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129-660: According to archaeological records, the Yelabuga settlement was first established in the age of Volga Bulgaria , arising at the confluence where the Poima River meets the Kama. In 1236 these lands fell under the control of the Golden Horde . In the 17th century, the Tatar settlement of Alabuga was renamed as Tryokhsvyatskoye. In 1780 it received the status of a city and the name Yelabuga which became

258-520: A Celtiberian stronghold against Roman invasions. İt dates more than 2500 years back. The site was researched by Francisco Martins Sarmento starting from 1874. A number of amphoras (containers usually for wine or olive oil), coins, fragments of pottery, weapons, pieces of jewelry, as well as ruins of a bath and its pedra formosa ( lit.   ' handsome stone ' ) revealed here. The Iron Age in Central Asia began when iron objects appear among

387-562: A branch to the Alabuga SEZ runs in the northwest. The nearest railway stations are Traktornaya and Berezka. The region is also characterized by navigation on the Kama and Vyatka rivers; the nearest marinas are in Yelabuga and near the village of Tanaika. Medical care in the Yelabuzhsky district is provided by the Yelabuga central regional hospital (CRH), city outpatient hospital and the Yelabuga tuberculosis dispensary. The CRH departments include

516-487: A centre of agriculture and handicraft. Iron Age The Iron Age ( c.  1200  – c.  550 BC ) is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages , after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age . It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progressing to protohistory (before written history). In this usage, it

645-681: A combination of bivalve moulds of distinct southern tradition and the incorporation of piece mould technology from the Zhongyuan . The products of the combination of these two periods are bells, vessels, weapons and ornaments, and the sophisticated cast. An Iron Age culture of the Tibetan Plateau has been associated tentatively with the Zhang Zhung culture described by early Tibetan writings. In Japan, iron items, such as tools, weapons, and decorative objects, are postulated to have entered Japan during

774-503: A general Arabic term for Slavic people . Other researches tie the term to the ethnic name Scythian (or Saka in Persian ). Over time, the cities of Volga Bulgaria were rebuilt and became trade and craft centres of the Golden Horde . Some Volga Bulgars, primarily masters and craftsmen, were forcibly moved to Sarai and other southern cities of the Golden Horde. Volga Bulgaria remained

903-534: A green field, with a scarlet banner, on which the cross is also silver; the shaft is gold." A large part of the region's population included Turkic groups such as Sabirs , Esegel , Barsil , Bilars , Baranjars , and part of the obscure Burtas (by ibn Rustah ). Modern Chuvash claim to descend from Sabirs , Esegels , and Volga Bulgars . Another part comprised Volga Finnic and Magyar ( Asagel and Pascatir ) tribes, from which Bisermäns probably descend. Ibn Fadlan refers to Volga Bulgaria as Saqaliba ,

1032-410: A hospital, maternity ward, children's polyclinic, dermatologist-venereology, narcology, 23 medical and obstetric and 3 health centers as well as other departments. Recreational opportunities are provided by 255 sports facilities have been built in Yelabuga and the surrounding area, including two stadiums, an Ledovyi Palace, more than a hundred gyms, an athletics arena, ski resorts and skating rinks. In

1161-500: A large force of Rus' for an even larger campaign against the Bulgars. The Bulgars would send entreaties and proposals for peace but these were all rejected. Yuri travelled with his army to Omut where further entreaties for peace were received from the Bulgars however these were still rejected. However, by the time Vasilko Konstantinovich of Rostov arrived, Yuri accepted an offer of gifts and agreed to adhere to an earlier peace treaty with

1290-413: A nature zone. This park is unique in that the vegetation characteristic of three natural zones are found here with woodlands existing adjacent to forest-steppe and floodplain-meadow landscapes. The national park is home to 620 plant species, 80 lichen species and other flora. 65 species of plants, 153 species of birds and 478 species of invertebrates live here, many of which are endangered species included in

1419-534: A number of distilleries, glassworks, iron foundries, soap factories operated in the district. In the 19th century, Yelabuga was one of the richest merchant cities within the Vyatka province. By the end of the century, the merchant class consisted of 600 merchants, the most famous of whom were the Stakheev, Ushkov, and Chernov families. The merchant of the second guild, Ivan Shishkin, served as mayor in Yelabuga. On his initiative

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1548-557: A part of the Ulus Jochi , later known as the Golden Horde . It was divided into several principalities; each of them became a vassal of the Golden Horde and received some autonomy. By the 1430s, the Khanate of Kazan was established as the most important of these principalities. Volga Bulgar language was a Turkic language. The only extant member of the Oghuric group that is still spoken today

1677-479: A part of the eponymous county ( uyezd ) within the Vyatka governorship. Since 1920, the city has been part of the Yelabuzhsky and Chelninsky cantons. The Yelabuzhsky district was first formed on August 10, 1930. Throughout the 20th century, the district’s borders have changed repeatedly. The “Alabuga” SEZ — the largest and most successful special economic zone dedicated to industrial and production of its type in Russia —

1806-575: A red banner." Over time, the colour of the shield changed to green. In the Manifesto on the full coat of arms of the Empire (1800), the Bulgarian coat of arms is described as follows: "In a green field it has a white Lamb with a golden radiance near its head; in its right front paw it holds a Christian banner." The description of the coat of arms, approved in 1857: "The Bulgarian coat of arms: a silver lamb walking in

1935-465: A silver cross; the shaft is gold. The erroneous perception of the beast on the Bulgarian coat of Arms in the Royal Titular as a lamb is explained by the poor quality of the reproduction of the image. In the "Historical Dictionary of Russian Sovereigns ..." by I. Nekhachin (ed. by A.Reshetnikov, 1793), the Bulgarian coat of arms is described as follows: "Bulgarian, in a blue field, a silver lamb wearing

