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64-514: William F. Albright has dated Jehu's reign to 842–815 BCE, while E. R. Thiele offers the dates 841–814 BCE. The principal source for the events of his reign comes from 2 Kings . The reign of Jehu's predecessor, Jehoram , was marked by the Battle of Ramoth-Gilead against the army of the Arameans . Jehoram was wounded and returned to Jezreel to recover. He was attended by Ahaziah , king of Judah , who

128-525: A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1956. After his death on September 19, 1971, his legacy continued through the many scholars inspired by his work, who specialized in the fields pioneered by Albright. The American School of Oriental Research, Jerusalem , was renamed the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research , in honor of Albright's archeological achievements. From

192-494: A broad swath of American higher education from the 1940s through the 1970s, after which revisionist scholars such as T. L. Thompson , John Van Seters , Niels Peter Lemche , and Philip R. Davies developed and advanced a minimalist critique of Albright's view that archaeology supports the broad outlines of the history of Israel as presented in the Bible. Like other academic polymaths ( Edmund Husserl in phenomenology and Max Weber in

256-509: A broader sense, like nephews and cousins) at "Beth-eked of the shepherds". They told Jehu they were visiting the royal family. Jehu killed them all at "the pit of Beth-eked". After Jehu's slaughter of the House of Ahab, he met Jehonadab the Rechabite and convinced him that he was pro- Yahwist . Jehonadab quickly allied with him, and they entered the capital together. In control of Samaria, he invited

320-449: A détente under which one contender accepts a subordinate position, and he then bides his time until the opportunity comes to slay his rival (or his rival’s son) in a coup. Once the rivalry had begun, the external threat (Assyria) provided compelling reasons for a détente. Any rivalry between Menahem and Pekah could only appear more and more foolish in light of the growing menace of Assyria. In 733, Tiglath-Pileser campaigned against Damascus,

384-457: A later Assyrian designation for the Kingdom of Israel), but since his grandfather Nimshi might have been a son of Omri, it could have been just describing a well-known descendency. This tribute is dated ca. 841 BCE. It is the earliest preserved depiction of an Israelite. One more argument that Jehu was or styled himself as a descendent of Omri is the fact that he moved the capital back to Samaria, which

448-556: A league was probably to protect their respective countries from another incursion of Tiglath-pileser III., who had compelled Menahem, in 738 B.C., to pay a large tribute. The two kings united their armies and attempted to coerce Ahaz of Judah into joining them. Pekah raided Judah and carried to Samaria a number of captives; but, rebuked by the prophet Oded and by some of the prominent men, the Israelite soldiers released them and sent them back. The united forces of Israel and Syria appeared before

512-450: A long reign of twenty years ( 2 Kings 15:27 ), which puts his starting date in 752 BC. This date is consistent with the statement that Jotham began to reign in Pekah's second year, 750 BC ( 2 Kings 15:32 ), and that Jotham's successor Ahaz began to reign in his 17th year, 735 BC ( 2 Kings 16:1 ). However, a shorter reign is indicated by 2 Kings 15:27 , which says that Pekah began to reign in

576-487: A position of leadership in the army, which Pekahiah learned too late. This is based on inference from the political situation of the time. Gleason Archer showed how inference is used to reconstruct a rivalry in the neighboring kingdom of Egypt that has striking parallels to the Pekah/Menahem rivalry. When Thutmose II died, the intended heir was his son Thutmose III , who was still a boy. However, some time not long after

640-511: A rival reign to Menahem 's Samaria-based kingdom in Nisan of 752 BC, becoming sole ruler on his assassination of Menahem's son Pekahiah in 740/739 BC and dying in 732/731 BC. This explanation is consistent with evidence of the Assyrian chronicles, which agree with Menahem being king in 743 BC or 742 BC and Hoshea being king from 732 BC. When Pekah allied with Rezin , king of Aram , to attack Ahaz ,

704-654: Is a 1953 paper, "New Light from Egypt on the Chronology and History of Israel and Judah", in which he established that Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I—the Biblical Shishaq —came to power somewhere between 945 and 940 BC. A prolific author, his works in addition to Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan , include The Archaeology of Palestine: From the Stone Age to Christianity , and The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra . He also edited

