27-477: Yaroslav Horak (12 June 1927 – 24 November 2020) was an Australian illustrator and comics artist , of ethnic Czech-Russian origin, best known for his work on the newspaper comic strip James Bond . Yaroslaph (Yaroslav) Horak was born on 12 June 1927 in Harbin , China, the son and second child of Joseph Horak, a Czech-born engineer, and Russian mother, Zanidia. He and his older sister, Josephia (Josephine), grew up in
54-423: A First Dynasty Egyptian tomb at Tarkan , dated to c. 3000 BC : "the shoulders and sleeves have been finely pleated to give form-fitting trimness while allowing the wearer room to move. The small fringe formed during weaving along one edge of the cloth has been placed by the designer to decorate the neck opening and side seam." The shirt was an item of clothing that only men could wear as underwear, until
81-466: A form of advertisement. Many of these distinctions apply to other upper-body garments, such as coats and sweaters . Shirts may: Shirts with long sleeves may further be distinguished by the cuffs : Some combinations are not applicable, e.g. a tube top cannot have a collar. The main measures for a jacket are: There are two main categories of fibres used: natural fibre and man-made fibre (synthetics or petroleum based). Some natural fibres are linen,
108-399: A shirt is more specifically a garment with a collar , sleeves with cuffs , and a full vertical opening with buttons or snaps (North Americans would call that a " dress shirt ", a specific type of collared shirt). A shirt can also be worn with a necktie under the shirt collar. The world's oldest preserved garment, discovered by Flinders Petrie , is a "highly sophisticated" linen shirt from
135-420: Is still in common usage. In 1827 Hannah Montague, a housewife in upstate New York, invents the detachable collar . Tired of constantly washing her husband's entire shirt when only the collar needed it, she cut off his collars and devised a way of attaching them to the neckband after washing. It was not until the 1930s that collar stays became popular, although these early accessories resembled tie clips more than
162-665: The Sunday Express and the Daily Star from 1977 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1984. In total Horak worked on 33 James Bond comic strips sequences. Horak also created the comic series Jet Fury , in addition to working on other comic strips such as Andrea , Cop Shop and Sergeant Pat of the Radio Patrol . Horak also achieved a degree of popularity during the 1960s when he was employed by Fleetway Publications (later IPC Magazines) to contribute art for 11 of their comic books in
189-648: The Republican elephant . Comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates . Calum MacKenzie, in his preface to the exhibition catalog, The Scottish Cartoonists (Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979) defined the selection criteria: Many strips were the work of two people although only one signature was displayed. Shortly after Frank Willard began Moon Mullins in 1923, he hired Ferd Johnson as his assistant. For decades, Johnson received no credit. Willard and Johnson traveled about Florida , Maine, Los Angeles , and Mexico, drawing
216-816: The War Picture Library and Battle Picture Library series. Horak died on 24 November 2020 at the Whitehall Aged Care facility in Lindfield, New South Wales , after a decade-long struggle with Alzheimer's disease . He was cremated at the Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium on 4 December 2020. Comics artist A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comics illustrators / artists in that they produce both
243-495: The 18th century, poked fun at contemporary politics and customs; illustrations in such style are often referred to as "Hogarthian". Following the work of Hogarth, editorial/political cartoons began to develop in England in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson , both from London. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature , calling
270-429: The first used historically, hemp , cotton , the most used, ramie , wool , silk and more recently bamboo or soya . Some synthetic fibres are polyester , tencel , viscose , etc. Polyester mixed with cotton (poly-cotton) is often used. Fabrics for shirts are called shirtings. The four main weaves for shirtings are plain weave , oxford , twill and satin . Broadcloth , poplin and end-on-end are variations of
297-751: The king ( George III ), prime ministers and generals to account, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon. While never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with the first cartoon published in The Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754: Join, or Die , depicting the American colonies as segments of a snake. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast , whose work appeared in Harper's Weekly , introduced other familiar American political symbols, such as
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#1732897771803324-615: The larger Australian magazine publishers. In 1948 Horak's first accepted comic strips were for Rick Davis (a detective adventure) and The Skyman (a mysterious costumed flyer) in 1948. He then moved to Syd Nicholls ' Publications where he worked on Ray Thorpe (an adventure series) and Ripon – the Man from Outer Space (sci-fi). Horak also did comic strips for a number of other Sydney publishers, before he moved to Melbourne where he drew Brenda Starr for Atlas Publications . In 1954 he created The Mask – The Man of Many Faces and an adaptation of
351-631: The later opponents of the later Thaksin supporting groups have largely ceased wearing yellow shirts to protest rallies. In the UK, the Social Credit movement of the thirties wore green shirts. The party leaders of Dravidar Kazhagam in India wear only black shirts to symbolise atheism. Whatever its color, the shirt itself means a certain wealth and social status. In Spain in the 19th century, then in Argentina during