2064-400: Is abundant naturally, temperatures above 1,250 °C (2,280 °F) are required to smelt it, impractical to achieve with the technology available commonly until the end of the second millennium BC. In contrast, the components of bronze—tin with a melting point of 231.9 °C (449.4 °F) and copper with a relatively moderate melting point of 1,085 °C (1,985 °F)—were within

2193-646: Is also speculated that Early Iron Age sites may exist in Kandarodai , Matota, Pilapitiya and Tissamaharama . The earliest undisputed deciphered epigraphy found in the Indian subcontinent are the Edicts of Ashoka of the 3rd century BC, in the Brahmi script . Several inscriptions were thought to be pre-Ashokan by earlier scholars; these include the Piprahwa relic casket inscription,

2322-406: Is based on the 2006 coat of arms. The main plot is preserved, however, in the upper part, instead of a silver background, a white one is presented, and a green hill is replaced by a flat line. In the bottom part of the canvas, instead of the billets, three black and two white stripes of different widths alternate. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 2:3. Yelabuzhsky district derives its name from

2451-462: Is based on the Yelabuga’s historical emblem of 1781, when it was a wealthy merchant city. In the center of the shield, there is a black oak stump with a red woodpecker with golden eyes and a beak sitting on it on a silvery-white background. The stump with the bird is located on a green hill. At the bottom of the shield is a black ribbon strewn with white vertically positioned billets. The flag of Yelabuga

2580-522: Is considered to last from c.  1200 BC (the Bronze Age collapse ) to c.  550 BC (or 539 BC ), roughly the beginning of historiography with Herodotus , marking the end of the proto-historical period. In China , because writing was developed first, there is no recognizable prehistoric period characterized by ironworking, and the Bronze Age China transitions almost directly into

2709-534: Is divided into two periods based on the Hallstatt culture (early Iron Age) and La Tène (late Iron Age) cultures. Material cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène consist of 4 phases (A, B, C, D). The Iron Age in Europe is characterized by an elaboration of designs of weapons, implements, and utensils. These are no longer cast but hammered into shape, and decoration is elaborate and curvilinear rather than simple rectilinear;

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2838-851: Is from Malhar and its surrounding area. This site is assumed as the center for smelted bloomer iron to this area due to its location in the Karamnasa River and Ganga River. This site shows agricultural technology as iron implements sickles, nails, clamps, spearheads, etc., by at least c. 1500 BC. Archaeological excavations in Hyderabad show an Iron Age burial site. The beginning of the 1st millennium BC saw extensive developments in iron metallurgy in India. Technological advancement and mastery of iron metallurgy were achieved during this period of peaceful settlements. One ironworking centre in East India has been dated to

2967-634: Is known that the Bulgarian coat of arms figure was used to designate the Bulgarian Kingdom and in the Great Seal of Tsar John IV. The seal was a "lion walking" (which is confirmed by the seals of the Volga Bulgarians found by archaeologists). On the coats of arms and seals of the Russian tsars, the lands of Volga Bulgaria were represented on a green field by a silver walking lamb with a red banner divided by

3096-540: Is likely that the use of ironware made of steel had already begun in the third millennium BC in Central Anatolia". Souckova-Siegolová (2001) shows that iron implements were made in Central Anatolia in very limited quantities about 1800 BC and were in general use by elites, though not by commoners, during the New Hittite Empire (≈1400–1200 BC). Similarly, recent archaeological remains of iron-working in

3225-475: Is located in the region. The site was opened in 2005 for the development of the regional economy and attraction of investment, and as of 2020 had 65 resident companies. In 2019 investment by residents of the zone in the regional economy amounted to about 200 billion rubles. The Yelabuzhsly district is located in the north-east of the republic and shares borders with Mendeleyevsky , Mamadyshsky , Nizhnekamsky , Tukayevsky districts , Naberezhnye Chelny as well as

3354-456: Is one of forty-three districts in the republic. The town of Yelabuga serves as the administrative center of the district, despite being incorporated separately as a town of republic significance — an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division , the district is incorporated as the Yelabuzhsky municipal district, with the town of republic significance of Yelabuga being incorporated within it as

3483-544: Is one of the ten largest and most promising industrial regions of Tatarstan, placing 8th in the ranking of socio-economic development for the first half of 2020. According to the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Tatarstan, investment in the fixed assets of the region amounted to about 15 billion rubles in 2019, or 4.2% of total investment in the Republic of Tatarstan. From January to July 2020,

3612-684: Is preceded by the Stone Age (subdivided into the Paleolithic , Mesolithic and Neolithic ) and Bronze Age. These concepts originated for describing Iron Age Europe and the Ancient Near East . The indigenous cultures of the New World did not develop an iron economy before 1500 . Although meteoric iron has been used for millennia in many regions, the beginning of the Iron Age is defined locally around

3741-616: Is recorded to extend 10 ha (25 acres) by 800 BC and grew to 50 ha (120 acres) by 700–600 BC to become a town. The skeletal remains of an Early Iron Age chief were excavated in Anaikoddai, Jaffna . The name "Ko Veta" is engraved in Brahmi script on a seal buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BC. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan and Ko Putivira occurring in contemporary Brahmi inscriptions in south India. It

3870-506: Is singularly scarce in collections of Egyptian antiquities. Bronze remained the primary material there until the conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 671 BC. The explanation of this would seem to be that the relics are in most cases the paraphernalia of tombs, the funeral vessels and vases, and iron being considered an impure metal by the ancient Egyptians it was never used in their manufacture of these or for any religious purposes. It

3999-606: Is the Chuvash language . The language persisted in the Volga region up until the 13th or 14th century. Although there is no direct evidence, some scholars believe it gave rise to modern Chuvash language while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinct Oghur Turkic language. Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him,

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4128-408: Is the leading economic engine of the region. Of the primary industries, mining makes a significant contribution to the regional economy, while the infrastructure sector is also well developed and has demonstrated a high level of attractiveness for investment. Large oil companies are located in the region, among which are Prikamneft, Tatneft-Burenie and PrikamNefteStroyServis. The district is also home to

