and social differences, most part of Rumelian Turks did not intermarry or mix with
2835-411: The 1940s tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. It is considered particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in his lengthy speech to the new Parliament in 1927, used the formal style of Ottoman Turkish that had been common at the time amongst statesmen and the educated strata of society in the setting of formal speeches and documents. After
2916-472: The French loanword parti ). Some words restored from Old Turkic have taken on specialized meanings; for example betik (originally meaning "book") is now used to mean " script " in computer science . Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are: Turkish is natively spoken by the Turkish people in Turkey and by the Turkish diaspora in some 30 other countries. The Turkish language
2997-561: The Kovada Canal into Lake Kovada , by draining out into one of the about 20 natural ponors that exist at the bottom of the lake, or by being pumped out through one of the 11 irrigation pumps built around the lake. The average retention time for water in the lake is 2.5 to 3 years. The lake has an average depth of 7 m and a maximum depth of 13 m. Significant fluctuations in Lake Eğirdir's water level are not uncommon. It has
3078-515: The Latin alphabet for speakers of eastern dialects. Some immigrants to Turkey from Rumelia speak Rumelian Turkish , which includes the distinct dialects of Ludogorie , Dinler, and Adakale, which show the influence of the theorized Balkan sprachbund . Kıbrıs Türkçesi is the name for Cypriot Turkish and is spoken by the Turkish Cypriots . Edirne is the dialect of Edirne . Ege is spoken in
3159-567: The Latin script, encoded for many of the dialectal variations between Turkish dialects, the modern Latin script fails to do this. Examples of this are the presence of the nasal velar sound [ŋ] in certain eastern dialects of Turkish which was represented by the Ottoman letter /ڭ/ but that was merged into /n/ in the Latin script. Additionally are letters such as /خ/, /ق/, /غ/ which make the sounds [ɣ], [q], and [x], respectively in certain eastern dialects but that are merged into [g], [k], and [h] in western dialects and are therefore defectively represented in
3240-507: The SOV structure has diminished relevance and may vary. The SOV structure may thus be considered a "pragmatic word order" of language, one that does not rely on word order for grammatical purposes. Consider the following simple sentence which demonstrates that the focus in Turkish is on the element that immediately precedes the verb: Ahmet Ahmet yumurta-yı Lake E%C4%9Firdir Eğirdir ( Turkish : Eğirdir Gölü , formerly Eğridir )
3321-466: The TDK were newly derived from Turkic roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries. In 1935, the TDK published a bilingual Ottoman-Turkish /Pure Turkish dictionary that documents the results of the language reform. Owing to this sudden change in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in their vocabularies. While the generations born before
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3402-539: The Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, ⟨a⟩ , ⟨e⟩ , ⟨ı⟩ , ⟨i⟩ , ⟨o⟩ , ⟨ö⟩ , ⟨u⟩ , ⟨ü⟩ . The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: front and back , rounded and unrounded and vowel height . Vowels are classified [±back], [±round] and [±high]. The only diphthongs in
3483-465: The Turkish verb yürü- ( yürümek in infinitive ), which means "to walk", with the word yörük or yürük designating "those who walk on the hindlegs, walkers". The Yörüks were under the Yörük Sanjak, ( Turkish : Yörük Sancağı ) which was not a territorial unit like the other sanjaks , but a separate organisational unit of the Ottoman Empire . According to some, those tribes residing in the east of
3564-572: The United States, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Due to the cultural assimilation of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic members of the diaspora speak the language with native fluency. In 2005, 93% of the population of Turkey were native speakers of Turkish, about 67 million at the time, with Kurdish languages making up most of
3645-408: The Yörüks of Anatolia . In Turkey's general parlance today, the terms "Türkmen" and "Yörük" indicate the gradual degrees of preserved attachment with the former semi-nomadic lifestyle of the populations concerned, with the " Turkmen " now leading a fully sedentary life, while keeping parts of their heritage through folklore and traditions, in arts like carpet-weaving, with the continued habit of keeping
3726-549: The addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect. Turkish is a member of the Oghuz group of the Turkic family. Other members include Azerbaijani , spoken in Azerbaijan and north-west Iran , Gagauz of Gagauzia , Qashqai of south Iran and the Turkmen of Turkmenistan . Historically the Turkic family was seen as
3807-488: The adoption of the new Turkish alphabet in 1928, shaped the modern Turkish language spoken today. The TDK became an independent body in 1951, with the lifting of the requirement that it should be presided over by the Minister of Education. This status continued until August 1983, when it was again made into a governmental body in the constitution of 1982 , following the military coup d'état of 1980 . Modern standard Turkish
