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52-668: Yavuz Sultan Selim may refer to: Selim I (1465–1520) SMS Goeben , a German battlecruiser renamed Yavuz Selim after she was transferred to the Ottoman Empire, and later simply as Yavuz Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge , the "Third Bosphorus Bridge" in Istanbul, Turkey Yavuz Selim Mosque in Istanbul Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque in Germany Topics referred to by

104-546: A fiery temper and had very high expectations of those below him. Several of his viziers were executed for various reasons. A famous anecdote relates how another vizier playfully asked the Sultan for some preliminary notice of his doom so that he might have time to put his affairs in order. The Sultan laughed and replied that indeed he had been thinking of having the vizier killed, but had no one fit to take his place, otherwise he would gladly oblige. A popular Ottoman curse was, "May you be

156-667: A literary medium in the 1930s, including a school grammar (Topkharas 1998 [1932]). Though many were displaced as a result of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine , as of 2024 the majority of Mariupol's Greeks have opted to remain in the city and its adjacent villages. After the massacres of the 1910s , the majority of speakers remaining in Asia Minor were subject to the Treaty of Lausanne population exchange , and were resettled in Greece (mainly northern Greece). A second wave of migration occurred in

208-542: A result, Pontic Greek is not completely mutually intelligible with the standard Demotic Greek spoken in mainland Greece today. Pontic also contains influences from Russian , Turkish , Kartvelian (namely Laz and Georgian ) and Armenian . Today, Pontians live predominantly in Northern Greece , following the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey . Out of their total population, around 200,000–300,000 are considered active Pontic speakers. Pontic Greek

260-472: A vizier of Selim's," as a reference to the number of viziers he had executed. Selim was one of the Empire's most successful and respected rulers, being energetic and hardworking. During his short eight years of ruling, he accomplished momentous success. Despite the length of his reign, many historians agree that Selim prepared the Ottoman Empire to reach its zenith under the reign of his son and successor, Suleiman

312-617: A work written for Charles V , says that Selim holds Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in the highest esteem above all the generals of old. While marching into Persia in 1514, Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Shah Ismail. The sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle before his troops starved to death, and began writing insulting letters to the Shah, accusing him of cowardice: They, who by perjuries seize scepters ought not to skulk from danger, but their breast ought, like

364-548: Is also called Ποντιακή διάλεκτος Pontiakḗ diálektos ( ' Pontic dialect ' ) in standard modern Greek. In Turkish , there is no special name for Pontic Greek; it is called Rumca ( [ˈɾumd͡ʒa] ), derived from the Turkish word Rum , denoting Byzantine Greeks. Nowadays, Pontic speakers living in Turkey call their language Romeyka , Urumce , Rumca or Rumcika . Similar to most modern Greek dialects, Pontic Greek

416-689: Is also some limited production of modern literature in Pontic, including poetry collections (among the most renowned writers is Kostas Diamantidis ), novels, and translated Asterix comic albums . The youth often speak standard Greek as their first language. The use of Pontic has been maintained more by speakers in North America than it has in Greece. Pontic, in Greece, is written in the Greek alphabet , with diacritics: σ̌ ζ̌ ξ̌ ψ̌ for /ʃ ʒ kʃ pʃ/ , α̈ ο̈ for [æ ø] (phonological /ia io/ ). Pontic, in Turkey,

468-632: Is also spoken in Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Kazakhstan, as well as by the Pontic diaspora. It remains spoken in pockets of the Pontus region, mostly by Pontic Greek Muslims in the eastern districts of Trabzon Province . Pontic is primarily written in the Greek script ; the Latin script is sporadically used in Turkey, while the Cyrillic alphabet is rarely used in Russia and former Soviet countries. Pontic Greek

520-737: Is classified as an Indo-European , Greek language of the Attic - Ionic branch. Historically, the speakers of Pontic Greek referred to their language as Romeika , also spelled in Latin as Romeyka ( Pontic : Ρωμαίικα ); a historical and colloquial term also used for the Modern Greek language as a whole. Originating in Byzantine times, the term reflects the identification of the Greek–speaking Byzantine subjects as Rhomaioi ( Ῥωμαῖοι ) and