4257-411: Is the mass production of tools and weapons made not just of found iron, but from smelted steel alloys with an added carbon content. Only with the capability of the production of carbon steel does ferrous metallurgy result in tools or weapons that are harder and lighter than bronze . Smelted iron appears sporadically in the archeological record from the middle Bronze Age . Whilst terrestrial iron

4386-629: Is the only Oghuric language that survived and it is the sole living representative of the Volga Bulgar language. Most scholars agree that the Volga Bulgars were initially subject to the Khazar Khaganate. This fragmented Volga Bulgaria grew in size and power and gradually freed itself from the influence of the Khazars. Sometime in the late 9th century, unification processes started and the capital

4515-474: The 12th century BC (1200–1100 BC). The technology soon spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin region and to South Asia between the 12th and 11th century BC. Its further spread to Central Asia , Eastern Europe , and Central Europe was somewhat delayed, and Northern Europe was not reached until about the start of the 5th century BC (500 BC). The Iron Age in India is stated as beginning with

4644-894: The Badli pillar inscription , the Bhattiprolu relic casket inscription, the Sohgaura copper plate inscription , the Mahasthangarh Brahmi inscription, the Eran coin legend, the Taxila coin legends, and the inscription on the silver coins of Sophytes . However, more recent scholars have dated them to later periods. Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details. Archaeology in Thailand at sites Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo yielding metallic, stone, and glass artifacts stylistically associated with

4773-507: The Christianization of Kievan Rus' . In 921 Almış sent an ambassador to the Caliph requesting religious instruction. The next year an embassy returned with Ibn Fadlan as secretary. A significant number of Muslims already lived in the country. The Volga Bulgars attempted to convert Vladimir I of Kiev to Islam; however Vladimir rejected the notion of Rus' giving up wine, which he declared

4902-655: The Ganges Valley in India have been dated tentatively to 1800 BC. Tewari (2003) concludes that "knowledge of iron smelting and manufacturing of iron artifacts was well known in the Eastern Vindhyas and iron had been in use in the Central Ganga Plain, at least from the early second millennium BC". By the Middle Bronze Age increasing numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by

5031-534: The Geum River basin . The time that iron production begins is the same time that complex chiefdoms of Proto-historic Korea emerged. The complex chiefdoms were the precursors of early states such as Silla , Baekje , Goguryeo , and Gaya Iron ingots were an important mortuary item and indicated the wealth or prestige of the deceased during this period. Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details. The earliest evidence of iron smelting predates

5160-712: The Golden Horde invasion. Volga Bulgaria played a key role in the trade between Europe and the Muslim world. Furs and slaves were the main goods in this trade, and the Volga Bulgarian slave trade played a significant role. People taken captive during the viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be sold to Moorish Spain via the Dublin slave trade or transported to Hedeby or Brännö in Scandinavia and from there via

5289-707: The Indo-European Saka in present-day Xinjiang (China) between the 10th century BC and the 7th century BC, such as those found at the cemetery site of Chawuhukou. The Pazyryk culture is an Iron Age archaeological culture ( c.  6th to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the Siberian permafrost in the Altay Mountains . Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details. In China, Chinese bronze inscriptions are found around 1200 BC, preceding

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5418-701: The Orchid Island . Early evidence for iron technology in Sub-Saharan Africa can be found at sites such as KM2 and KM3 in northwest Tanzania and parts of Nigeria and the Central African Republic. Nubia was one of the relatively few places in Africa to have a sustained Bronze Age along with Egypt and much of the rest of North Africa . Archaeometallurgical scientific knowledge and technological development originated in numerous centers of Africa;

5547-553: The Qin dynasty of imperial China. "Iron Age" in the context of China is used sometimes for the transitional period of c.  900 BC to 100 BC during which ferrous metallurgy was present even if not dominant. The Iron Age in the Ancient Near East is believed to have begun after the discovery of iron smelting and smithing techniques in Anatolia , the Caucasus or Southeast Europe during

5676-518: The Roman conquests of the 1st century BC serve as marking the end of the Iron Age. The Germanic Iron Age of Scandinavia is considered to end c.  AD 800 , with the beginning of the Viking Age . The three-age method of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages was first used for the archaeology of Europe during the first half of the 19th century, and by the latter half of the 19th century, it had been extended to

5805-673: The Samanid slave market in Central Asia and finally via Iran to the Abbasid Caliphate . Slavic pagans were also enslaved by Vikings, Magyars , and Volga Bulgars, who transported them to Volga Bulgaria, where they were sold to Muslim slave traders and continued to Khwarezm and the Samanids, with a minor part being exported to the Byzantine Empire . This was a major trade; the Samanids were

5934-509: The Udmurtia ( Grakhovsky and Kiznersky districts). It has a temperate continental climate and distinct seasons — hot summers and cold winters. The largest rivers of the region are the Kama , Vyatka , as well as their tributaries (with a total length of more than 20 km): The district includes the national park “Nizhnyaya Kama”, where mixed forests, taiga and meadow steppes are located together in

6063-412: The Unzha River which was an important commercial route. In 1220, the Grand Duke Yuri II of Vladimir captured Ustiug and besieged the important Bulgar town of Aşlı . The consequence of this was that Vladimir-Suzdal gained access to Volga Bulgaria's northern trade routes and hindered the means of the Bulgars acquiring fur. The Nikon Chronicle also details that following this, Yuri II began amassing

6192-463: The Volga Bulgar Emirate ) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River , in what is now European Russia . Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state with large numbers of Bulgars , Finno-Ugrians , Varangians , and East Slavs . Its strategic position allowed it to create a local trade monopoly with Norse , Cumans , and Pannonian Avars . The origin homeland of

6321-407: The Volga trade route to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver dirham and silk, which have been found in Birka , Wollin and Dublin ; initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed via the Khazar Kaghanate , but from the early 10th century onward it went via Volga Bulgaria and from there by caravan to Khwarazm , to