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768-470: Is hardly representative, which ignores the enormous lack of data for the history of the early second millennium, and which wilfully establishes hypotheses on the basis of unexamined biblical texts, to be proven by such (for this period) meaningless mathematical criteria as the "balance of probability" ... Pekah Pekah ( / ˈ p ɛ k ɑː , ˈ p iː -/ , Hebrew : פֶּקַח Peqaḥ ; Akkadian : 𒉺𒅗𒄩 Paqaḫa [ pa-qa-ḫa ]; Latin : Phacee )

832-541: The Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research from 1931 to 1968, Albright influenced biblical scholarship and Palestinian archaeology . Albright advocated "biblical archaeology" in which the archaeologist's task, according to fellow biblical archaeologist William G. Dever , is "to illuminate, to understand, and, in their greatest excesses, to 'prove' the Bible." Here, Albright's American Methodist upbringing

896-642: The Anchor Bible volumes on Jeremiah , Matthew , and Revelation . Throughout his life Albright was honored with awards, honorary doctorates, and medals, and was proclaimed " Yakir Yerushalayim " (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem)—the first time that title had been awarded to a non-Jew. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1929. He was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1955 and

960-662: The Book of Hosea , God punished the House of Jehu through the hands of the Assyrians for Jehu's massacre at Jezreel , and some Biblical commentators reasoned that this was because Jehu's motives may not have been entirely pure in his massacre. The author of the Tel Dan Stele (9th century BCE, found in 1993 and 1994) claimed to have slain both Ahaziah of Judah and Jehoram of Israel . Most scholars identify Hazael of Damascus (c. 842 – 806 BCE) as

1024-585: The Hebrew Scriptures , Jehu appears in Assyrian documents, notably in the Black Obelisk , where he is depicted as kissing the ground in front of Shalmaneser III and presenting a gift ( maddattu ša Ia-ú-a...kaspu mâdu "tribute of Jehu...much silver"). In the Assyrian documents, he is simply called "son of Omri " ( Akkadian : mār Ḫumri , possibly expressing his having been the ruler of "the House of Omri ",

1088-424: The king of Judah , Ahaz appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III , the king of Assyria , for help. While the Assyrian king obliged, Judah would become a tributary of Assyria. With the aid of a band of Gileadites , from whose home territory he probably originally came, he slew Pekahiah and assumed the throne. In c. 732 BC, Pekah allied with Rezin , king of Aram and threatened Jerusalem . The prime reason for such

1152-555: The 1930s until his death, he was the dean of biblical archaeologists and the acknowledged founder of the biblical archaeology movement. Coming from his background in German biblical criticism of the historicity of the biblical accounts, Albright, through his seminal work in archaeology (and his development of the standard pottery typology for Palestine and the Holy Land) concluded that the biblical accounts of Israelite history were, contrary to

1216-502: The 52nd year of Azariah (Uzziah) of Judah, i.e. in 740 BC. Also, Pekah assassinated Pekahiah to assume the throne ( 2 Kings 15:25 ), and Pekahiah's two-year reign ( 2 Kings 15:23 ) was preceded by his father Menahem 's ten-year reign ( 2 Kings 15:17 ). Menahem gave tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III , as is recorded in 2 Kings 15:19 (where Pul = Tiglath-Pileser) and also in Tiglath-Pileser's inscriptions. Since Tiglath-Pileser came to

1280-492: The Assyrian side, Stanley Rosenbaum maintains that the records of Tiglath-Pileser III demonstrate that the Assyrian king distinguished between two kingdoms in the north of Israel. Tiglath-Pileser says he united the northern part (restored as Naphthali in the text) with Assyria, whereas for the southern part, he wrote, "Israel ( bit-Humria )… overthrew their king Pekah and I placed Hoshea as king over them." Cook thinks that Menahem's tribute to Assyria in 2 Kings 15:19 also suggests

1344-640: The Bible, Young writes, "Do those who reject the Menahem/Pekah rivalry as improbable also reject as improbable this reconstruction from Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty that Egyptologists use to explain the regnal dates of Thutmose III? How do they explain Hosea 5:5?" The calendars for reckoning the years of kings in Judah and Israel were offset by six months, that of Judah starting in Tishri (in the fall) and that of Israel in Nisan (in

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1408-498: The Bible." Albright was not, however, a biblical literalist ; in his Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan , for example, he argued that Yahwism and ancient Caananite religion had a reciprocal relationship, in which "both gained much in the exchange which set in about the tenth century and continued until the fifth century B.C". Although primarily a biblical archaeologist, Albright was a polymath who made contributions in almost every field of Near Eastern studies: an example of his range