572-505: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Selim I Georgian campaign (1508) Ottoman Civil War (1509–1513) Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517) Selim I ( Ottoman Turkish : سليم اول ; Turkish : I. Selim ; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (Turkish: Yavuz Sultan Selim ),

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624-579: Is mainly derived from Koine Greek, which was spoken in the Hellenistic and Roman times between the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD. Following the Seljuk invasion of Asia Minor during the 11th century AD, Pontus became isolated from many of the regions of the Byzantine Empire. The Pontians remained somewhat isolated from the mainland Greeks, causing Pontic Greek to develop separately and distinctly from

676-491: Is written in the Latin alphabet following Turkish conventions. In Russia, it is written in the Cyrillic alphabet . In early Soviet times, Pontic was written in the Greek alphabet phonetically, as shown below, using digraphs instead of diacritics; [æ ø] were written out as ια , ιο . The Pontic Misplaced Pages uses Greek script: it has adopted εα, εο for these vowels, to avoid clashes with Modern Greek ια, ιο, and uses digraphs from

728-466: The Caliphate to Selim at the time of the conquest. In fact, Selim did not make any claim to exercise the sacred authority of the office of caliph, and the notion of an official transfer was a later invention. After conquering Damascus in 1516, Selim ordered the restoration of the tomb of Ibn Arabi (d. 1240), a famous Sufi master who was highly revered among Ottoman Sufis. A planned campaign westward

780-677: The Dulkadirids , Selim attacked Erzincan and defeated another Safavid army sent against him. The following year he invaded the Caucasus, subdued western Georgia , brought the Imereti and Guria under Ottoman domination and seized a large number of slaves. In 1510 he defeated the Safavids again in the Campaign of Trabzon. By 1512 Şehzade Ahmed was the favorite candidate to succeed his father. Bayezid, who

832-549: The Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti his vassals. He was a great threat to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west. In 1511 Ismail had supported a pro-Shia/Safavid uprising in Anatolia, the Şahkulu Rebellion . Early in his reign, Selim created a list of all Shiites ages 7 to 70 in a number of central Anatolian cities including Tokat, Sivas and Amasya. As Selim marched through these cities, his forces rounded up and executed all

884-676: The Mamluk Sultanate had come to be romanticized as the moment when the Ottomans seized leadership over the rest of the Muslim world, and consequently Selim is popularly remembered as the first legitimate Ottoman Caliph , although stories of an official transfer of the caliphal office from the Mamluk Abbasid dynasty to the Ottomans were a later invention. Selim was born in Amasya on 10 October 1470 as

936-472: The Medieval Greek language as Rhomaikḗ ( Ῥωμαική ). The term "Pontic" originated in scholarly usage, but it has been adopted as a mark of identity by Pontic Greeks living in Greece, where the language is commonly called Pontiaká ( Greek : Ποντιακά ). Pontians also refer to their language as Ποντιακόν λαλίαν Pontiakón lalían ( ' Pontic speech ' ) and at times as Λαζικά Laziká . The variety

988-581: The Of valley who had converted to Islam in the 17th century remained in Turkey and have partly retained the Pontic language until today. Their dialect, which forms part of the Trapezountiac subgroup, is called "Ophitic" by linguists, but speakers generally call it Romeika . As few as 5,000 people are reported to speak it. There are however estimates that show the real number of the speakers as considerably higher. Speakers of Ophitic/Romeyka are concentrated in

1040-525: The infinitive , which is present in Ancient Greek but has been lost in other variants of Modern Greek (except Italiot Greek ); it has therefore been characterized as "archaic" or conservative (even in relation to other Pontic dialects) and as the living language that is closest to Ancient Greek. Because a majority of the population of these districts converted to Islam during the 17th to 19th centuries, some Arabic and Turkish loanwords have been adopted in