6450-417: The Yangtse Valley toward the end of the 6th century BC. The few objects were found at Changsha and Nanjing . The mortuary evidence suggests that the initial use of iron in Lingnan belongs to the mid-to-late Warring States period (from about 350 BC). Important non-precious husi style metal finds include iron tools found at the tomb at Guwei-cun of the 4th century BC. The techniques used in Lingnan are

6579-458: The 2018/2019 academic year, more than 30 general education schools, 43 institutions for preschoolers and four secondary specialized educational institutions operated in the region. Four universities were opened in Yelabuga: the Yelabuga branch of the Kazan Federal University , a branch of Kazan State Technical University named after Andrey Tupolev and the Academy of Social Education and Institute of Social and Humanitarian Knowledge. In January 2020,

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6708-582: The Bulgars after Dengizich 's death. Others however, argue that the Huns continued under Ernak, becoming the Kutrigur and Utigur Hunno -Bulgars. These conclusions remain a topic of ongoing debate and controversy among scholars. The Bulgars were an Oghuric people who settled north of the Black Sea . During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe , they came under the overlordship of Khazars , leading other ethnic groups, including Finno-Ugric and Iranic as well as other Turkic peoples. In about 630 they founded Old Great Bulgaria , which

6837-461: The Bulgars that was agreed under the rule of his father, Vsevolod the Big Nest . In September 1223 near Samara an advance guard of Genghis Khan 's army under the command of Uran , son of Subutai Bahadur , entered Volga Bulgaria but was defeated in the Battle of Samara Bend . In 1236, the Mongols returned and in five years had subjugated the whole country, which at that time was suffering from internal war . Henceforth Volga Bulgaria became

6966-429: The Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider Chuvash as an independent branch from Turkic and Mongolic. The Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for classification purposes. Definition of verbs in Volga Bulgar Volga Bulgars left some inscriptions in tombstones. There are few surviving inscriptions in

7095-412: The Early Iron Age in the Middle Volga and Kama regions. Archaeological and historical studies of the Ananyino era continued through the Soviet as well as post-Soviet periods. Historians have established that the first Turkic tribes arrived on the territory of Tatarstan in the 3rd-5th centuries AC. In the mid-10th century, the lands of the modern Yelabuzhsky district belonged to Volga Bulgaria. At

7224-406: The Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BC. Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, Lahuradewa, Kosambi and Jhusi , Allahabad in present-day Uttar Pradesh show iron implements in the period 1800–1200 BC. As the evidence from the sites Raja Nala ka tila, Malhar suggest the use of Iron in c. 1800/1700 BC. The extensive use of iron smelting

7353-592: The Indian subcontinent suggest Indianization of Southeast Asia beginning in the 4th to 2nd centuries BC during the late Iron Age. In Philippines and Vietnam , the Sa Huynh culture showed evidence of an extensive trade network. Sa Huynh beads were made from glass, carnelian, agate, olivine, zircon, gold and garnet; most of these materials were not local to the region and were most likely imported. Han-dynasty-style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Huynh sites. Conversely, Sa Huynh produced ear ornaments have been found in archaeological sites in Central Thailand, as well as

7482-401: The Kosteneevsky district was separated from the Yelabuzhsky district. In 1954, the Mortovsky district was abolished, and its territory became part of Yelabuga. In February 1963, the territory of the abolished Bondyuzhsky district became part of the region, and in August 1985, the Mendeleevsky district was separated from it. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Yelabuzhsky District

7611-443: The Late Bronze Age continued into the Early Iron Age. Thus, there is a sociocultural continuity during this transitional period. In Iran, the earliest actual iron artifacts were unknown until the 9th century BC. For Iran, the best studied archaeological site during this time period is Teppe Hasanlu . In the Mesopotamian states of Sumer , Akkad and Assyria , the initial use of iron reaches far back, to perhaps 3000 BC. One of

7740-440: The Late Bronze Age. As part of the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age, the Bronze Age collapse saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region. It was long believed that the success of the Hittite Empire during the Late Bronze Age had been based on the advantages entailed by the "monopoly" on ironworking at the time. Accordingly, the invading Sea Peoples would have been responsible for spreading

7869-406: The M7 federal highway. In the coming years, SEZ management plans to attract twice as many residents and create favorable conditions for small and medium-sized businesses. The Yelabuzhsky district is located in the Naberezhnye Chelninskaya agglomeration zone near the road and railroad crossing over the Kama. The special economic zone “Alabuga” and the industrial sector contribute to the development of

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7998-400: The Pious and Vsevolod III ), anxious to defend their eastern border, systematically pillaged Volga Bulgarian cities. Under Rus' pressure from the west, the Volga Bulgars had to move their capital from Bolghar to Bilär . From the beginning of the 13th century, the Volga Bulgars were subject to multiple raids from the East Slavic principalities as multiple skirmishes took place for control of

8127-488: The Romans, though ironworking remained the dominant technology until recent times. Elsewhere it may last until the early centuries AD, and either Christianization or a new conquest during the Migration Period . Iron working was introduced to Europe during the late 11th century BC, probably from the Caucasus , and slowly spread northwards and westwards over the succeeding 500 years. The Iron Age did not start when iron first appeared in Europe but it began to replace bronze in

8256-466: The SEZ and workers of cultural institutions. According to the district administration, the new project should promote the popularization of the concept of Yelabuga as a "city of education and culture". There are one regional and 16 rural houses of culture as well as more than 20 libraries in the district. The largest cultural institution in the district is the Yelabuga State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve covering an area of 131 hectares. On

8385-462: The Volga Bulgar language and its place within the broader Turkic language family. Cases in Volga Bulgar Ivan III was also called the "Prince of Bulgaria". The mention of the Bulgarian land has been present in the royal title since 1490. This refers to Volga Bulgaria. Ivan by the grace of God is the sovereign of all Russia and the Grand Duke of Vladimir, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Tver, and Yugra, and Prmsk, and Bolgar and others It

