105-530: The Yellow Ribbon Project ( Chinese : 黄丝带计划 ; Malay : Projek Riben Kuning ) started on 2 October 2004, is a community initiative organised by the Community Action for Rehabilitation of Ex-offenders (CARE) Network in Singapore. The Yellow Ribbon Project advocates a second chance for ex-offenders and their families through concerted efforts and for ex-offenders to reintegrate into society. It also engage
210-470: A chapel at the prison in 1944, using simple tools and found materials. Stanley Warren of the 15th Regiment, Royal Regiment of Artillery painted a series of murals at the chapel. Another British POW, Sgt. Harry Stodgen, built a Christian cross out of a used artillery shell. After the war, the chapel was dismantled and shipped to Australia, while the cross was sent to the UK. The chapel was reconstructed in 1988, and
315-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of
420-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
525-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as
630-776: A final walk of about 20 meters from their cell to the execution chamber. During World War II , following the Fall of Singapore in February 1942, the Japanese military detained approximately 3,000 civilians in Changi Prison, which was built to house only one-fifth of that number. The Japanese used the British Army 's Selarang Barracks , near the prison, as a prisoner of war camp, holding some 50,000 Allied soldiers, predominantly British and Australian, and from 1943, Dutch civilians brought over by
735-477: A horse shoe shaped block around an open air grassy exercise yard. The exercise area itself was enclosed in steel bars and had a wire mesh roof to prevent escape by helicopter. The cells were about three square metres (32 square feet) in size, with bare concrete walls on three sides and the remaining side consisting of vertical steel bars facing out into the block. The building also contained the gallows where judicial hangings were performed, and condemned inmates had
840-599: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
945-568: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),
1050-415: A platform for inmates and ex-offenders to express their hopes and aspirations through art, showcase their artistic talents, foster closer family relationships and communicate with the community. The Yellow Ribbon Community Art Exhibition was first held in 2007 at The Arts House. Out of the 73 pieces of artworks, ten were winning entries selected by Japanese artist Kon Saishu. The Yellow Ribbon Art Competition
1155-431: A relatively short period of 10 years, a hitherto little known cause has grown and matured into a national movement that has also managed to become a social model to several countries internationally. SANA is a Voluntary Welfare Organisation set up in 1972 to work with the community and grassroots organisations to rein in the spread of drug and inhalant abuse and to work towards the vision of keeping Singapore drug-free. SANA
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#17328723445801260-474: A small number were Allied POWs. The original open-air chapel, built by the POWs in 1944, was later relocated to Duntroon , Canberra . In 1988, Singapore built a replica chapel, next to the Changi Prison. The project included a museum. When Changi Prison was expanded in 2001, the chapel and museum were relocated to a new site 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) away, officially reopening on 15 February 2001. On 1 April 2018,
1365-658: A year later on 26 June 1946, all German prisoners of war in the prison were notified that they would be repatriated back to Germany via England on a passenger liner, the Empress of Australia . The prison also contained the headquarters of the Kempeitai , the Japanese military police . The Kempeitai tortured and executed prisoners there, who they suspected were spies, such as during the Double Tenth incident . Most were civilians, although
1470-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
1575-539: Is also located close to the prison. Prior to Changi Prison, the only penal facility in Singapore was at Pearl's Hill , beside the barracks of Sepoy Lines, and was known as the Singapore Prison . By the 1930s, the Singapore Prison was overcrowded and deemed dangerous. The Singapore Prison had a capacity of 1,080. In the early 1920s, the average daily number of convicts was 1,043; it reached 1,311 by 1931. Thus
1680-474: Is an approved charity with IPC status and cash donations to SANA are tax-exempt. SACA was formed in 1956 and was registered as a charity in 1984. SACA is the key agency providing welfare and rehabilitation services for discharged offenders and their families. The association aims to assist ex-offenders and their families to cope with problems arising from the offending behaviour and the consequent incarceration. Such assistance would hopefully give these ex-offenders