1092-537: The Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn , or The Ruler of The Two Holy Cities , he accepted the more pious title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn , or The Servant of The Two Holy Cities . The last Abbasid caliph , al-Mutawakkil III , was residing in Cairo as a Mamluk puppet at the time of the Ottoman conquest. He was subsequently sent into exile in Istanbul. In the eighteenth century, a story emerged claiming that he had officially transferred his title to

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1144-538: The Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I's minimal tolerance for Shah Ismail disintegrated, and he began a short era of closed borders with the Safavid Empire. Selim I wanted to use the Ottoman Empire's central location to completely cut the ties between Shah Ismail's Safavid Empire and the rest of the world. Even though the raw materials for important Ottoman silk production at that time came from Persia rather than developed within

1196-539: The Magnificent . Selim was bilingual in Turkish and Persian, with the Ottoman literary critic Latifî (died 1582) noting that he was "very fond of speaking Persian". He was also a distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Persian verse under the nickname Mahlas Selimi ; collections of his Persian poetry are extant today. In a letter to his rival, while equating himself with Alexander , Selim compares his rival Ismail as "Darius of our days". Paolo Giovio , in

1248-678: The Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle of Marj Dabiq (24 August 1516), and then at the Battle of Ridanieh (22 January 1517). This led to the Ottoman annexation of the entire sultanate, from Syria and Palestine in Sham , to Hejaz and Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula , and ultimately Egypt itself. This permitted Selim to extend Ottoman power to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina , hitherto under Egyptian rule. Rather than style himself

1300-676: The Middle Eastern heartlands of the Muslim world , and particularly his assumption of the role of guardian of the pilgrimage routes to Mecca and Medina , established the Ottoman Empire as the pre-eminent Muslim state. His conquests dramatically shifted the empire's geographical and cultural center of gravity away from the Balkans and toward the Middle East. By the eighteenth century, Selim's conquest of

1352-583: The Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire led by Shah Ismail , who had recently brought the Safavids to power and had switched the Persian state religion from Sunni Islam to adherence to the Twelver branch of Shia Islam . By 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran and Azerbaijan , southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent ), Mesopotamia , Armenia , Khorasan , Eastern Anatolia , and had made

1404-481: The Ottoman Empire itself, he imposed a strict embargo on Iranian silk in an attempt to collapse their economy. For a short amount of time, the silk resources were imported via the Mamluk territory of Aleppo, but by 1517, Selim I had conquered the Mamluk state and the trade fully came to a standstill. So strict was this embargo that, "merchants who had been incautious enough not to immediately leave Ottoman territory when war

1456-506: The Ottoman Empire. Selim I defeated Ismā'il at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. Ismā'il's army was more mobile and his soldiers better prepared, but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, possession of artillery, black powder and muskets . Ismā'il was wounded and almost captured in battle, and Selim I entered the Iranian capital of Tabriz in triumph on 5 September, but did not linger. The Battle of Chaldiran

1508-470: The Persian envoy to be torn to pieces. Outside of their military conflicts, Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the economic front as well. Opposed to Shah Ismail's adherence to the Shia sect of Islam (contrasting his Sunni beliefs), Selim I and his father before him "did not really accept his basic political and religious legitimacy," beginning the portrayal of the Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar . After

1560-464: The Shiites they could find. Most of them were beheaded. The massacre was the largest in Ottoman history, until the end of the 19th century. In 1514 Selim I attacked Ismail's kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim and Ismā'il had exchanged a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack. On his march to face Ismā'il, Selim had 50,000 Alevis massacred, seeing them as enemies of

1612-641: The disease. On 22 September 1520 Selim I's eight-year reign came to an end. Selim died and was brought to Istanbul, so he could be buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque which sultan Suleiman I commissioned in loving memory of his father. Selim I had conquered and unified the Islamic holy lands. Protecting the lands in Europe, he gave priority to the East, as he believed the real danger came from there. By most accounts, Selim had