8514-645: The Volga Bulgar language, as the language was primarily an oral language and the Volga Bulgars did not develop a writing system until much later in their history. After converting to Islam, some of these inscriptions were written using Arabic letters while the use of the Orkhon script continued. Mahmud al-Kashgari provides some information about the language of the Volga Bulgars, whom he refers to as Bulghars. Some scholars suggest Hunnic had strong ties with Bulgar and to modern Chuvash and classify this grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages. However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since

8643-452: The Yelabuga Museum-Reserve has annually held the traditional Spasskaya Fair, the heyday of which dates back to the pre-revolutionary era. Events were canceled in summer 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic. Additionally, the newspapers “Novaya Kama” and “Алабуга нуры” (“Luch Yelabugi”) are published in the district in the Russian and Tatar languages. Volga Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as

8772-421: The Yelabuga Urban Settlement. Currently, the district executive committee is subordinate to the Council, the head of the district and its residents. Among the main departments of the committee are the registry office, the department of architecture and urban planning, the department of accounting and distribution of housing, the sector for work with rural settlements, the department of guardianship and trusteeship,

8901-460: The Yelabuzhskii avtomobilniy zavod (the Yelabuga Automobile Plant), the industrial companies Yelabuga UkuprPlast and KamPolyBeg, as well as the food industry enterprises “Essen Production AG” (producing famous mayonnaise brand “ Makheev ”) and “Alabuga Sote”. The agricultural sector plays a significant role in the regional economy. In 2019, the area of land dedicated to agricultural use exceeded 84 thousand hectares, 58 thousand of which were arable. In

9030-444: The ancient Yelabuga settlement, the Ananinsky burial ground and other sites of historical and cultural heritage are also located in the district. The ecological issues facing the region are becoming more and more acute for the administration and residents of the district. District activists are concerned about the air pollution caused by emissions from petrochemical plants in Nizhnekamsk and Naberezhnye Chelny . In August 2020, within

9159-440: The archaeology of the Ancient Near East was developed during the 1920s and 1930s. Meteoric iron, a natural iron–nickel alloy , was used by various ancient peoples thousands of years before the Iron Age. The earliest-known meteoric iron artifacts are nine small beads dated to 3200 BC , which were found in burials at Gerzeh in Lower Egypt , having been shaped by careful hammering. The characteristic of an Iron Age culture

9288-540: The archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Its name harks back to the mythological " Ages of Man " of Hesiod . As an archaeological era, it was first introduced to Scandinavia by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen during the 1830s. By the 1860s, it was embraced as a useful division of the "earliest history of mankind" in general and began to be applied in Assyriology . The development of the now-conventional periodization in

9417-514: The average salary in the Yelabuzhsky district amounted to 42 thousand rubles while in Tatarstan the average was only slightly greater than 37 thousand. Among the urban municipalities, Yelabuga ranks third in rankings of social and economic development. The district unemployment rate of 4.63% is one of the highest in the republic and has grown significantly as a consequence of the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic. For instance, from April to June 2020,

9546-590: The beginning of the Western Han dynasty . Yoon proposes that iron was first introduced to chiefdoms located along North Korean river valleys that flow into the Yellow Sea such as the Cheongcheon and Taedong Rivers. Iron production quickly followed during the 2nd century BC, and iron implements came to be used by farmers by the 1st century in southern Korea. The earliest known cast-iron axes in southern Korea are found in

9675-435: The birth rate per thousand people was 11% while the death rate was 10.1%. In 2019, both indexes decreased; the birth rate was 10.1% per 1000 people, and the death rate was 10%. Accordingly the rate of natural population growth in 2019 was 0.1%. 86.41% of the population live in urban areas. In the 18th-19th centuries the region’s population was primarily engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, fishing and trades. In this era,

9804-482: The capabilities of Neolithic kilns , which date back to 6000 BC and were able to produce temperatures greater than 900 °C (1,650 °F). In addition to specially designed furnaces, ancient iron production required the development of complex procedures for the removal of impurities, the regulation of the admixture of carbon, and the invention of hot-working to achieve a useful balance of hardness and strength in steel. The use of steel has also been regulated by

9933-514: The city of Yelabuga. The modern city was first established in the second half of the 16th century as the Tatar settlement of Alabuga. As the geographer Yevgeny Pospelov states, the toponym comes from the Turkic personal name Alabuga, which could literally mean “motley bull”. After the conquest of the Kazan Khanate and Russian colonization, the settlement was renamed into Tryokhsvyatskoye. Along with this,

10062-560: The construction of the dairy complex will contribute to the development of agriculture in the region as well as its investment potential. Yelabuga is one of the leading tourist destinations in Tatarstan: in 2018, the city was visited by more than 500 thousand tourists, and in 2019 it became the third most visited urban center in the republic after Kazan and Sviyazhsk. Resultantly, the city and district authorities are planning to develop tourism business and infrastructure. The Yelabuzhsky district

10191-465: The development of iron metallurgy, which was known by the 9th century BC. The large seal script is identified with a group of characters from a book entitled Shǐ Zhòu Piān ( c. 800 BC). Therefore, in China prehistory had given way to history periodized by ruling dynasties by the start of iron use, so "Iron Age" is not used typically to describe a period of Chinese history. Iron metallurgy reached

10320-438: The distorted title of Yelabuga is used. In the mid-19th century, Yelabuga local historians Professor Kapiton Nevostruev and the merchant Ivan Shishkin, the father of the famous artist, while exploring the burial ground in the village of Ananyino in Yelabuzhsky uyezd, discovered the remains of ancient settlements of the 8th-3rd centuries BC. This discovery made the Yelabuga region a center for the study of archaeological cultures of

10449-409: The district admo=inistration held a meeting on the progress of regional education. Representatives of educational institutions and the head of the district Rustem Nuriyev discussed the creation of a coordination council and a new project for the development of the education system. It was determined that the council should include directors of schools and other educational institutions, representatives of