378-585: The literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice. Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including booklets , comic strips , comic books , editorial cartoons , graphic novels , manuals , gag cartoons , storyboards , posters , shirts , books , advertisements , greeting cards , magazines , newspapers , webcomics , and video game packaging . A cartoonist's discipline encompasses both authorial and drafting disciplines (see interdisciplinary arts ). The terms "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or "comic book artist" refer to
405-513: The major opposing sides that featured prominently in the 2008 Thai political crisis , with red having been worn by the supporters of the populist People's Power Party (PPP), and yellow being worn by the supporters of the royalist and anti- Thaksin Shinawatra movement the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD). Each side is commonly referred to as the 'red shirts' and 'yellow shirts' respectively, though
432-414: The neck or cuffs. In the sixteenth century, men's shirts often had embroidery , and sometimes frills or lace at the neck and cuffs and through the eighteenth-century long neck frills, or jabots , were fashionable. Coloured shirts began to appear in the early nineteenth century, as can be seen in the paintings of George Caleb Bingham . They were considered casual wear, for lower-class workers only, until
459-464: The nineteenth century, the Century Dictionary described an ordinary shirt as "of cotton, with linen bosom, wristbands and cuffs prepared for stiffening with starch, the collar and wristbands being usually separate and adjustable". The first documented appearance of the expression "To give the shirt off one's back", happened in 1771 as an idiom that indicates extreme desperation or generosity and
486-475: The picture-making portion of the discipline of cartooning (see illustrator ). While every "cartoonist" might be considered a "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist", not every "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist" is a "cartoonist". Ambiguity might arise when illustrators and writers share each other's duties in authoring a work. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth , who emerged in
513-478: The plain weave. After weaving, finishing can be applied to the fabric. In the 1920s and 1930s, fascists wore different coloured shirts: In addition, red shirts have been used to symbolize a variety of different political groups, including Garibaldi 's Italian revolutionaries, nineteenth-century American street gangs, and socialist militias in Spain and Mexico during the 1930s. Different colored shirts signified
540-567: The popular children's TV program Captain Fortune for Fairfax publications The Sun-Herald between 1957–1962 and Mike Steele – Desert Rider for Woman’s Day magazine. Horak then moved to England in 1962, where he also drew adventure stories for D. C. Thomson of Scotland, the scripts being supplied by others. He was the second artist, taking over from John McLusky , for the Daily Express strip James Bond from 1966 to 1977, then for
567-421: The same erotic import as visible underwear today. In the eighteenth century, instead of underpants, men "relied on the long tails of shirts ... to serve the function of drawers. Eighteenth-century costume historian Joseph Strutt believed that men who did not wear shirts to bed were indecent. Even as late as 1879, a visible shirt with nothing over it was considered improper. The shirt sometimes had frills at
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#1732897771803594-433: The small collar stiffeners available today. They connected the collar points to the necktie, keeping them in place. Many terms are used to describe and differentiate types of shirts (and upper-body garments in general) and their construction. The smallest differences may have significance to a cultural or occupational group. Recently, (late twentieth century, into the twenty-first century) it has become common to use tops as
621-478: The strip while living in hotels, apartments and farmhouses. At its peak of popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, the strip ran in 350 newspapers. According to Johnson, he had been doing the strip solo for at least a decade before Willard's death in 1958: "They put my name on it then. I had been doing it about 10 years before that because Willard had heart attacks and strokes and all that stuff. The minute my name went on that thing and his name went off, 25 papers dropped
648-508: The strip. That shows you that, although I had been doing it ten years, the name means a lot." Societies and organizations Societies and organizations Shirts A shirt is a cloth garment for the upper body (from the neck to the waist). Originally an undergarment worn exclusively by men, it has become, in American English , a catch-all term for a broad variety of upper-body garments and undergarments. In British English ,
675-681: The suburb of Novyi Gorod and attended the YMCA International School. In 1939, his family migrated to Sydney , Australia following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and prior to World War II . They settled in Centennial Park , where he attended St Mary's Cathedral College and subsequently undertook evening art classes at the Sydney Technical College . He began his career as a portrait painter but switched to illustration for
702-514: The twentieth century. Although the women's chemise was a closely related garment to the men's, it is the men's garment that became the modern shirt. In the Middle Ages , it was a plain, undyed garment worn next to the skin and under regular garments. In medieval artworks, the shirt is only visible (uncovered) on humble characters, such as shepherds , prisoners, and penitents . In the seventeenth century, men's shirts were allowed to show, with much
729-454: The twentieth century. For a gentleman, "to wear a sky-blue shirt was unthinkable in 1860, but had become standard by 1920 and, in 1980, constituted the most commonplace event." European and American women began wearing shirts in 1860, when the Garibaldi shirt , a red shirt as worn by the freedom fighters under Giuseppe Garibaldi , was popularized by Empress Eugénie of France. At the end of
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