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1664-511: The early 1990s, this time from countries of the former Soviet Union . In urban areas in Greece the language is no longer spoken in daily life but in villages and towns with more homogeneous Pontic population, located mostly in the northern part of country, the language is still in active daily usage. Many radio stations broadcast in the Pontic language, and many associations exist for its safeguard. In Greece, Pontic has no official status, like all other Greek dialects. Historically, Pontic Greek

1716-498: The eastern districts of Trabzon province: Çaykara (Katohor), Dernekpazarı (Kondu), Sürmene (Sourmena) and Köprübaşı (Göneşera). Although less widespread, it is still spoken in some remote villages of the Of district itself. It is also spoken in the western İkizdere (Dipotamos) district of Rize province. Historically the dialect was spoken in a wider area, stretching further east to the port town of Pazar (Athina). Ophitic has retained

1768-433: The exile of Bayezid to a distant " sanjak ", Dimetoka (in the north-east of present-day Greece). Bayezid died immediately thereafter. Selim put his brothers (Şehzade Ahmet and Şehzade Korkut ) and nephews to death upon his accession. His nephew Şehzade Murad , son of the legal heir to the throne Şehzade Ahmed, fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected support failed to materialize. This fratricidal policy

1820-808: The forces of Ubaydullah Khan during the Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512. In 1513, Selim I reconciled with Babur (fearing that he would join the Safavids ), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi , and many other Ottoman Turks, in order to assist Babur in his conquests; this particular assistance proved to be the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations. From them, he also adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in field (rather than only in sieges ), which would give him an important advantage in India. Selim I had two known consorts: Selim I had at least six sons: Selim I had at least nine daughters: Pontic Greek Like nearly all of Greek varieties spoken today,

1872-425: The issue of Rumaiic versus Demotic. A new attempt to preserve a sense of ethnic Rumaiic identity started in the mid-1980s. The Ukrainian scholar Andriy Biletsky created a new Slavonic alphabet, but though a number of writers and poets make use of this alphabet, the population of the region rarely uses it. The language has a rich oral tradition and folklore and Pontic songs are particularly popular in Greece. There

1924-561: The language. According to Vahit Tursun, writer of the Romeika-Turkish dictionary, loanwords from the neighboring Laz speakers of Rize province are strikingly absent in the Romeika vocabulary of Trabzon natives. A very similar dialect is spoken by descendants of Christians from the Of valley (especially from Kondu ) now living in Greece in the village of Nea Trapezounta, Pieria , Central Macedonia , with about 400 speakers. Though Pontic

1976-626: The linguistic lineage of Pontic Greek stems from the Hellenistic Koine , itself based on Attic – Ionic Greek , which later developed into the Byzantine Greek of the Middle Ages. Following its geographic isolation from the rest of the Greek–speaking world, Pontic continued to develop separately along with other Anatolian Greek dialects, like Cappadocian , from the 11th century onwards. As

2028-470: The rest of the mainland Greek. However, the language has also been influenced by the nearby Persian, Caucasian , and Turkish languages. Greek linguist Manolis Triantafyllidis has divided the Pontic of Turkey into two groups: Speakers of Chaldiot were the most numerous. In phonology, some varieties of Pontic are reported to demonstrate vowel harmony , a well-known feature of Turkish (Mirambel 1965). Outside Turkey one can distinguish: The inhabitants of

2080-432: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Yavuz Sultan Selim . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yavuz_Sultan_Selim&oldid=718614631 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2132-412: The shield, to be held out to encounter peril; they ought, like the helm, to affront the foeman's blow. Ismail responded to Selim's third message, quoted above, by having an envoy deliver a letter accompanied by a box of opium. The Shah's letter insultingly implied that Selim's prose was the work of an unqualified writer on drugs. Selim was enraged by the Shah's denigration of his literary talent and ordered