1472-552: The author, the Damascan king who fought a great war against Israel and Juda. Apparently the coalition that had been forged between Ahab and Hadadezer , who had provided the main force that stopped the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III at the Battle of Qarqar , had fallen apart under their successors and in the succeeding war between Israel-Juda against Aram-Damascus the kings of Israel and Juda were killed. Jehu, already an important military leader, then became king after this event. Aside from

1536-652: The birth of a son (possibly Hezekiah ) is a sign of the defeat of both kings by the King of Assyria before the child is old enough to eat curds and honey and distinguish right from wrong. After Ahaz paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser, the Assyrians sacked Damascus and annexed Aram. According to 2 Kings 16:9 , the population of Aram was deported and Rezin executed. According to 2 Kings 15:29 , Tiglath-Pileser also attacked Israel and "took Ijon , Abel Beth Maacah , Janoah , Kedesh and Hazor . He took Gilead and Galilee , including all

1600-472: The capital of the Arameans, Pekah's erstwhile ally, and he returned to destroy the city in 732. Pekah must have seen the handwriting on the wall in 733 or earlier, and any feeling for Realpolitik would dictate that it was time for the two rivals to put aside their differences under some sort of accommodation. But Realpolitik would also suggest that this accommodation should not include giving your potential rival

1664-518: The chief men in Samaria to hunt down and kill all the royal princes. They did so, and the next day they piled the 70 heads in two heaps outside the city gate, as Jehu commanded. Ahab's entire family was slain. Shortly afterward, Jehu encountered the 42 "brothers of Ahaziah " (since the brothers of Ahaziah had been taken away and probably killed by the Philistines, these must have been relatives of Ahaziah in

1728-474: The chronological texts that related four kings of Judah (Uzziah through Hezekiah) to three kings of Israel (Menahem, Pekahiah, and Pekah), but it apparently was largely ignored by the scholarly community. Then in 1954, H. J. Cook added new considerations to support Lederer's thesis, beyond just the pragmatic. Cook maintained that although the Scriptures did not explicitly state the existence of two rival kingdoms in

1792-431: The chronology of Thutmose III, and there is unanimity among Egyptologists that he counted as his own years the 21 years that Hatshepsut was on the throne, even though no inscription has ever been found explicitly stating this fact. Commenting on the fact that Egyptologists have no problem in reconstructing history using inference of this sort, whereas critics will sometimes not allow the same historical method to be applied to

1856-461: The death of her husband (Thutmose II), Hatshepsut assumed the royal regalia and the title of pharaoh, reigning for 21 years. As he grew older, Thutmose III was given the position of commander of the army, similar to Pekah's position as commander, but still under his aunt and stepmother Hatshepsut. After Hatshepsut died, Thutmose, in an inscription describing his first campaign, said it was in his 22nd year of reign, thereby counting his regnal years from

1920-480: The doctrine of the inerrancy of all Scripture cannot be true. In 1887, Carl Lederer proposed that the existence of two apparently contradictory sets of text for Pekah could be explained if there really were two systems in use for reckoning the reign of Pekah, and these were the consequence of a rivalry between Pekah and Menahem. The rivalry began when Menahem slew Shallum, putting an end to Shallum's one-month reign ( 2 Kings 15:13–14 ). This assumption accounted for all

1984-588: The dominant German biblical criticism of the day, largely accurate. This area remains widely contested among scholars. Albright's student George Ernest Wright inherited his leadership of the biblical archaeology movement, contributing definitive work at Shechem and Gezer . Albright inspired, trained and worked with the first generation of world-class Israeli archaeologists, who have carried on his work, and maintained his perspective. Other students such as Joseph Fitzmyer , Frank Moore Cross , Raymond E. Brown , and David Noel Freedman , became international leaders in

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2048-434: The events in this area, with control slipping in later years. The destruction of the house of Ahab is commended by the author of 2 Kings as a form of divine punishment. Yahweh rewards Jehu for being a willing executor of divine judgment by allowing four generations of kings to sit on the throne of Israel. Jehu and his descendants Jehoahaz, Jehoash, Jeroboam II, and Zachariah ruled Israel for 102 years. Nonetheless, according to