1785-525: Is committed to realising its Captains of Lives vision. Its team of uniformed officers and civilian staff work together to realise its vision of steering offenders towards becoming responsible citizens with the help of their family and the community. ISCOS is a social organisation that helps ex-offenders and their families make positive changes to reintegrate successfully into society. Established in 1989, it has over 13,000 members who have benefited from various employment and training programmes. Founded in 1958,
1890-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
1995-531: Is managed by the CARE Network. Members of the CARE Network include Singapore's Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF), Singapore Prison Service (SPS), Singapore Corporation of Rehabilitative Enterprises (SCORE), National Council of Social Service (NCSS), Industrial & Services Co-operative Society Ltd (ISCOS), Singapore After-Care Association (SACA) and Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association (SANA). The inspiration behind
2100-809: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
2205-636: Is now located at the Royal Military College, Duntroon , Canberra . The prisoners of war also established an education program nicknamed the Changi University . After the war, Changi Prison was used by the British to hold Japanese prisoners of war , which included former Imperial Japanese Army , Imperial Japanese Navy and Kempeitai personnel, police officers and POW camp guards; British troops were used as ad hoc prison officers . Most of
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#17328723445802310-609: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to
2415-540: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
2520-656: The Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of
2625-494: The Fall of Singapore , Changi Prison became notorious for its role as a prisoner-of-war camp for Allied soldiers captured by the Japanese . During the occupation , the Japanese used the prison to house prisoners of war (POW) captured from all over the Asia-Pacific. Many of these prisoners were subjected to brutal treatment and forced labour, and a significant number died from malnutrition, disease, and mistreatment. After
2730-429: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Changi Prison Changi Prison Complex , often known simply as Changi Prison , is a prison complex in the namesake district of Changi in the eastern part of Singapore . It is the oldest and largest prison in the country, covering an area of about 50 ha (120 acres). Opened in 1936,
2835-456: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across
2940-616: The 1931 report presented by the newly appointed Inspector of Prisons for the Straits Settlements , and the Superintendent of Singapore Prisons, Captain Otho Lewis Hancock, recommended providing additional accommodation. This would enable the authorities to segregate long-term prisoners, likely to be of special danger to the community, from short-term prisoners while relieving congestion in the existing facility. Deliberations in
3045-614: The 1970s and 1980s, Changi Prison underwent major renovations and upgrades to improve its facilities and security. New buildings were constructed, including a maximum-security block for high-risk prisoners. Changi Prison remains in operation as a crucial component of Singapore's criminal justice system. The prison is well-known for its strict discipline and emphasis on rehabilitation, with a focus on providing prisoners with rehabilitation programs such as education and vocational training to help them rebuild their lives and reintegrate into society after their release. The Changi Chapel and Museum
3150-476: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
3255-508: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
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3360-490: The Art Exhibition, the artist mentors are often asked to create a collaborative work which symbolises their response and experience of working with inmates to teach art and build confidence. A commissioned sculpture installation titled 'Flow of Time' commemorates the 2017 exhibition, and is the collaborative artistic response of Nicola Anthony, Barry Yeow, and Kim Whye Kee. The Yellow Ribbon Community Art Exhibition provides
3465-619: The Australian War Memorial. About 850 POWs died during their internment in Changi during the Japanese occupation of Singapore , a relatively low rate compared to the overall death rate of 27% for POWs in Japanese camps . However, many more prisoners died after being transferred from Changi to various labour camps outside Singapore, including those on the Burma Railway and at Sandakan airfield . Allied POWs, mainly Australians, built
3570-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
3675-497: The Japanese from the islands in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ). In the UK, Australia, The Netherlands and elsewhere, the name "Changi" became synonymous with the infamous POW camp nearby, since most of the Japanese prisons were in the Changi area. Around 500 detainees were women who had been separated with their children and marched to the cramped prison camp from their homes. These women and also girls sewed quilts for