10578-448: The district archive and a number of others. From November 2020, the position of the head of the executive committee has been occupied by Lenar F. Nurgayanov. The head of the Yelabuzhsky district and the mayor of its administrative center is Rustem M. Nuriyev. According to the results of the 2010 census, Russians made up 51.7% of the region's population, Tatars were 42.6%, 1% were Chuvash, Udmurts made up 0.8% and Mari 0.2%. For 2018,

10707-429: The district attracted about 5.6 billion in investment in fixed assets, excluding budgetary funds. Most of these funds were channeled to the procurement of machinery and equipment, buildings and intellectual property. During the same period, more than 32 thousand square meters of housing were commissioned in the urban districts of the region, which is 12 thousand more than in the previous year. A significant contribution to

10836-521: The earliest smelted iron artifacts known is a dagger with an iron blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia , dating from 2500 BC. The widespread use of iron weapons which replaced bronze weapons rapidly disseminated throughout the Near East (North Africa, southwest Asia ) by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. The development of iron smelting was once attributed to the Hittites of Anatolia during

10965-627: The early Bulgars is still unclear. Their homeland is believed to be situated between Kazakhstan and the North Caucasian steppes. Interaction with the Hunnic tribes , causing the migration, may have occurred there, and the Pontic–Caspian steppe seems the most likely location. Some scholars propose that the Bulgars may have been a branch or offshoot of the Huns or at least Huns seem to have been absorbed by

11094-490: The economics of the metallurgical advancements. The earliest tentative evidence for iron-making is a small number of iron fragments with the appropriate amounts of carbon admixture found in the Proto-Hittite layers at Kaman-Kalehöyük in modern-day Turkey, dated to 2200–2000 BC. Akanuma (2008) concludes that "The combination of carbon dating, archaeological context, and archaeometallurgical examination indicates that it

11223-604: The emergence of the Iron Age proper by several centuries. Iron was being used in Mundigak to manufacture some items in the 3rd millennium BC such as a small copper/bronze bell with an iron clapper, a copper/bronze rod with two iron decorative buttons, and a copper/bronze mirror handle with a decorative iron button. Artefacts including small knives and blades have been discovered in the Indian state of Telangana which have been dated between 2400 BC and 1800 BC. The history of metallurgy in

11352-576: The end of the Bronze Age . The Iron Age in Europe is often considered as a part of the Bronze Age collapse in the ancient Near East . Anthony Snodgrass suggests that a shortage of tin and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean about 1300 BC forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze. Many bronze implements were recycled into weapons during that time, and more widespread use of iron resulted in improved steel-making technology and lower costs. When tin became readily available again, iron

11481-492: The excavation of Ugarit. A dagger with an iron blade found in Tutankhamun's tomb , 13th century BC, was examined recently and found to be of meteoric origin. In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of prehistoric Europe and the first of the protohistoric periods, which initially means descriptions of a particular area by Greek and Roman writers. For much of Europe, the period came to an abrupt local end after conquest by

11610-458: The first millennium BC. In Southern India (present-day Mysore ) iron appeared as early as 12th to 11th centuries BC; these developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country. The Indian Upanishads mention metallurgy. and the Indian Mauryan period saw advances in metallurgy. As early as 300 BC, certainly by 200 AD, high-quality steel

11739-411: The first wooden water supply system was installed in the city in 1883. In the 20th century, the economic growth of the region was closely connected to the development of oil fields. In the 1930s, geophysical and geological surveys were carried out in the Kama valley, discovering mineral deposits near Yelabuga. In 1950-1951, drilling work began there and a few years later the first oil fountain gushed near

11868-475: The forms and character of the ornamentation of the northern European weapons resemble in some respects Roman arms, while in other respects they are peculiar and evidently representative of northern art. Citânia de Briteiros , located in Guimarães , Portugal, is one of the examples of archaeological sites of the Iron Age. This settlement (fortified villages) covered an area of 3.8 hectares (9.4 acres), and served as

11997-583: The framework of the Volga Rehabilitation federal project, treatment facilities were reconstructed on the territory of the Alabuga special economic zone as part of efforts by federal and republican authorities seeking to reduce the negative impact of industrial enterprises on the environment. In 2006-2007, the Council of the Yelabuzhsky municipal district approved its new heraldic insignia. The modern coat of arms

12126-523: The implementation of a large-scale project for the construction of the “Mir” dairy complex for 2,200 head of cattle began in the Yelabuzhsky region. The first 408 Holstein cows were brought from Denmark to the local farm in July 2020. Total investment in Mir currently amounts to 620 million rubles and it is planned that the plant will produce up to 50 tons of milk per day. The head of the region Rustem Nuriyev believes that

12255-655: The initiative of Ivan Shishkin. The ancient Yelabuga settlement was an important stronghold on the trade route to the Middle and Upper Kama regions. In 1236, Batu Khan conquered the Bulgar lands and the settlement, together with the surroundings, became part of the Golden Horde. In 1438, as a result of the collapse of the Tatar-Mongol state, the Kazan Khanate was formed, which was administratively divided into 5 darugs. The main part of

12384-420: The ironworking Painted Grey Ware culture , dating from the 15th century BC , through to the reign of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC . The term "Iron Age" in the archaeology of South, East, and Southeast Asia is more recent and less common than for Western Eurasia. Africa did not have a universal "Bronze Age", and many areas transitioned directly from stone to iron. Some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy

12513-494: The knowledge through that region. The idea of such a "Hittite monopoly" has been examined more thoroughly and no longer represents a scholarly consensus. While there are some iron objects from Bronze Age Anatolia, the number is comparable to iron objects found in Egypt and other places of the same time period; and only a small number of these objects are weapons. Dates are approximate; consult particular article for details. Iron metal

