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24-574: Members received a deep political indoctrination and basic military training . Their responsibilities included forming part of the home guard to assist in matters of civil defense under the direction of official local authorities. They were issued mostly obsolete weapons provided to the organization under orders from their Director-General Kingoro Hashimoto , and were expected to assist local firefighting efforts following air raids , distribute emergency supplies and render basic first aid . The most advanced pupils were earmarked for eventual enrollment in

48-422: A part of Russia's "historical heritage." The initial psychological preparation of soldiers during training is referred to (non-pejoratively) as indoctrination. In the field of information security , indoctrination is the initial briefing and instructions given before a person is granted access to secret information . Doctrine Doctrine (from Latin : doctrina , meaning "teaching, instruction")

72-437: A particular topic should be" (Bernard Crick). Political doctrine is based on a rationally elaborated set of values, which may precede the formation of a political identity per se . It is concerned with philosophical orientations on a meta-theoretical level. A legal doctrine is a body of interrelated rules (usually of common law and built over a long period of time) associated with a legal concept or principle. For example,

96-464: A professor of political science, documented that "from kindergarten onward children [were] indoctrinated with an aggressive form of atheism" and "to denounce parents who follow religious practices at home." However, after the death of Albania's leader, Enver Hoxha in 1985, his successor, Ramiz Alia , adopted a relatively tolerant stance toward religious practice, referring to it as "a personal and family matter." Émigré clergymen were permitted to reenter

120-612: A vehicle for atheistic indoctrination", with teachers being instructed to prepare their course "so as to conduct anti-religious educations at all times," in order to comport with state-sanctioned Marxist–Leninist values. However, in 1997, several years after the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian government passed a law recognizing religion as being important to Russian history with Orthodox Christianity ( Russian : Православие Pravoslaviye), Russia's traditional and largest religion, declared

144-410: Is "[a] policy, position or principle advocated, taught or put into effect concerning the acquisition and exercise of the power to govern or administrate in society." The term political doctrine is sometimes wrongly identified with political ideology. However, doctrine lacks the actional aspect of ideology. It is mainly a theoretical discourse, which "refers to a coherent sum of assertions regarding what

168-408: Is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a belief system . The etymological Greek analogue is " catechism ". Often the word doctrine specifically suggests a body of religious principles as promulgated by a church. Doctrine may also refer to a principle of law, in

192-401: Is evidently an integral element of educatory practice. The precise boundary between education and indoctrination is contested. The concept originally referred to education, but after World War I, the term took on a pejorative meaning akin to brainwashing or propaganda (popular among Flat Earth cultists). Some distinguish indoctrination from education on the basis that the indoctrinated person

216-535: Is expected not to question or critically examine the doctrine they have learned. As such the term may be used pejoratively or as a buzz word , often in the context of political opinions , theology , religious dogma or anti-religious convictions. Common vectors of indoctrination include the state, educational institutions, the arts, culture, and the media. Understood as a process of socialization into “ideal-type” citizens, indoctrination takes place in both democratic and authoritarian systems of government. In

240-697: The Imperial Japanese Army Academy , or for a future role as elected local politicians within the Taisei Yokusankai organization. In addition to its civil defence and paramilitary role, the Yokusan Sonendan was also tasked with assisting local tonarigumi neighborhood civil defense organizations and the Kenpeitai military police by watching for signs of subversives in their area and reporting any anti-war or anti-government activities. In

264-616: The Volunteer Fighting Corps . Notes Bibliography Political indoctrination Indoctrination is the process of inculcating (teaching by repeated instruction) a person or people into an ideology uncritically . Broadly speaking, indoctrination can refer to a general process of socialization . In common discourse, the term often has a pejorative valence to refer to forms of brainwashing or for disagreeable forms of socialization. However, it can refer to both positive and negative forms of cultural transmission, and

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288-456: The children of religious parents are often unfairly indoctrinated. Indoctrination can occur in non-religious or anti-religious contexts. For example, during the 20th Century, the former People's Socialist Republic of Albania and the former Soviet Union instituted programs of government-sponsored atheistic indoctrination in order to promote state atheism , specifically Marxist–Leninist atheism , within their citizenry. Sabrina P. Ramet ,