3780-499: The Legislative Council saw opposition to the subsequent plans for constructing a new prison at Changi due to uncertainties in the numbers planned for the accommodation (ranging between 650 and 2,500), costs (moving from 2 million Straits dollars to 10 million Straits dollars and back), the area to be used (250 acres to 1,500 acres), and the possibility of the new prison grounds turning into a white elephant. Tenders to construct
3885-517: The Ministry was officially restructured on 1 November 2012 to become the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF). MSF aims to bring a sharper focus to the Singapore Government's work in the development of families, social services and social safety nets. Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write
3990-523: The Singapore Council of Social Service leads and coordinates the social service sector in Singapore. The council was renamed National Council of Social Service in 1992. The NCSS works closely with voluntary welfare organisations to build organisational capabilities for better management and delivery of social service programmes. The Ministry of Home Affairs was set up in 1959 when Singapore attained self-government. After Singapore gained independence, MHA
4095-762: The Yellow Ribbon Conference on "Aftercare: A Collaborative Approach" The inaugural Yellow Ribbon Prison Run was launched on 6 September 2009, and saw the participation of more than 6,000 runners. A contingent of 80 reformed ex-offenders also participated in the Run. The Yellow Ribbon Project was themed "Little Gestures, Big Difference" in 2011, and sought to engage more inmates and ex-offenders to step forward to share details of their reintegration journey and to give back to society. The 2012 edition aimed to inspire inmates and ex-offenders to take charge of their own rehabilitation and continue to give back to society. This marked
4200-737: The Yellow Ribbon Culinary Programme, the Yellow Ribbon Culinary Competition was first held in 2007 as part of the Yellow Ribbon Creative Festival which aims to give inmates the opportunity to acquire culinary skills. As part of the programme, teams comprising prison inmates learnt to create several dishes which was cooked and presented to their family members during the Tribute of Love event. The Yellow Ribbon Poetry-Writing and Story Telling Competition
4305-547: The Yellow Ribbon Fund (YRF) is the first national charitable fund devoted entirely towards the development and implementation of rehabilitation and reintegration programmes for inmates and ex-offenders, as well as family support programmes to strengthen family ties of inmates and ex-offenders. Proceeds from the various fund-raising activities will go towards funding a variety of rehabilitation and reintegration programmes as well as family support programmes which are in line with
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4410-555: The Yellow Ribbon Project Charity Concert. A special album featuring songs performed by inmates was produced in commemoration of the inaugural Yellow Ribbon Project in 2004. In 2005, the campaign introduced the Tie-A Yellow-Ribbon Walk which encouraged more Singaporeans to learn about the offenders' journey of reintegration. The Yellow Ribbon Concert, "New Hope, New Dreams", was held in 2006 to launch
4515-648: The Yellow Ribbon Project achieved 97% awareness. One of the Yellow Ribbon Project's signature annual event is the Yellow Ribbon Prison Run. The inaugural Yellow Ribbon Prison Run was first held in September 2009, which attracted 6,500 participants. Funds raised through the event go towards the Yellow Ribbon Fund to rehabilitation and reintegration programmes for ex-offenders and support programmes for their family members. Local marathon icon, Madam Jenap,
4620-421: The Yellow Ribbon Project also actively encourages employers and volunteers to offer second chances to offenders who are willing to change for the better. Since its inception, YRP has set a different theme each year. The Yellow Ribbon Project was established in 2004 by the various CARE Network's member agencies. Former President of Singapore, Mr S.R. Nathan officially launched the community engagement campaign at
4725-493: The Yellow Ribbon Project and Composers and Authors Society of Singapore (COMPASS), the volunteer-led initiative is a channel for inmates to express their hopes for acceptance and forgiveness from their family and friends. Another aim of the Yellow Ribbon Song Writing Competition is to aid in rehabilitation and provide them with skills that would improve their employability. The first Yellow Ribbon Concert
4830-515: The Yellow Ribbon Project was taken from the 70s song, " Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree ", sung by Tony Orlando and Dawn , which is in turn based on the true story published in a 1971 article in The New York Post . Almost nine in 10 Singaporeans are able to identify the aims of the initiative according to a survey conducted by the Yellow Ribbon Project organisers. Beyond awareness,
