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42-1019: Yishan may refer to: Yishan (official) (奕山; ? – 1878), an official during the Qing dynasty Yishan Yining (一山 一寧; 1247–1317), a Zen master Yishan Wong (Reddit CEO) Locations in China [ edit ] Yishan, Guanyun County (伊山镇), town in Guanyun County , Jiangsu Yishan, Linqu County (沂山镇), town in Linqu County , Shandong Yishan, Zoucheng (峄山镇), town in Zoucheng , Shandong Yishan, Cangnan County (宜山镇), town in Cangnan County , Zhejiang Yishan County (宜山县), currently Yizhou District, Hechi, Guangxi See also [ edit ] Binhai Yishan light rail station Topics referred to by

84-587: A first class zhenguo jiangjun , the fourth-lowest tier in the Qing dynasty's hierarchy of noble ranks . In mid-1851, Ivan Zakharov started negotiations with Yishan and Buyantai (布彥泰) at Ili to open up Kulja and Chuguchak to Sino–Russian trade. The Russians wanted the new treaty to be based on the earlier Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) . Yishan agreed to almost all the Russian terms, except for trade in Kashgar . On 6 August 1851,

126-514: A group of endorheic lakes that include Lake Manas and Lake Ailik . During the region's geological past, a much larger lake (the "Old Manas Lake") was located in the area of today's Manas Lake; it was fed not only by the streams that presently flow toward it but also by the Irtysh and Ulungur, which too were flowing toward the Old Manas Lake at the time. The cold climate of nearby Siberia influences

168-580: A pre-existing continental block before the Kazakhstan Block was formed. Ürümqi , Yining and Karamai are the main cities; other smaller oasis towns dot the piedmont areas. Dzungaria is home to a semi-desert steppe ecoregion known as the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert. The vegetation consists mostly of low scrub of Anabasis brevifolia . Taller shrublands of saxaul bush ( Haloxylon ammodendron ) and Ephedra przewalskii can be found near

210-450: A thin layer of vegetation to grow. This is enough to sustain populations of wild camels , jerboas , and other wild species. The Dzungarian Basin is a structural basin with thick sequences of Paleozoic-Pleistocene rocks with large estimated oil reserves . The Gurbantunggut Desert , China's second largest, is in the center of the basin. The Dzungarian basin does not have a single catchment center. The northernmost section of Dzungaria

252-559: Is Xinjiang's center of heavy industry , generates most of the region's GDP, and houses its political capital Ürümqi ( Oirat for 'beautiful pasture'). As such, Dzungaria continues to attract intraprovincial and interprovincial migration to its cities. In contrast to the Tarim Basin, Dzungaria is relatively well integrated with the rest of China by rail and trade links. Xinjiang has traditionally been divided into two geographically and ethnically distinct regions: Dzungaria, located north of

294-734: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Yishan (official) Yishan was born in the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Manchu -led Qing dynasty , towards the end of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor . He was a great-great-grandson of Yunti , the Kangxi Emperor 's 14th son and the first in line in the Prince Xun peerage . His great-grandfather, Hongchun (弘春; 1703–1739), once held

336-684: Is part of the basin of the Irtysh River , which ultimately drains into the Arctic Ocean . The rest of the region is split into a number of endorheic basins . In particular, south of the Irtysh, the Ulungur River ends up in the (presently) endorheic Lake Ulungur . The Southwestern part of the Dzungarian basin drains into the Aibi Lake . In the west-central part of the region, streams flow into (or toward)

378-589: Is the triangular Dzungarian Basin , also known as Junggar Basin ( simplified Chinese : 准噶尔盆地 ; traditional Chinese : 準噶爾盆地 ; pinyin : Zhǔngá'ěr Péndì ), with its central Gurbantünggüt Desert . It is bounded by the Tarbagatai Mountains to the northwest, the Altai Mountains to the northeast, and the Tian Shan mountains to the south. The three corners are relatively open. The northern corner

420-588: Is the valley of the upper Irtysh River . The western corner is the Dzungarian Gate , a historically important gateway between Dzungaria and the Kazakh Steppe ; presently, a highway and a railway (opened in 1990) run through it, connecting China with Kazakhstan. The eastern corner of the basin leads to Gansu and the rest of China. In the south, an easy pass leads from Ürümqi to the Turfan Depression . In