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2184-543: The son of Şehzade Bayezid (later Bayezid II ) during the reign of his grandfather Mehmed II . His mother was Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun , a Pontic Greek concubine, formerly confused with Ayşe Hatun , another consort of Bayezid and daughter of Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey , the eleventh ruler of the Dulkadirids . In 1479 at the age of nine, he was sent by his grandfather to Istanbul to be circumcised along with his brothers. In 1481, his grandfather Mehmed II died and his father became Sultan Bayezid II . Six years later in 1487, he

2236-586: The war to demonstrate his commitment to their thorny rivalry, Selim I halted trade with the Safavids —even at the expense of his empire's own silk industry and citizens. This embargo and closed borders policy was reversed quickly by his son Suleyman I after Selim I's death in 1520. Babur 's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim I provided Babur's Uzbek rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks and cannons . In 1507, when ordered to accept Selim I as his rightful suzerain , Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen in order to counter

2288-454: Was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and subsequently died in the ninth year of his reign aged 49. Officially, it is said that Selim succumbed to a mistreated carbuncle . Some historians, however, suggest that he died of cancer or that his physician poisoned him. Other historians have noted that Selim's death coincided with a period of plague in the empire, and have added that several sources imply that Selim himself suffered from

2340-494: Was declared had their goods taken away and were imprisoned," and to emphasize frontier security, sancaks along the border between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis and those who did not have any relationship with the Safavid-sympathizing Kızılbaş. Iranian merchants were barred from entering the borders of the Ottoman Empire under Selim I. Shah Ismail received revenue via customs duties, therefore after

2392-517: Was motivated by bouts of civil strife that had been sparked by the antagonism between Selim's father and his uncle, Cem Sultan , and between Selim himself and his brother Ahmet. After many centuries of calm, the Alevi population was active while Selim I was the sultan, and they seem to have been backed by the Qizilbash of Iran. One of Selim's first challenges as sultan involved the growing tension between

2444-405: Was of historical significance: the reluctance of Shah Ismail to accept the advantages of modern firearms and the importance of artillery proved decisive. After the battle, Selim, referring to Ismail, stated that his adversary was: "Always drunk to the point of losing his mind and totally neglectful of the affairs of the state". Sultan Selim then conquered the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, defeating

2496-741: Was originally spoken on the southern shores of the Black Sea , from the 18th and 19th century and on substantial numbers migrated into the northern and eastern shores, into the Russian Empire . Pontic is still spoken by large numbers of people in Ukraine , mainly in Mariupol , but also in other parts of Ukraine such as the Odesa and Donetsk region, in Russia (around Stavropol ) and Georgia . The language enjoyed some use as

2548-471: Was reluctant to continue his rule over the empire, announced Ahmed as heir apparent to the throne. Angered by this announcement, Selim rebelled , and while he lost the first battle against his father's forces, Selim ultimately dethroned his father. Selim commanded 30,000 men, whereas his father led 40,000. Selim only escaped with 3,000 men. This marked the first time that an Ottoman prince openly rebelled against his father with an army of his own. Selim ordered

2600-480: Was sent by his father to Trabzon to serve there as governor. During his reign as governor of Trabzon Selim had earned a great reputation among his military men for his confrontations with the Safavids, slave raids and a campaign in the Caucasus against Georgia. In 1505 Selim routed a 3,000-strong Safavid army led by Shah Ismail's brother, massacring many and seizing their arms and munitions. In 1507, after Shah Ismail marched through Ottoman lands to wage war against

2652-559: Was the de facto language of the Greek minority in the USSR , although in the Πανσυνδεσμιακή Σύσκεψη ( Pansyndesmiakí Sýskepsi , All-Union Conference) of 1926, organised by the Greek–Soviet intelligentsia , it was decided that Demotic should be the official language of the community. Later revival of Greek identity in the Soviet Union and post-Communist Russia saw a renewed division on

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2704-578: Was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. Despite lasting only eight years, his reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire, particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt , which included all of the Levant , Hejaz , Tihamah and Egypt itself. On the eve of his death in 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned about 3.4 million km (1.3 million sq mi), having grown by seventy percent during Selim's reign. Selim's conquest of

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