4935-486: The accommodation in the future. Outside the wall, 88 acres of land was set aside for gardening activities by the prisoners. Additional quarters were provided for prison staff adjacent to the prison: Along with additional contracts for water supply and sewage disposal, the total estimated costs of the new establishment came out at 2,050,000 Straits dollars. A subsidiary settlement was developed to support an enterprise of small Chinese traders who would provide necessities to
5040-404: The aim to facilitate the rehabilitation of inmates through creative art making under the guidance of selected artist mentors. In 2017 the artist mentor of Changi Women's prison was British artist Nicola Anthony , whist local Singaporean artists Barry Yeow , and Kim Whye Kee were the mentors of Changi Men's Prison. The annual Programme cumulates in an exhibition of the inmates artworks. In 2017 it
5145-617: The bursary receive full financial assistance for their course fees. Formerly known as the Yellow Ribbon Community Outreach Project, the Yellow Ribbon Community Project is a grassroots-led project that provides support and assistance to the families of offenders. Yellow Ribbon Community Project (YRCP) is a grassroots-led initiative that aims to provide proactive support and assistance to the families of offenders. Trained grassroots volunteers will visit
5250-467: The chance to reintegrate into society successfully thereby reducing the chances of recidivism Singapore Corporation of Rehabilitative Enterprises (SCORE) was established as a statutory board under the Ministry of Home Affairs on 1 April 1976. SCORE plays an important role in the Singapore correctional system by creating a safe and secure Singapore through the provision of rehabilitation and aftercare services to inmates and ex-offenders. SCORE seeks to enhance
5355-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between
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#17328723445805460-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
5565-532: The cloths. One depicted the Changi Stroll, the forced march of the captive women and children over nine miles to the prison under the occupation by the Japanese on 8 March 1942, coincidentally now International Women's Day commemorating women and the defiance of the suffragettes . Surviving examples of the prison handiwork are in the archives of the British Red Cross , Imperial War Museum , London or held at
5670-538: The community to accept and engage in community action to accept and support ex-offenders and their families. Every year, more than 9,000 ex-offenders in Singapore complete their sentences and are released from the various prisons and drug rehabilitation centres (DRCs). The Yellow Ribbon Project's objective is to raise awareness of the need to give second chances to ex-offenders and their families and inspire community action to support rehabilitation and reintegration of ex-offenders back into society. The Yellow Ribbon Project
5775-431: The complex. Due by 2014, it was delayed due to financial troubles faced by SEC. On 15 October 2017, Changi Women's Prison was effectively moved into Cluster A. On 4 July 2018, Admiralty West Prison was effectively relocated to TM2, the yet-to-be demolished facilities of Tanah Merah Prison. Towards the end of 2003, Australian authorities lobbied the Singapore government to preserve the old Changi Prison after knowing that
5880-512: The construction of the prison blocks. The new prison would be 11.5 miles away from the Singapore settlement along the Changi Road and provide accommodation for 568 prisoners. Completed in 1936, within the 24 feet high, 3,000 feet long prison walls that were made of reinforced concrete, and occupying 13 acres of land, there would be: Within the prison walls, there was an inner wall, 14 feet high, exercise yards, and sufficient vacant land to double
5985-465: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from
6090-399: The detention site for death row inmates at Changi before they are executed by hanging , traditionally at dawn on a Friday, except twice, one on 20 May 2016 when the execution of Kho Jabing was carried out at 3:30 pm after his appeal for a stay of execution was dismissed that same morning, as well as on 27 April 2022 when the execution of Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam was carried out on
6195-588: The development and implementation of family support programmes to strengthen family ties of inmates and ex-offenders. The Yellow Ribbon Song Writing Competition was organised as part of the Yellow Ribbon Project Creative Festival. The competition was conceptualised as part of the inmates' rehabilitation programmes and is used as a platform for inmates and ex-offenders to express their hopes for acceptance. The Yellow Ribbon Song Writing Competition started in 2008 with twelve inmates competing in
6300-472: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see