2112-448: The existence of a rival to Menahem's kingdom: When Tiglath-Pileser III appeared in the west, Menahem took the opportunity to enlist his support by sending tribute of a thousand talents of silver, with the idea—as 2 Kings xv 19 puts it—'that he might help him to confirm his hold of the royal power'. This expression may simply indicate Menahem's sense of insecurity in the presence of Assyrian power; but it may equally well indicate

2176-552: The fields of Near Eastern studies , biblical archaeology , and ceramic typology, and his work has had a lasting impact on the understanding of ancient Near Eastern history and the historicity of the Bible. Albright was born on May 24, 1891, in Coquimbo , Chile, the eldest of six children of the American Evangelical Methodist missionaries Wilbur Finley Albright and Cornish-American Zephine Viola Foxwell. Albright

2240-536: The fields of sociology and the sociology of religion ), Albright created and advanced the discipline of biblical archaeology, which is now taught at universities worldwide and has exponents across national, cultural, and religious lines. Albright's publication in the Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research , 1932, of his excavations of Tell Beit Mirsim, and descriptions of the Bronze Age and Iron Age layers at

2304-492: The idea that Pekah headed a kingdom that was rival to Menahem's reign in Samaria is that he is listed as a commander ( shalish ) of Pekahaiah, Menahem's son, whom he slew (2 Kings 15:25). Young remarks, The objections to Pekah being a rival to Menahem usually center on Pekah’s position as an officer in the army of Pekahiah, Menahem’s son and successor (2 Kgs 15:25). But there is nothing inherently unreasonable about two rivals reaching

2368-403: The land of Naphtali , and deported the people to Assyria." Tiglath-Pileser also records this act in one of his inscriptions. Soon after this Pekah was assassinated by Hoshea ben Elah (that is, Hoshea the son of Elah), a captain from Pekah's own army, who then took the throne. Tiglath-Pileser in an inscription mentions the slaying of Pekah by his fellow Israelites . The inference here is that

2432-438: The long run, it will have been the newer 'secular' archaeology that contributed the most to Biblical studies, not 'Biblical archaeology.' Biblical scholar Thomas L. Thompson wrote that by 2002 the methods of "biblical archaeology" had also become outmoded: [ Wright and Albright's] historical interpretation can make no claim to be objective, proceeding as it does from a methodology which distorts its data by selectivity which

2496-490: The north in the latter half of the eighth century BC, their existence could be inferred from passages of the book of Hosea that was written about the time of Pekah and Menahem. Cook showed that although "Ephraim" is sometimes used in Scripture to designate all of the northern kingdom, in various passages of Hosea such as Hosea 5:5, "Israel" and "Ephraim" are not synonymous but refer to separate entities. Cook's thesis in this regard

2560-570: The people, seeing the inevitable outcome of the contest with Assyria, put out of the way their fighting king, and then yielded submission to the conqueror, Tiglath-pileser III. He is supposed by some to have been the "shepherd" mentioned in Zechariah 11:16 . The data given for Pekah's reign in the biblical sources have generated considerable discussion. His ending date can be established fairly firmly as 732/731 BC. But two conflicting systems of reckoning seem to be used for his reign. One system gives him

2624-519: The premises of the palace at Jezreel. Jezebel watched him with contempt from the palace window and mockingly compared him to King Zimri . Jehu later commanded Jezebel's eunuchs to throw her out of the palace window. They obeyed his commands and Jezebel was instantly killed. Jehu trampled over her body, and when he decided later to arrange a proper burial due to her royal descent, only her skull, hands and feet remained. The rest of her body had been eaten by dogs. Now master of Jezreel, Jehu wrote to command

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2688-415: The presence of a rival. Isaiah 7:1,2 speaks of a league between Pekah and King Rezin of Aram that was a threat to Ahaz of Judah. Ahaz and Menahem of Israel (Ephraim) followed a pro-Assyrian policy and were therefore aligned against the coalition of Pekah and the Arameans that sought to withstand Assyria, thus explaining why Menahem felt insecure and sought to buy the support of Assyria. A major objection to

2752-515: The pressure on Israel. Jehu is portrayed by George Nader in the film Sins of Jezebel (1953). Drive Like Jehu was an American post-hardcore band from San Diego active from 1990 to 1995. The band's name was derived from 2 Kings 9:20: "And the watchman told, saying, He came even unto them, and cometh not again: and the driving [is] like the driving of Jehu the son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously". William F. Albright William Foxwell Albright (May 24, 1891– September 19, 1971)