462-719: The Amur and Ussuri rivers. The Russians also put up a display of their military power by firing artillery shells along the Amur River. Yishan was terrified but did not want to retaliate for fear of starting another war. In May 1858, the Russians and Yishan signed the Treaty of Aigun , which transferred the lands between the Stanovoy Range and Amur River to the Russian Empire. The Xianfeng Emperor

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504-528: The Amur Annexation . Meanwhile, Yishan returned to Beijing to await further orders but was soon back into service. Yishan died of illness in Beijing in 1878. He was survived by at least two sons, including his second son Zaizhuo (載鷟). Dzungaria 45°00′N 85°00′E  /  45.000°N 85.000°E  / 45.000; 85.000 Dzungaria ( /( d ) z ʊ ŋ ˈ ɡ ɛər i ə / ; from

546-568: The Göktürks received the lands of Dzungaria as an inheritance after the death of his father in the latter half of the sixth century AD . Dzungar power reached its height in the second half of the 17th century, when Galdan Boshugtu Khan repeatedly intervened in the affairs of the Kazakhs to the west, but it was completely destroyed by the Qing Empire about 1757–1759. It has played an important part in

588-448: The Karamay oil fields. Intraprovincial migration has mostly been directed towards Dzungaria also, with immigrants from the poor Uyghur areas of southern Xinjiang flooding to the provincial capital of Ürümqi to find work. As a political or geographical term, Dzungaria has practically disappeared from the map; but the range of mountains stretching north-east along the southern frontier of

630-567: The Mongolian words züün gar , meaning 'left hand'), also known as Northern Xinjiang or Beijiang , is a geographical subregion in Northwest China that corresponds to the northern half of Xinjiang . Bound by the Altai Mountains to the north and the Tian Shan mountain range to the south, Dzungaria covers approximately 777,000 km (300,000 sq mi), and borders Kazakhstan to

672-745: The Republic of China , the Second East Turkestan Republic and since 1950, it has been under the control of the People's Republic of China . Dzungaria is named after the Dzungar Khanate that existed in Central Asia during the 17th and 18th centuries. Dzungaria , or Zungharia , derives from the name of the Dzungar people , which comes from the Mongolian term Zűn Gar , or Jüün Gar (depending on

714-732: The Tocharians in prehistory and the Jushi Kingdom in the first millennium BC. One of the earliest mentions of the Dzungaria region occurs when the Han dynasty dispatched an explorer to investigate lands to the west, using the northernmost Silk Road trackway of about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerged in Kashgar . Istämi of

756-563: The British. In late 1842, Yishan was detained by the Imperial Clan Court to await trial for his failure to defend Guangzhou. However, he was released in mid-1843 and promoted to second class imperial guard (二等侍衛) and acting banshi dachen (辦事大臣) of Khotan (an area within Xinjiang). In 1845, he was appointed to serve as General of Ili for a second term. In 1847, he was awarded the rank of

798-422: The British. He recruited inexperienced fresh recruits from Fujian Province to serve in the Qing military instead of seasoned soldiers. Besides, he also spent his time partying with the officers. On 21 May 1841, Yishan ordered his troops to launch a sneak attack on the British at night, but the attack failed. The British captured all the artillery positions outside Guangzhou (Canton). The Qing forces retreated into

840-615: The Ili valley) to avoid the mountains west of the Tarim and because Russia is currently more developed. After the Dzungar genocide , the Qing subsequently began to repopulate the area with Han and Hui people from China proper. The population in the 21st century consists of Kazakhs , Kyrgyz , Mongols , Uyghurs and Han Chinese . Since 1953, northern Xinjiang has attracted skilled workers from all over China—who have mostly been Han Chinese —to work on water conservation and industrial projects, especially

882-585: The Mongolian dialect used). Zűn (or Jüün ) means 'left' and Gar means 'hand'. The name originates from the notion that the Western Mongols ( Oirats ) were on the left-hand side when the Mongol Empire began its division into East and West Mongols. After this fragmentation, the western Mongolian nation was called Zuun Gar . The first people to inhabit the region were Indo-European-speaking peoples such as