3888-406: The aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a language reform to replace loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents. By banning the usage of imported words in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by
3969-474: The areas of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin and sharing similarities with Azerbaijani , the language of Azerbaijan. The Central Anatolia Region speaks Orta Anadolu . Karadeniz , spoken in the Eastern Black Sea Region and represented primarily by the Trabzon dialect, exhibits substratum influence from Greek in phonology and syntax ; it is also known as Laz dialect (not to be confused with
4050-704: The central-eastern parts of the Turkish Mediterranean coast and consist of about 200 families. Their winter camps are in the coasts of Silifke , Gülnar and Anamur . In summer they live in the districts of Beyşehir and Seydişehir in Konya Province . Their nomad tents can be seen throughout the Mediterranean coastal sides of Turkey. This is a very common practice among old Turkic tribes in central Asia even nowadays. A throat singing tradition, known as “Boğaz Havası” or “Boğaz Çalma”, has an important aspect in
4131-513: The continuing work of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new concepts and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from English. Many of these new words, particularly information technology terms, have received widespread acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier changes—such as bölem to replace fırka , "political party"—also failed to meet with popular approval ( fırka has been replaced by
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#17328803279054212-524: The country is very high. The rising presence of this very similar language in Azerbaijan and the fact that many children use Turkish words instead of Azerbaijani words due to satellite TV has caused concern that the distinctive features of the language will be eroded. Many bookstores sell books in Turkish language along Azerbaijani language ones, with Agalar Mahmadov, a leading intellectual, voicing his concern that Turkish language has "already started to take over
4293-487: The culture of the Sarıkeçili Yörüks, it is performed by pressing the throat with a finger while singing with a sound. In the past centuries, many Sarıkeçili tribes also resided in these areas: İçil (today Mersin), Aydın , Konya , Afyonkarahisar , Akşehir , Saruhan , Doğanhisarı, Antalya , Lake Eğirdir , Isparta , Burdur , Dazkırı , Uluborlu . Most Sarıkeçili tribes living in these areas have already accepted
4374-466: The early 1980s". Another outbreak of crayfish plague in the lake in 2004 killed off much of the local population, and commercial harvesting of crayfish in Lake Eğirdir was banned in 2009. The pathogen causing crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci , has remained present in the lake, which may have prevented the local crayfish population from fully recovering to previous levels. The total economic value of commercial fishing on Lake Eğirdir has ranged between
4455-486: The entire Balkan region approx. 1.5 to 2.3 million people of Yörük Turkish descent live. The Kailar Turks formerly inhabited parts of Thessaly and Macedonia (especially near the town of Kozani and modern Ptolemaida ). Before 1360, large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yörüks, from the district of Konya , in Asia Minor , had settled in the country. Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to
4536-468: The lack of ü vowel in the Trabzon dialect means -un would be used in both of these cases — elun and kitabun . With the exceptions stated below, Turkish words are oxytone (accented on the last syllable). Turkish has two groups of sentences: verbal and nominal sentences. In the case of a verbal sentence, the predicate is a finite verb, while the predicate in nominal sentence will have either no overt verb or
4617-506: The lake have been found in ancient texts, and its ancient name is unknown. A number of ancient settlements have been located around the lake: places whose names are known were Eğirdir itself (historically known as Akroterion ), Parlaos, Malos , and Prostanna ; and places whose ancient names are not known were at the ruin sites of Bedre , Ghaziri , and Ertokuş Han , as well as on Yeşil Ada. (Based on its modern name, Bedre – now known as Gökçe – may have been called "Petra" in ancient times.) In
4698-410: The lake was 1,623 in 1984, 115 in 1999, 425 in 2001, and 510 in 2002. About 45,000 hectares of farmland are irrigated using waters from Lake Eğirdir. Water is also extracted for drinking water and electricity generation, although in the 2000s this has decreased relative to the increasing agricultural demand. The lake provides drinking water to the city of Isparta . Lake Eğirdir forms part of
4779-413: The lake's Eurasian carp population, especially since the 2000s, and its annual catch has fallen by 90% from what it was in the 1950s. From 2008 to 2012, commercial fishing of Eurasian carp was banned. Pike perch fishery has also decreased in importance in recent decades as that fish's population has contracted. The crayfish catch also plummeted in the 1980s due to the crayfish plague, and its harvesting