2816-473: The public in 1948 for his role in the authentication of the Dead Sea Scrolls , but made his scholarly reputation as the leading theorist and practitioner of biblical archaeology , "that branch of archaeology that sheds light upon 'the social and political structure, the religious concepts and practices and other human activities and relationships that are found in the Bible or pertain to peoples mentioned in

2880-482: The reader, Thiele, in the third edition, omitted the logic that allows this accuracy. The third edition also frequently fails to make explicit the six-month narrowing of dates that is possible from the Biblical data, settling instead on a somewhat inexact notation like "931/930 BC" or even simply "931 BC." For Pekah, synchronisms with the kings of Judah show that he assassinated Pekahiah sometime between Tishri 1 of 740 BC and

2944-414: The site in 1938 and 1943, marked a major contribution to the dating of sites based on ceramic typologies, which is still in use. "With this work, Albright made Israeli archaeology into a science, instead of what it had formerly been: a digging in which the details are more or less well-described in an indifferent chronological framework which is as general as possible and often wildly wrong". As editor of

3008-443: The spring). Cross-synchronizations between the two kingdoms therefore often allow narrowing of the beginning and/or ending dates of a king to within a six-month range. A study of the relevant texts in Scripture allows the narrowing of the start of the Pekah/Menahem rivalry on the death of Shallum to the month of Nisan, 752 BC, as Thiele showed in the second edition of Mysterious Numbers , pp. 87–88. In order to simplify things for

3072-601: The student as a "madman", but nonetheless told his companions about his anointing. His companions later enthusiastically blew their trumpets and proclaimed him their king. With a chosen band, Jehu planned his conspiracy against King Jehoram and secretly entered Jezreel. Jehoram tried to flee, but Jehu shot an arrow that pierced his heart. Jehu later threw his body on Naboth 's vineyard, to avenge Naboth, whom Jehoram's father and mother had murdered. King Ahaziah fled after seeing Jehoram's death but Jehu wounded him. Ahaziah fled to Megiddo , where he died. Jehu proceeded to enter

3136-695: The study of the Bible and the ancient Near East, including Northwest Semitic epigraphy and paleography. John Bright , Cyrus H. McCormick Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Interpretation at Union Seminary in Richmond (PhD, Johns Hopkins, 1940), went on to become "the first distinguished American historian of the Old Testament" and "arguably the most influential scholar of the Albright school", owing to his "distinctly American commonsense flavor, similar to that of W[illiam] James ". Thus Albright and his students influenced

3200-668: The territories of Israel " beyond the Jordan River , in the lands of Gilead , Gad , Reuben , and Manasseh . This suggests that Jehu offered tribute to Shalmaneser III , as depicted on his Black Obelisk , in order to gain a powerful ally against the Arameans . Bit-Khumri was used by Tiglath-Pileser III for the non-Omride kings Pekah (733) & Hoshea (732), hence House/Land/Kingdom of Omri could apply to later Israelite kings not necessarily descended from Omri. According to others, this description should be taken very literally, as in this period Assyrians were very closely following

3264-494: The throne in 745 BC, Menahem's tribute would have to be in 745 or later, yet the "longer" chronology gave Pekah, successor to Menahem and Pekahiah, a twenty-year reign that started before this, in 752. These apparent inconsistencies led many scholars to reject all or part of the biblical sources concerning Pekah. D. M. Beegle has maintained that it is impossible to reconcile a twenty-year reign for Pekah with other biblical or with Assyrian history, using this as one of his arguments that

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3328-442: The time his father died, not from the death of Hatshepsut. Thutmose left no explanation for modern historians that his 22nd year was really the first year of sole reign, any more than Pekah or the historian of 2 Kings left an explanation that Pekah's 12th year, the year in which he slew Pekahiah, was really his first year of sole reign. Modern historians rely on a comparison of inscriptions and chronological considerations to reconstruct

3392-671: The verse correctly, as did the ancient Septuagint). Others who have accepted the Lederer/Cook explanation of the two methods of dating for the time of Pekah are Thiele in his second edition of Mysterious Numbers and later, Leslie McFall, Francis Andersen and David Noel Freedman in their commentary on Hosea in the Anchor Bible Series , T. C. Mitchell , in the Cambridge Ancient History , and Jack Finegan in his Handbook of Biblical Chronology . Looking at this from