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924-576: The Russian and Qing Empires signed the Treaty of Kulja . In 1855, Yishan was reassigned to serve as General of Heilongjiang (黑龍江將軍) to oversee Heilongjiang Province . During the Second Opium War (1857–1860), Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky approached Yishan and offered to provide Russian assistance to the Qing Empire against the British and French, in return for redefining the Sino–Russian border along

966-665: The Tian Shan mountains through Dzungaria or south of the mountains through the Tarim Basin. Trade usually took the south side and migrations the north. This is most likely because the Tarim leads to the Ferghana Valley and Iran, while Dzungaria leads only to the open steppe. The difficulty with the south side was the high mountains between the Tarim and Ferghana. Furthermore, the Taklamakan is too dry to support much grass, and therefore nomads when they are not robbing caravans. Its inhabitants live mostly in oases formed where rivers run out of

1008-453: The Tian Shan mountains; and the Tarim Basin, located south of the mountains. At the time of the Qing conquest of Xinjiang in 1759, Dzungaria was predominantly inhabited by steppe -dwelling, nomadic Tibetan-Buddhist Dzungars while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by predominantly oasis-dwelling, sedentary, Turkic Muslim farmers, now known as the Uyghurs . The Qing government was well aware of

1050-517: The Zhetysu, as the district to the southeast of Lake Balkhash preserves the name of Dzungarian Alatau . It also gave name to Djungarian hamsters . Wheat , barley , oats , and sugar beets are grown, and cattle , sheep , and horses are raised in Dzungaria. The fields are irrigated with melted snow from the permanently white-capped mountains. Dzungaria has deposits of coal , gold , and iron , as well as large oil fields . The core of Dzungaria

1092-646: The capital, Beijing , two years later. In 1841, when the First Opium War broke out, the Daoguang Emperor dismissed Qishan from his position as Imperial Commissioner overseeing military affairs in Guangdong Province , and appointed Yishan as "Jingni General" (靖逆將軍) to replace Qishan. Yishan distrusted the local people in Guangdong Province and strengthened defences against them instead of against

1134-623: The city and did not dare to engage the British. Chaos broke out in Guangzhou when the volunteer militias from Nanhai and Hunan started fighting over supplies. On 26 May, Yishan surrendered to the British and signed the Treaty of Guangzhou with Charles Elliot . During his time in Canton Yishan repeatedly sent lies and misinformation to the Daoguang emperor, making it seem that the Qing forces were stronger than

1176-416: The climate of the Dzungarian Basin, making the temperature colder—as low as −4 °F (−20 °C)—and providing more precipitation, ranging from 3 to 10 inches (76 to 254 mm), compared to the warmer, drier basins to the south. Runoff from the surrounding mountains into the basin supplies several lakes. The ecologically rich habitats traditionally included meadows, marshlands, and rivers. However, most of

1218-527: The differences between the inhabitants of the two regions, and initially ruled them as separate administrative units. However, after the Qing army 's final pacification of the Tarim Basin in 1760, the Qing government began to describe Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin as one region called "Xinjiang" ( lit.   ' new frontier ' ). The Qing government officially unified Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin into one political entity called Xinjiang Province in 1884, despite protests by some officials who believed that

1260-491: The following appointments, among others: lingdui dachen (領隊大臣) of Da'erbahatai (塔爾巴哈台; an administrative region in present-day Xinjiang ); deputy dutong (都統; commander) of the Bordered Blue Banner Han Forces; canzan dachen (參贊大臣) of Ili (伊犁; an area within Xinjiang). In 1838, he was appointed as General of Ili to govern and maintain security in the area known as Dzungaria . He was recalled back to

1302-643: The history of Mongolia and the great migrations of Mongolian stems westward. Its widest limit included Kashgar , Yarkand , Khotan , the whole region of the Tian Shan , and the greater proportion of that part of Central Asia which extends from 35° to 50° N and from 72° to 97° E. After 1761, its territory fell mostly to the Qing dynasty during the campaign against the Dzungars ( Xinjiang and north-western Mongolia) and partly to Russian Turkestan (the earlier Kazakh state provinces of Zhetysu and Irtysh river). A traveler going west from China must go either north of