12642-561: The lack of nickel in the product) appeared in the Middle East , Southeast Asia and South Asia . African sites are revealing dates as early as 2000–1200 BC. However, some recent studies date the inception of iron metallurgy in Africa between 3000 and 2500 BC, with evidence existing for early iron metallurgy in parts of Nigeria, Cameroon, and Central Africa, from as early as around 2,000 BC. The Nok culture of Nigeria may have practiced iron smelting from as early as 1000 BC, while

12771-553: The language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable. Numbers and Vocabulary in Volga Bulgar Mahmud al-Kashgari also provides some examples of Volga Bulgar words, poems, and phrases in his dictionary.. However, Mahmud al-Kashgari himself wasn't a native speaker of Volga Bulgar. Despite its limitations, Mahmud al-Kashgari's work remains an important source of information about

12900-516: The late 2nd millennium BC ( c. 1300 BC). The earliest bloomery smelting of iron is found at Tell Hammeh , Jordan about 930 BC (determined from C dating ). The Early Iron Age in the Caucasus area is divided conventionally into two periods, Early Iron I, dated to about 1100 BC, and the Early Iron II phase from the tenth to ninth centuries BC. Many of the material culture traditions of

13029-538: The late Yayoi period ( c. 300 BC – 300 AD) or the succeeding Kofun period ( c. 250–538 AD), most likely from the Korean Peninsula and China. Distinguishing characteristics of the Yayoi period include the appearance of new pottery styles and the start of intensive rice agriculture in paddy fields. Yayoi culture flourished in a geographic area from southern Kyūshū to northern Honshū . The Kofun and

13158-715: The leader Asparukh moved west from the Pontic-Caspian steppes and eventually settled along the Danube River., in what is now known as Bulgaria proper, where they created a confederation with the Slavs , adopting a South Slavic language and the Eastern Orthodox faith. However, Bulgars in Idel-Ural eventually gave birth to Chuvash people. Unlike Danube Bulgars, Volga Bulgars did not adopt any language. The Chuvash language today

13287-486: The main source of Arab silver to Europe via this route, and Ibn Fadlan referred to the ruler of the Volga Bulgar as "King of the Saqaliba " because of his importance for this trade. The Rus' principalities to the west posed the only tangible military threat. In the 11th century, the country was devastated by several raids by other Rus'. Then, at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, the rulers of Vladimir (notably Andrew

13416-521: The nearby Djenné-Djenno culture of the Niger Valley in Mali shows evidence of iron production from c. 250 BC. Iron technology across much of sub-Saharan Africa has an African origin dating to before 2000 BC. These findings confirm the independent invention of iron smelting in sub-Saharan Africa. Modern archaeological evidence identifies the start of large-scale global iron production about 1200 BC, marking

13545-624: The north to Baghdad and Constantinople in the south, from Western Europe to China in the East. Other major cities included Bilär , Suar (Suwar), Qaşan (Kashan) and Cükätaw (Juketau). Modern cities Kazan and Yelabuga were founded as Volga Bulgaria's border fortresses. Some of the Volga Bulgarian cities have still not been found, but they are mentioned in old East Slavic sources. They are: Ashli (Oshel), Tuxçin (Tukhchin), İbrahim (Bryakhimov), Taw İle. Some of them were ruined during and after

13674-566: The preparation of tools and weapons. It did not happen at the same time throughout Europe; local cultural developments played a role in the transition to the Iron Age. For example, the Iron Age of Prehistoric Ireland begins about 500 BC (when the Greek Iron Age had already ended) and finishes about 400 AD. The widespread use of the technology of iron was implemented in Europe simultaneously with Asia. The prehistoric Iron Age in Central Europe

13803-597: The present region, together with Yelabuga, was part of the Chuvash (later renamed Zureyskaya) Daruga, and the northern part of the region passed into the Arskaya Daruga of the Kazan Khanate. In the 1550s, after the annexation of Kazan by the Muscovite state, the first Russian settlements appeared in the region. In 1614-1616, the Trinity Monastery was built near the ancient settlement. The small Tatar settlement of Alabuga

13932-588: The province). By 1916, the Yelabuzhsky uyezd consisted of 23 volosts. In 1920, the Yelabuga canton was formed within the Tatar ASSR . At the time of its formation in August 1930, more than one hundred thousand people lived in the Yelabuzhsky district. Throughout the 20th century, the borders of the region were altered repeatedly. From 1931 to 1935, Yelabuga included the territory of the Bondyuzhsky district. In February 1944,

14061-482: The regional economy is made by the SEZ “Alabuga” — the largest and most successful special economic zone of industrial and production type in Russia. This special economic zone with a footprint of almost four thousand hectares was opened in 2005 to develop the regional economy and attract investment. Three industrial parks, an office center, and a university along with necessary engineering and operational infrastructure operate on

14190-756: The republican Red List and the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation . One of the main purposes of the national park is to preserve the so-called “Shishkin landscapes” — local landscapes captured on the canvases by the famous Russian artist Ivan Shishkin who was born and grew up in Yelabuga and the accompanying ecology of the region. The administration of the “Nizhnyaya Kama” park includes purposefully designed eco-trails and excursions, some of which are named after Shishkin's most notable paintings: "The Holy Spring near Yelabuga", “Krasnaya Gorka near Yelabuga”, “Korabel’naya Grove” and other trails. Archaeological sites of

14319-410: The road network in the region. The federal highways M-7 (Volga) “ Moscow — Kazan — Ufa ” and M-7 “Yelabuga— Izhevsk — Perm ” and the regional autobahns “Naberezhnye Chelny— Mendeleyevsk ” pass through the region. The city of Yelabuga is located 215 km from Kazan and 26 km from Naberezhnye Chelny. The “ Agryz — Naberezhnye Chelny — Akbash ” railway line runs in the southeast of the district, and

14448-524: The same year, the average salary in the agricultural sector was about 19 thousand rubles which is three thousand less than the republic average for salaries in the same industry. The most notable agricultural enterprises in the district are Kolos, the Yelabuzhskoe khlebopriemnoe predpriyatie (Yelabuga grain-receiving enterprise), the Novy Yurash agricultural company and a number of individual farms. For 2020,