6405-540: The employability of offenders and prepare them for their eventual reintegration into the national workforce by focusing on four main building blocks of training, work, employment assistance and community engagement SPS is an agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs. As a key member of the Home Team, SPS operates a secure prison system. SPS protects society through the safe custody and rehabilitation of offenders, cooperating with its partners in aftercare and prevention. The SPS
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#17328723445806510-425: The ex-offenders and their families, conducting effective home visits, basic interviewing/case assessments) to better equip themselves with the knowledge and skills to effectively reach out to more than 2,800 families of offenders. The CARE Network was formed in 2000 to co-ordinate and improve the effectiveness of the efforts of the many agencies engaging in rehabilitative works for ex-offenders throughout Singapore. In
6615-555: The families of newly admitted offenders to render assistance, such as linking them to the relevant social support networks. This benefits and stabilises the families who are affected by the offenders' incarceration, and also allows the offender to focus on rehabilitation. Since September 2010, the YRCP has expanded from eight participating GRC divisions to a total of 63 (see Annex A for breakdown). As of March 2015, more than 700 grassroots volunteers have undergone basic training (e.g. understanding
6720-519: The finals. 76% of inmates achieved distinction for the internationally recognized music theory exam by the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM), proving the strength of rehabilitation through music. • 2013 onwards Launched in 2013, the annual competition is aimed at rehabilitating inmates and allowing them to express themselves while picking up new skills. Jointly organised by
6825-616: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
6930-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including
7035-439: The first year that grassroots divisions were engaged to recruit more volunteers to render assistance to the families of inmates. Since its inception in 2004, the Yellow Ribbon Project has attracted more than 380,000 members of the community to participate in its activities and 1,500 community partners to show their support to the cause through various initiatives. In a survey conducted by the organisers to measure community support,
7140-465: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
7245-503: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during
7350-413: The grounds of the new prison at Changi were put out in 1933. The tender for erection and completion of the quarters was first awarded to Hup Thye and Co for 16,900 Straits dollars on 26 June 1933, and a 2 September 1933 tender for the prison blocks was reportedly awarded to Chop Woh Hup, a local Chinese construction firm, for 1,278,000 Straits dollars on 8 March 1934. Chop Woh Hup had 20 months to complete
7455-508: The historical remnants of the old prison – the entrance gate, wall and turrets – was gazetted as the 72nd National Monument of Singapore. The entrance gate was moved from the adjacent boundary wall and fitted into the retained wall. The Changi Chapel and Museum reopened in 2021 to the public. Presently, the new Changi Prison Complex houses the most serious criminals in the country, including those serving long sentences (including life imprisonment ) and those sentenced to death . It serves as
7560-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what
7665-489: The lands of existing Changi Prison, Moon Crescent Prison and Jalan Awan Prison. The plan was carried out in phases, with each phase forming a cluster of prison institutions in the complex. Cluster A was officially launched on 16 August 2004. Cluster A would house the inmates from the existing Changi Prison, Moon Crescent Prison, Jalan Awan Prison and the Changi Reformative Training Centre. Cluster B
7770-459: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,
7875-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,
7980-497: The museum was closed and reopened in 2020. In 1994, Changi Women's Prison and Drug Rehabilitation Centre was opened. In 2000, a plan was revealed to consolidate the 14 prisons and drug rehabilitation centres (DRCs) that were scattered across the country into one mega complex at Changi Prison location. The complex would sit on a site of area 48ha at a cost of S$ 1.07 billion; however, freeing up 61ha of land, which would make way for residential development. The complex would occupy on
8085-471: The old Changi Prison would be demolished by April 2004 to redevelop the land for Cluster B, on the basis of its historical significance where 15,000 Australians were imprisoned after Singapore fell to imperial Japan in 1942. On 8 March 2004, a decision was made to preserve the old prison's iconic front walls, front gates and two guard-towers at either end of the wall, which was welcomed by Australian's Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer . In 2016,