3456-543: The walls of Jerusalem to demand its surrender. At this juncture Isaiah the prophet came to the support of Judah and her king. The allies had proposed to set upon the throne of Judah a son of Tabeel, probably one favorable to the alliance. Ahaz, however, knowing that Tiglath-pileser was within call, appealed to him for help. Ahaz's "dread" of Rezin and Pekah, "Son of Remaliah" is recorded in the Immanuel prophecy in Isaiah 7:14 where

3520-455: The worshippers of Baal to a ceremony, then trapped and killed them. He then destroyed their idols and temple, and turned the temple into a latrine. Other than Jehu's bloody seizure of power and tolerance for the golden calves at Dan and Bethel , which was criticized as a "heretical" interpretation of Yahwism, little else is known of his reign. He was hard pressed by Hazael , king of the Arameans , who defeated his armies "throughout all of

3584-458: The years since his death, Albright's methods and conclusions have been increasingly questioned. In 1993, William G. Dever wrote that: [Albright's] central theses have all been overturned, partly by further advances in Biblical criticism , but mostly by the continuing archaeological research of younger Americans and Israelis to whom he himself gave encouragement and momentum... The irony is that, in

3648-568: Was a leading theorist and practitioner of biblical archaeology , and is regarded as the founder of the biblical archaeology movement. He served as the W. W. Spence Professor of Semitic Languages at Johns Hopkins University from 1930 to 1958 and was the Director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem for several terms between 1922 and 1936. Albright made significant contributions to

3712-558: Was also his nephew, son of his sister Athaliah . Meanwhile, according to the writer of the Books of Kings, the prophet Elisha ordered one of his students to go to Ramoth-Gilead and separate Jehu, a military commander at the time, from his companions. There, he was to anoint Jehu as king in an inner chamber and explain to him that he was to act as an agent of divine judgment against the house of Ahab . The student followed these instructions, and upon completion he ran away. Jehu initially dismissed

3776-402: Was an American archaeologist , biblical scholar , philologist , and expert on ceramics . He is considered "one of the twentieth century's most influential American biblical scholars", having become known to the public in 1948 for his role in the authentication of the Dead Sea Scrolls . His scholarly reputation arose as a leading theorist and practitioner of biblical archaeology . Albright

3840-815: Was an alumnus of Upper Iowa University . He married Ruth Norton (1892–1979) in 1921 and had four sons. He received his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland , in 1916 and accepted a professorship there in 1927. Albright was W. W. Spence Professor of Semitic Languages from 1930 until his retirement in 1958. He was the Director of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem from 1922–1929, and 1933–1936, and did important archaeological work at sites in Palestine such as Gibeah (Tell el-Fûl, 1922) and Tell Beit Mirsim (1926, 1928, 1930, and 1932). Albright became known to

3904-472: Was clearly apparent. He insisted, for example, that "as a whole, the picture in Genesis is historical, and there is no reason to doubt the general accuracy of the biographical details" (i.e., of figures such as Abraham ). Similarly he claimed that archaeology had proved the essential historicity of the Book of Exodus , and the conquest of Canaan as described in the Book of Joshua and the Book of Judges . In

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3968-511: Was strengthened when Rodger Young pointed out that the Hebrew of Hosea 5:5 has a vav before Israel and then another vav before Ephraim, which is the Hebrew method of expressing "both... and," implying a distinction in this passage between Israel and Ephraim. All translations which have rendered this in some sense as "Israel, even Ephraim" are therefore incorrect (the Holman Study Bible renders

4032-553: Was the capital in Omri's days. According to the Obelisk, Jehu severed his alliances with Phoenicia and Judah , and became subject to Assyria . Apparently, faced with the aggression of Aram-Damascus in the north and also rebellion of the Moabites (see Mesha stele ) in the east, Jehu had no other options then yield to the Assyrians, who would resume their attacks at Aram-Damascus, thus relieving

4096-463: Was the eighteenth and penultimate king of Israel . He was a captain in the army of king Pekahiah of Israel, whom he killed to become king. Pekah was the son of Remaliah. Pekah became king in the fifty-second and last year of Uzziah , king of Judah. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 737–732 BC, while E. R. Thiele , following H. J. Cook and Carl Lederer, held that Pekah set up in Gilead

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