4860-466: The language are found in loanwords and may be categorised as falling diphthongs usually analyzed as a sequence of /j/ and a vowel. The principle of vowel harmony, which permeates Turkish word-formation and suffixation, is due to the natural human tendency towards economy of muscular effort. This principle is expressed in Turkish through three rules: The second and third rules minimize muscular effort during speech. More specifically, they are related to
4941-429: The language reform, the Turkish education system discontinued the teaching of literary form of Ottoman Turkish and the speaking and writing ability of society atrophied to the point that, in later years, Turkish society would perceive the speech to be so alien to listeners that it had to be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: first in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995. The past few decades have seen
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#17328803279055022-521: The larger Eğirdir Gölü proper and the smaller Hoyran Gölü. Lake Eğirdir has two islands, connected to the mainland by a long causeway into the town of Eğirdir : Beginning with Karekin Deveciyan 's Türkiye'de Balık ve Balıkçılık in 1915, a total of 15 different fish species have been recorded in Lake Eğirdir. Of these, 7 are endemic species that still inhabit the lake, 2 are endemic species that are now locally extinct , 4 are introduced species , 1
5103-513: The linguistic concept of accent , which is also covered with these words. Several universities, as well as a dedicated work-group of the Turkish Language Association, carry out projects investigating Turkish dialects. As of 2002 work continued on the compilation and publication of their research as a comprehensive dialect- atlas of the Turkish language. Although the Ottoman alphabet, being slightly more phonetically ambiguous than
5184-521: The literature are Aksigirli, Ali Efendi, Bahsıs, Cakallar, Coşlu, Qekli, Gacar, Güzelbeyli, Horzum, Karaevli, Karahacılı, Karakoyunlu, Karakayalı, Karalar, Karakeçili, Manavlı, Melemenci, San Agalı, Sanhacılı, Sarıkeçili, Tekeli and Yeni Osmanlı. The tribes are splittered in clans or lineages, i.e. kabile , sülale or oba . The Sarıkeçili or "Yellow Goats" are the last Yörüks maintaining the nomadic way of life. They mainly live in Mersin Province in
5265-512: The majority of the year, they lived in dark wool tents called kara çadır . During the summer, they went up to the mountains, and in the winter they came down to the coastal plains. They kept a variety of animals, including goats, sheep, camels, and sometimes cattle. The focus of each tribe was the family unit. Young men would move directly from their family's tent to their own upon marriage. The Yörüks married endogamously ; that is, they married strictly within their own tribe. Children were raised by
5346-604: The middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397 many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; some of the beys or Muslim landowners in southern Macedonia before the Balkan Wars may have been their descendants. Clans closely related to the Yörüks are scattered throughout the Anatolian Peninsula and beyond it, particularly around the chain of Taurus Mountains and further east around
5427-402: The modern Turkish language. While visiting the region between Adıyaman and Adana , Evliya Çelebi recorded the "Turkman language" and compared it with his own Turkish: Reforms Kemalism After the foundation of the modern state of Turkey and the script reform , the Turkish Language Association (TDK) was established in 1932 under the patronage of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , with
5508-410: The national and natural dialects of Azerbaijan". However, the presence of Turkish as foreign language is not as high as Russian. In Uzbekistan, the second most populated Turkic country, a new TV channel Foreign Languages TV was established in 2022. This channel has been broadcasting Turkish lessons along with English, French, German and Russian lessons. Turkish is the official language of Turkey and
5589-585: The native populations of the Balkans. As late as 1971, Rumelian Turks still formed a distinct ethnos of former nomads (known as Yorukluk). Originally, these Yörük nomads were taken from West Anatolia ( Saruhan , Menemen ) to colonize parts of Rumelia, such as Thessaly and Rhodope in the Greek-Bulgarian-Macedonian borderland, or Plovdiv and Yambol in Bulgaria. In 1993, the Yörük population of Bulgaria
5670-436: The personal ending, so for example Necla, siz öğretmen misiniz ? ('Necla, are you [formal, plural] a teacher?'). Word order in simple Turkish sentences is generally subject–object–verb , as in Korean and Latin , but unlike English, for verbal sentences and subject-predicate for nominal sentences. However, as Turkish possesses a case-marking system, and most grammatical relations are shown using morphological markers, often
5751-435: The phenomenon of labial assimilation: if the lips are rounded (a process that requires muscular effort) for the first vowel they may stay rounded for subsequent vowels. If they are unrounded for the first vowel, the speaker does not make the additional muscular effort to round them subsequently. Grammatical affixes have "a chameleon-like quality", and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony: Practically,