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1344-607: The land is now used for agriculture. It is a largely steppe and semi-desert basin surrounded by high mountains: the Tian Shan (ancient Mount Imeon ) in the south and the Altai in the north. Geologically it is an extension of the Paleozoic Kazakhstan Block and was once part of an independent continent before the Altai mountains formed in the late Paleozoic. It does not contain the abundant minerals of Kazakhstan and may have been

1386-612: The margins of the basin. Streams descending from the Tian Shan and Altai ranges support stands of poplar ( Populus diversifolia ) together with Nitraria roborovsky, N. sibirica, Neotrinia splendens , tamarisk (Tamarix sibirimosissima) , and willow ( Salix ledebouriana ) . The northeastern portion of the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert lies within Great Gobi National Park , and is home to herds of Onagers (Equus hemionus) , goitered gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) and Wild Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) . The basin

1428-399: The mountains into the desert. These are inhabited by peasants who are unwarlike and merchants who have an interest in keeping trade running smoothly. Dzungaria has a fair amount of grass, few towns to base soldiers in and no significant mountain barriers to the west. Therefore, trade went south and migrations north. Today most trade is north of the mountains ( Dzungarian Gate and Khorgas in

1470-646: The region. These policies pushed forward a cultural identity which sharply contrasted with both the rest of China and the rest of Central Asia. Before the 21st century, all or part of the region has been ruled or controlled by the Xiongnu Empire , Han dynasty , Xianbei state , Rouran Khaganate , Turkic Khaganate , Tang dynasty , Uyghur Khaganate , Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate , Liao dynasty , Kara-Khitan Khanate , Mongol Empire , Yuan dynasty , Chagatai Khanate , Moghulistan , Kara Del , Northern Yuan , Four Oirat , Dzungar Khanate , Qumul Khanate , Qing dynasty ,

1512-448: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Yishan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yishan&oldid=1194488760 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1554-478: The southwest, the tall Borohoro Mountains branch of the Tian Shan separates the basin from the upper Ili River . The basin is similar to the larger Tarim Basin on the southern side of the Tian Shan Range. Only a gap in the mountains to the north allows moist air masses to provide the basin lands with enough moisture to remain semi-desert rather than becoming a true desert like most of the Tarim Basin and allows

1596-691: The title of a junwang (second-rank prince) as " Prince Tai of the Second Rank " (多羅泰郡王). His family was under the Bordered Blue Banner of the Eight Banners . In 1821, after the Daoguang Emperor came to the throne, Yishan, then a fourth-grade noble was recruited to serve as a third-class imperial guard (三等侍衛) in the Forbidden City . He helped them train recurits Between 1821 and 1838, he held

1638-467: The two regions were better off left separated. The geographic concept of Xinjiang was ultimately a construct of the Qing government; by the end of Qing rule in 1912, Xinjiang's native inhabitants had still not developed a distinct regional identity. However, the foundations for a regional identity were laid by the Qing government's 150-year-long policies of politically isolating Xinjiang from the rest of Central Asia and introducing Han and Hui settlers into

1680-526: The west and Mongolia to the east. In contexts prior to the mid-18th century Dzungar genocide , the term "Dzungaria" could cover a wider area, coterminous with the Oirat -led Dzungar Khanate . Although Dzungaria is geographically, historically, and ethnically distinct from the Tarim Basin or Southern Xinjiang (Nanjiang), the Manchu -led Qing dynasty integrated both areas into one province, Xinjiang. Dzungaria

1722-632: Was enraged by the territorial losses to the Russians, so he dismissed Yishan from his office as General of Heilongjiang, despite the latter's attempts to explain himself. In 1860, the Russians intervened in the Convention of Beijing (which ended the Second Opium War), and forced the Qing Empire to recognize the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun and further cede its territories east of the Ussuri River, including Sakhalin , to them. This became known as

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1764-507: Was one of the last habitats of Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii) , also known as Dzungarian horse, which was once extinct in the wild, though it has since been reintroduced in areas of Mongolia and China. Dzungaria and its derivatives are used to name a number of pre-historic animals, hailing from the rocky outcrops located in the Dzungar Basin : A notable find, in February 2006,

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