8190-428: The prison buildings formed the shape of the top of a telegram/telephone pole). Changi Prison also boasted the use of an advanced and extensive alarm system and had electrical lighting in its cells along with flush-toilets in each. The prison had a holding capacity of 600. Long-term prisoners would be transferred from the existing Singapore Prison. The death row section of Changi Prison consisted of 24 cells arranged in
8295-470: The prison has a rich history. Changi Prison was first built in 1936 by the British colonial government to replace the old prison that was located in Pearl's Hill . The prison was constructed with the intention of housing a large number of prisoners, as Singapore was rapidly growing and needed a larger facility to accommodate them. The prison was designed to house up to 600 prisoners. During World War II and after
8400-432: The prison hospital, daringly embroidering their own secret symbols and stories into the squares, including forget-me-nots, butterflies, angels, scenery of trees and sheep, other symbolic flowers and even a domestic sitting room, ships, birds and a map of Scotland , and one of Australia . They risked severe punishments by sewing , depicting their prison environment and adding dozens, or even over 400 names in one case, onto
8505-723: The prisoners of war were eventually repatriated to Japan, but eight former Kempeitai members were found guilty by a military tribunal of torturing 57 internees (which resulted in 15 of them dying) in the "Double tenth" trial on 18 March 1946 at the Supreme Court Building and were sentenced to death. In the inner yard of the prison, three gallows were erected to carry out the sentences, which were performed in April 1946. On 17 October 1945, 260 German prisoners of war (who were former Kriegsmarine personnel and had served on U-boats ) were moved from Pasir Panjang to Changi Prison. Almost
8610-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
8715-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on
8820-476: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
8925-461: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
9030-536: The staff and the prison. When it was officially operational in June 1937, it was claimed to be one of the best prisons in the British Empire . The design of the prison was based on a T-shaped structure, with two cell-block wings stretching out from a central main block (for administration areas and warden-offices), to allow for quick and easy access to either cell-block wing for the wardens whenever necessary (from up above,
9135-566: The start and the end of most prisoners' journey within the complex, with the admissions and pre-release procedures carried out in the buildings of this cluster. In 2012, work on building the SPS headquarters on the Complex's grounds began with the $ 118.5 million contract awarded to Sembawang Engineers and Constructors (SEC). The building would contain a hydrogen integrated proton-exchange membrane fuel cell power plant to generate clean energy to be supplied to
9240-415: The theme of giving and how they hoped to contribute to their families and society. The inaugural Tie-A-Yellow-Ribbon Walk was held on 3 September 2005 and drew a crowd of 14,000. The second Tie-A-Yellow-Ribbon Walk was held in 2007 which saw more than 10,000 participants walking from Pasir Ris Town Park to the new Prison Link Centre. The event was graced by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Launched in 2004,
9345-564: The third edition of the community campaign. The concert featured celebrities performing alongside inmates and was broadcast on local television. A series of events was held in 2007 to raise funds for the Yellow Ribbon Fund. The events included the Yellow Ribbon Culinary Competition, Yellow Ribbon Charity Gala Dinner, and the Yellow Ribbon Appreciation Dinner. In 2008, 467 foreign delegates, government officials, academics, aftercare professionals and community partners attended
9450-488: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to
9555-817: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
9660-516: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of
9765-612: The various Yellow Ribbon Concerts. The Yellow Ribbon Culinary Programme is organised by YRP to allow inmates an opportunity to improve their culinary skills through a certified training course to earn certificated qualification. The certifications seek to help increase inmates' employability after their release. Graduation ceremonies were held in 2010 and 2012 to present inmate-graduates with the Certificate in Basic Culinary Skills Course, conducted by SHATEC Institutes. Under