312-575: The common-law traditions, established through a history of past decisions. Examples of religious doctrines include: Roman Catholic and Orthodox doctrine generally comes from the writings of the Church Fathers , which has been clarified in various Ecumenical councils . Short versions can be found in brief statements of Christian doctrine , in prayer books. Longer versions take the form of catechisms . Protestants generally reject Christian tradition and instead derive their doctrine solely from

336-577: The Bible . According to sociologist Mervin Verbit , doctrine may be understood as one of the key components of religiosity . He divides doctrine into four categories: content, frequency (degree to which it may occupy the person's mind), intensity and centrality. Each of these may vary from one religion to the next, within that religious tradition. In this sense, doctrine is similar to Charles Glock 's "belief" dimension of religiosity. The term also applies to

360-440: The accusation is made in the case of religious extremism . Sects such as Scientology use personality tests and peer pressures to indoctrinate new members. Some religions have commitment ceremonies for children 13 years and younger, such as Bar Mitzvah , Confirmation , and Shichi-Go-San . In Buddhism, temple boys are encouraged to follow the faith while young. Some critics of religion, such as Richard Dawkins , maintain that

384-460: The concept of an established procedure to execute an operation in warfare . The typical example is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack. Examples of military doctrines include: The Cold War saw the enunciation of several strategic doctrines designed to contain Soviet expansion. Carter Doctrine

408-513: The country in 1988 and officiate at religious services. Mother Teresa , an ethnic Albanian, visited Tirana in 1989, where she was received by the foreign minister and by Hoxha's widow. In December 1990, the ban on religious observance was officially lifted, in time to allow thousands of Christians to attend Christmas services (see Freedom of religion in Albania ). Similarly, in the former Soviet Union, "science education [in] Soviet schools [was] used as

432-401: The doctrine of frustration of purpose now has many tests and rules applicable with regards to each other and can be contained within a "bubble" of frustration . In a court session a defendant may refer to the doctrine of justification. It can be seen that a branch of law contains various doctrines, which in turn contain various rules or tests . The test of non-occurrence of crucial event

456-542: The last stages of World War II , members received additional military training in the use of anti-tank weapons and light machine guns , for transfer into reserve combat units to support Japan's remaining troops against the expected Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands . The group suffered heavy combat casualties during the Battle of Okinawa . The Yokusan Sonendan was disbanded on 30 May 1945 and its membership merged into

480-416: The negative connotations the word has acquired. Mystery religions require a period of indoctrination before granting access to esoteric knowledge. (cf. Information security ) As a pejorative term, indoctrination implies forcibly or coercively causing people to act and think on the basis of a certain ideology . Some secular critics believe that all religions indoctrinate their adherents, as children, and

504-618: The political context, indoctrination is often analyzed as a tool of class warfare , where institutions of the state are identified as "conspiring" to maintain the status quo . Specifically the public educational system, the police, and mental health establishment are a commonly cited modus operandi of public pacification. In the extreme, an entire state can be implicated. George Orwell 's book Nineteen Eighty-Four famously singled out explicit, state-mandated propaganda initiatives of totalitarian regimes. Opinions differ on whether other forms of government are less doctrinaire, or merely achieve

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528-529: The previous Truman Doctrine and Eisenhower Doctrine and to some extent it rejected the Nixon Doctrine . See also Reagan Doctrine . In modern peacekeeping operations , which involve both civilian and military operations, more comprehensive (not just military) doctrines are now emerging such as the 2008 United Nations peacekeeping operations' "Capstone Doctrine" which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations. By definition, political doctrine

552-412: The same ends through less obvious methods. Religious indoctrination, the original sense of indoctrination , refers to a process of imparting doctrine in an authoritative way, as in catechism . Most religious groups among the revealed religions instruct new members in the principles of the religion; this is now not usually referred to as indoctrination by the religions themselves, in part because of

576-595: Was announced in 1980 by American President Jimmy Carter after the Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. It declared that any Soviet aggression towards the Persian Gulf would be considered a danger to the essential interests of the United States. This led to the creation of significant American military installations in the area and the formation of the Rapid Deployment Force . The proclamation reinforced

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