5832-638: The preceding vowel. In native Turkic words, the sounds [c] , [ɟ] , and [l] are mainly in complementary distribution with [k] , [ɡ] , and [ɫ] ; the former set occurs adjacent to front vowels and the latter adjacent to back vowels. The distribution of these phonemes is often unpredictable, however, in foreign borrowings and proper nouns. In such words, [c] , [ɟ] , and [l] often occur with back vowels: some examples are given below. However, there are minimal pairs that distinguish between these sounds, such as kar [kɑɾ] "snow" vs kâr [cɑɾ] "profit". Turkish orthography reflects final-obstruent devoicing ,
5913-440: The principles of i-type vowel harmony in practice: Türkiye' dir ("it is Turkey"), kapı dır ("it is the door"), but gün dür ("it is the day"), palto dur ("it is the coat"). These are four word-classes that are exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony: The road sign in the photograph above illustrates several of these features: The rules of vowel harmony may vary by regional dialect. The dialect of Turkish spoken in
5994-401: The remainder. Azerbaijani language , official in Azerbaijan, is mutually intelligible with Turkish and speakers of both languages can understand them without noticeable difficulty, especially when discussion comes on ordinary, daily language. Turkey has very good relations with Azerbaijan, with a multitude of Turkish companies and authorities investing there, while the influence of Turkey in
6075-663: The sedentary way of life. The Sarıkeçili around Antalya and Mersin are the last representatives of Yörük nomadism. Sarıkeçilis are considered ‘the only group representing the Turkish migration from Central Asia’. French historian and Turkologist Jean-Paul Roux visited the Anatolian Yörüks in the late 1950s and found that the majority of them were practicing Sunni Muslims . The tribes he visited were led by elected officials called muhtars , or village headmen, rather than hereditary chiefs, although he did note that village elders maintained some social authority based on their age. For
6156-948: The shores of the Caspian Sea . Of the Turkmens of Iran , the Yomuts come the closest to the definition of the Yörüks. An interesting offshoot of the Yörük mass are the Tahtacı of the mountainous regions of Western Anatolia who, as their name implies, have been occupied with forestry work and wood craftsmanship for centuries. Despite this, they share similar traditions (with markedly matriarchal tones in their society structure) with their other Yörük cousins. The Qashqai people of southern Iran are also worthy of mention due to their shared characteristics. ' Attribution Turkish language Turkish ( Türkçe [ˈtyɾctʃe] , Türk dili ; also known as Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey' )
6237-463: The tribe as a whole, who told Roux "we are all parents." Although the Yörüks had acquired a reputation for being deliberately resistant to formal education, Roux found that a full quarter of Yörük children he encountered were attending school, despite the difficulties of living a nomadic lifestyle in remote locations with limited access. In 1911, the Yörük were a distinct segment of the population of Macedonia and Thrace , where they settled as early as
6318-432: The twofold pattern (also referred to as the e-type vowel harmony) means that in the environment where the vowel in the word stem is formed in the front of the mouth, the suffix will take the e-form, while if it is formed in the back it will take the a-form. The fourfold pattern (also called the i-type) accounts for rounding as well as for front/back. The following examples, based on the copula -dir ("[it] is"), illustrate
6399-517: Was banned from 1986 to 1999 and again from 2008 to 2010. In the 2000s, the introduced Prussian carp became a very successful source of commercial fishing. However, the overall annual yield for the lake's fisheries have continued to decline. In terms of employment, the number of workers in the lake's fishing industry has increased continuously since 1991, and especially since 2001. The number of households employed in fishing increased from 287 in 1991 to 1,164 in 2009. The amount of fishing boats on
6480-513: Was replaced with the Latin script -based Turkish alphabet . Some distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination . The basic word order of Turkish is subject–object–verb . Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender . The language makes usage of honorifics and has a strong T–V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance , age, courtesy or familiarity toward
6561-569: Was that the lake's native fish were not very economically valuable for commercial fishing. The population dynamics of the lake's ecosystem "rapidly collapsed", and two endemic species became locally extinct. Since then, other exotic species have been introduced to the lake, such as the omnivorous Prussian carp by 1996 and the plankton - and fish-eating big-scale sand smelt by 2003. Endemic species: Introduced species: Uncertain origin, possibly or likely exotic: The narrow-clawed crayfish ( Astacus leptodactylus ) inhabits Lake Eğirdir and
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