9870-919: The vision of the Community Action for the Rehabilitation of Ex-offenders (CARE) Network YRF provides financial support for: The Yellow Ribbon Fund comprises Main Committee, Advancement Committee, Audit Committee, Family & Children's Welfare Committee, Fund Disbursement Committee and Bursary Selection Committee. Some of the members include Mrs Wong Ai Ai, Mr Manraj Singh Sekhon, Dr Lucas Chow Wing Keung, Mr Stanley Tang, Mr Woo Woh Kuan Christopher, Ms Shie Yong Lee, Mr Ajay Kanwal, Mr Leow Tze Wen, Mr Bernard Peh, Mr Asad Jumabhoy, Ms Michelle Eng, etc. The YRF STAR (Skills Training Assistance to Restart) Bursary, initiated in 2010, aims to provide financial support to ex-offenders for vocational and skills training. Recipients of
9975-547: The war, Changi Prison was used by the British to house prisoners of various categories, including political detainees. In the 1950s and 1960s, the prison became a symbol of Singapore's struggle for independence, as many political prisoners were held there for their anti-colonial and nationalist activities. The prison also played a significant role in Singapore's development after its independence, as many prisoners were put to work in various industries, such as farming and construction. In
10080-461: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
10185-635: Was also held from 2008 to 2011 and the artworks were also showcased at the Yellow Ribbon Community Art Exhibition. The exhibition was then held at the Singapore Botanic Gardens in 2008 and at the Singapore Art Museum from 2009 onwards. In 2012, the Yellow Ribbon Community Art Exhibition 2012 featured artwork by inmates from Changi Women's Prison for the first time. The first Celebrating Second Chances Awards Ceremony
10290-452: Was also launched at the 2013 ceremony. The first Yellow Ribbon Charity Golf Tournament was held in November 2008. The second and third editions of the tournament were held in 2010 and 2012. The biennial event consisted of the golf tournament and an appreciation dinner for participants of the tournament, donors and sponsors of the Yellow Ribbon Fund. Proceeds raised through the event went towards
10395-511: Was held at the Singapore Art Museum taking over two gallery spaces and running alongside the solo exhibition of Nicola Anthony who made artworks inspired by the inmates she had been mentoring, as well as other disenfranchised communities she had worked with in Singapore. The 2017 exhibition was titled 'For Better Endings and New Beginnings ', and revolved around the themes of love, hope, optimism, reflection, and tomorrow. In addition to
10500-490: Was held in 2006 and 2007. The poetry competition allows ex-offenders to express their thoughts and reflections through their self-penned poems. The 2006 competition saw the participation of 480 inmates and 20 of them were selected to recite their entry in front of their families. Organised by CARE Network and the National Library Board, the 2007 competition saw the participation of 24 inmates who were asked to write on
10605-405: Was held in 2006. As an encouragement for the continued commitment of those who have stayed crime- and drug-free, ex-offenders receive tokens of commendation at the biennial event. In conjunction with the Yellow Ribbon Project's 10th anniversary, a new Celebrating Second Chances Award category was created to honour four organisations and two individuals. A commemorative book chronicling 10 years of YRP
10710-713: Was held in October 2004 to mark the launch of the community campaign. Besides featuring local and foreign artistes, reforming offenders and ex-offenders also shared their experience of rehabilitation and reintegration through drama, song and dance. Local celebrities who participated in the concerts included Dick Lee, Shiek Haikel , Azrina Ahmad, Koh Chieng Mun, Mark Lee , Sharon Ismail, Jai, Nathan Hartono and Project Superstar Season 1 winners, Chen Wei Lian and Kelly Poon . Regional artistes including Taiwanese singers, Wakin Chau, B.A.D, Tension and Chinese singer Anson Hu have also participated in
10815-489: Was involved in a personal 12-hour challenge to raise funds for ex-offenders in 2012. In 2013, a record 1,230 run participants came together to form a Giant Human Yellow Ribbon in celebration of 10 years of YRP. The formation was recorded in the Singapore Book of Records. Yellow Ribbon Project's Changi Prison Artist Mentor Programme is an annual collaboration between the Yellow Ribbon Project and Singapore Art Museum , with
10920-408: Was officially launched on 20 January 2010. Cluster B would house 5,600 inmates from standalone prisons: Tanah Merah Prison, Queenstown Remand Prison, Sembawang DRC, Khalsa Crescent Prison, and Selarang Park DRC. The inmates were moved in five separate, single day operations between July and August 2009, making it the largest transfer of prisoners in Singapore history. Cluster B would eventually become
11025-407: Was part of the Ministry of Interior and Defence. In 1970, it was separated into two ministries, MHA and the Ministry of Defence. MHA is responsible for public safety, civil defence and immigration. The ministry is headed by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Home Affairs, Mr K Shanmugam. MHA consists of seven departments: Previously known as the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports,
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