14577-614: The subsequent Asuka periods are sometimes referred to collectively as the Yamato period ; The word kofun is Japanese for the type of burial mounds dating from that era. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state-level societies in the Yellow Sea area during the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but prior to

14706-518: The term is used infrequently for the archaeology of China. For the Ancient Near East, the establishment of the Achaemenid Empire c.  550 BC is used traditionally and still usually as an end date; later dates are considered historical according to the record by Herodotus despite considerable written records now being known from well back into the Bronze Age. In Central and Western Europe,

14835-415: The territory of "Alabuga". As of 2020, 65 resident companies are partnered with “Alabuga”, including HAYAT, Rockwool , Armstrong World Industries , Transneft, Ford and others. In 2019, the total volume of investment by residents of the zone amounted to more than 200 billion rubles. Among the favourable conditions created within the zone are tax and customs privileges, low rental prices, and the proximity of

14964-410: The territory of the museum-reserve there are 184 sites of cultural and historical heritage, including 6 of federal and 106 of republican significance. It includes a museum of the city's history, a memorial house-museum of Ivan Shishkin, a literary museum of Marina Tsvetaeva, a Museum of district medicine named after Vladimir Bekhterev, a museum of contemporary ethnic art and other institutions. Since 2008,

15093-511: The time of the highest oil production in the region with the annual volume of production reaching 5,867 thousand tons in 1977. At the beginning of the 2000s, Prikamneft ranked second among the Tatneft departments in terms of the oil produced. The economy of the Yelabuzhsky district is based on primary industries, as well as on the manufacturing and infrastructure sectors. The manufacturing sector specializing in mechanical engineering and food processing

15222-451: The turn of the 11th century, the Bulgars built a fortress at the confluence of the Poima and Kama rivers to protect the northeastern borders of their state. The fortress was square in shape and had towers with a diameter of 6 and 10 meters. A minaret was built at the western tower, the tip of which pointed to Mecca . The remains of the southern fortress tower were restored and fortified in 1867 at

15351-403: The unemployment rate in the region tripled. The situation is expected to normalize after the pandemic. The district administration is primarily preoccupied with the development of agriculture and the growth of local investment. Particular attention has been paid to the livestock and dairy industries that represent the main sources of income from regional agriculture during the off-season. In 2020,

15480-566: The village of Setyakovo. In 1961, the Prikamneft oil and gas production department (NGDU) began operations, making Yelabuga the center of oil production of the region. The difficulty of drilling was determined by the fact that the project was carried out in the flooded zone of the Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power station and marked the first time in the history of Tatarstan that oil wells were placed on specially organized dams and islands. The 1970s were

15609-474: The world by archaeological convention when the production of smelted iron (especially steel tools and weapons) replaces their bronze equivalents in common use. In Anatolia and the Caucasus , or Southeast Europe , the Iron Age began during the late 2nd millennium BC ( c. 1300 BC). In the Ancient Near East , this transition occurred simultaneously with the Late Bronze Age collapse , during

15738-481: Was attributed to Seth, the spirit of evil who according to Egyptian tradition governed the central deserts of Africa. In the Black Pyramid of Abusir , dating before 2000 BC, Gaston Maspero found some pieces of iron. In the funeral text of Pepi I , the metal is mentioned. A sword bearing the name of pharaoh Merneptah as well as a battle axe with an iron blade and gold-decorated bronze shaft were both found in

15867-400: Was cheaper, stronger and lighter, and forged iron implements superseded cast bronze tools permanently. In Central and Western Europe, the Iron Age lasted from c.  800 BC to c.  1 BC , beginning in pre-Roman Iron Age Northern Europe in c.  600 BC , and reaching Northern Scandinavian Europe about c.  500 BC . The Iron Age in the Ancient Near East

15996-527: Was destroyed by the Khazars in 668. Kotrag , following the death of his father, began to extend the influence of his Bulgars to the Volga River . He is remembered as the founder of Volga Bulgaria. They reached Idel-Ural in the eighth century, where they became the dominant population at the end of the 9th century, uniting other tribes of different origin who lived in the area. However, some Bulgar tribes under

16125-457: Was developed in sub-Saharan Africa independently from Eurasia and neighbouring parts of Northeast Africa as early as 2000 BC . The concept of the Iron Age ending with the beginning of the written historiographical record has not generalized well, as written language and steel use have developed at different times in different areas across the archaeological record. For instance, in China, written history started before iron smelting began, so

16254-409: Was established at Bolghar (also spelled Bulgar) city, 160 km south of modern Kazan . However, complete independence was reached after Khazaria's destruction and conquest by Sviatoslav in the late 10th century; thus, Bulgars no longer paid tribute to it. Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur named the Volga Bulgar people as Ulak . Volga Bulgaria adopted Islam as a state religion in 922 – 66 years before

16383-604: Was named Tryokhsvyatskoe in honor of the icon of Saints Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom brought here by colonizers. In 1708 the Kazan province was formed along with Tryokhsvyatskoyea, becoming a part of the Kazansky uyezd. In 1780, Tryokhsvyatskoye received the status of a city with the name Yelabuga as part of the eponymous uyezd of the Vyatka governorship (since 1797 -

16512-551: Was produced in southern India, by what would later be called the crucible technique . In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. The protohistoric Early Iron Age in Sri Lanka lasted from 1000 BC to 600 BC. Radiocarbon evidence has been collected from Anuradhapura and Aligala shelter in Sigiriya . The Anuradhapura settlement

16641-510: Was the "very joy of their lives". Commanding the Volga River in its middle course, the state controlled much of trade between Europe and Asia prior to the Crusades (which made other trade routes practicable). Bolghar , was a thriving city, rivalling in size and wealth the greatest centres of the Islamic world. Trade partners of Bolghar included from Vikings , Bjarmland , Yugra and Nenets in

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