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82-642: Of all the people who answered the question on their religion, 77% declared Muslim. Most of those Muslims are the so-called Pomaks , or Bulgarian Muslims but they tend to declare themselves as Turkish people . According to the latest Bulgarian census of 2011, the religious composition, among those who answered the optional question on religious identification, was the following: [REDACTED] Media related to Yakoruda Municipality at Wikimedia Commons 42°01′04″N 23°40′08″E  /  42.0177°N 23.6688°E  / 42.0177; 23.6688 This Blagoevgrad Province , Bulgaria location article

164-746: A Muslim of any ethnic background enjoyed precisely the same rights and privileges. Meanwhile, the perception of the millet concept was altered during the 19th century and rise of nationalism within the Ottoman Empire begun. After the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , Pomaks in the Vacha valley, apprehensive of retribution for their role in the bloody suppression of the April Uprising two years earlier, rebelled against Eastern Rumelia and established an autonomous state, called Republic of Tamrash . In 1886

246-500: A different allele of one gene in the population. In each new generation, the organisms reproduce at random. To represent this reproduction, randomly select a marble from the original jar and deposit a new marble with the same colour into a new jar. This is the "offspring" of the original marble, meaning that the original marble remains in its jar. Repeat this process until 20 new marbles are in the second jar. The second jar will now contain 20 "offspring", or marbles of various colours. Unless

328-435: A direction, guiding evolution towards heritable adaptations to the current environment, genetic drift has no direction and is guided only by the mathematics of chance . As a result, drift acts upon the genotypic frequencies within a population without regard to their phenotypic effects. In contrast, selection favors the spread of alleles whose phenotypic effects increase survival and/or reproduction of their carriers, lowers

410-592: A few Pomak villages in Burgas Province , Lovech Province , Veliko Tarnovo Province and Ruse Province . Officially no ethnic Pomaks are recorded, while 67,000 declared Muslim and ethnic Bulgarian identity, down from 131,000 who declared Muslim Bulgarian identity at the 2001 census. Unofficially, there may be between 150,000 and 250,000 Pomaks in Bulgaria, though maybe not in the ethnic sense as one part declare Bulgarian, another part – Turkish ethnic identity. During

492-475: A few generations. The mechanisms of genetic drift can be illustrated with a very simple example. Consider a very large colony of bacteria isolated in a drop of solution. The bacteria are genetically identical except for a single gene with two alleles labeled A and B , which are neutral alleles, meaning that they do not affect the bacteria's ability to survive and reproduce; all bacteria in this colony are equally likely to survive and reproduce. Suppose that half

574-463: A further loss of genetic diversity. In addition, a sustained reduction in population size increases the likelihood of further allele fluctuations from drift in generations to come. A population's genetic variation can be greatly reduced by a bottleneck, and even beneficial adaptations may be permanently eliminated. The loss of variation leaves the surviving population vulnerable to any new selection pressures such as disease, climatic change or shift in

656-426: A halt, and the allele frequency cannot change unless a new allele is introduced in the population via mutation or gene flow . Thus even while genetic drift is a random, directionless process, it acts to eliminate genetic variation over time. Assuming genetic drift is the only evolutionary force acting on an allele, after t generations in many replicated populations, starting with allele frequencies of p and q ,

738-452: A haploid population is given by where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is Euler's constant . The first approximation represents the waiting time until the first mutant destined for loss, with loss then occurring relatively rapidly by genetic drift, taking time ⁠ 1 / m ⁠ ≫ N e . The second approximation represents the time needed for deterministic loss by mutation accumulation. In both cases,

820-403: A minor role in evolution , and this remained the dominant view for several decades. In 1968, population geneticist Motoo Kimura rekindled the debate with his neutral theory of molecular evolution , which claims that most instances where a genetic change spreads across a population (although not necessarily changes in phenotypes ) are caused by genetic drift acting on neutral mutations . In

902-413: A mutation appears only once in a population large enough for the initial frequency to be negligible, the formulas can be simplified to for average number of generations expected before fixation of a neutral mutation, and for the average number of generations expected before the loss of a neutral mutation in a population of actual size N. The formulae above apply to an allele that is already present in

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984-516: A part of the regions of Moglena – Almopia (Karadjova), Kastoria and some other parts of Greek Macedonia and North Macedonia . German sightseer Adolf Struck in 1898 describes Konstantia (in Moglena ) as a big village with 300 houses and two panes, inhabited exclusively by Pomaks. Greek nationalist scholars and government officials frequently refer to the Pomaks as "slavicised" Greek Muslims , to give

1066-457: A population bottleneck can be sustained, even when the bottleneck is caused by a one-time event such as a natural catastrophe. An interesting example of a bottleneck causing unusual genetic distribution is the relatively high proportion of individuals with total rod cell color blindness ( achromatopsia ) on Pingelap atoll in Micronesia . After a bottleneck, inbreeding increases. This increases

1148-413: A population bottleneck, occurring when a small group in a population splinters off from the original population and forms a new one. The random sample of alleles in the just formed new colony is expected to grossly misrepresent the original population in at least some respects. It is even possible that the number of alleles for some genes in the original population is larger than the number of gene copies in

1230-403: A population, and which is subject to neither mutation nor natural selection. If an allele is lost by mutation much more often than it is gained by mutation, then mutation, as well as drift, may influence the time to loss. If the allele prone to mutational loss begins as fixed in the population, and is lost by mutation at rate m per replication, then the expected time in generations until its loss in

1312-546: A population. Genetic linkage to other genes that are under selection can reduce the effective population size experienced by a neutral allele. With a higher recombination rate, linkage decreases and with it this local effect on effective population size. This effect is visible in molecular data as a correlation between local recombination rate and genetic diversity , and negative correlation between gene density and diversity at noncoding DNA regions. Stochasticity associated with linkage to other genes that are under selection

1394-529: A random variation in the distribution of alleles from one generation to the next. In any one generation, no marbles of a particular colour could be chosen, meaning they have no offspring. In this example, if no red marbles are selected, the jar representing the new generation contains only blue offspring. If this happens, the red allele has been lost permanently in the population, while the remaining blue allele has become fixed: all future generations are entirely blue. In small populations, fixation can occur in just

1476-674: A result of many generations of inbreeding, Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome is now much more prevalent among the Amish than in the general population. The difference in gene frequencies between the original population and colony may also trigger the two groups to diverge significantly over the course of many generations. As the difference, or genetic distance , increases, the two separated populations may become distinct, both genetically and phenetically , although not only genetic drift but also natural selection, gene flow, and mutation contribute to this divergence. This potential for relatively rapid changes in

1558-423: Is genetic draft . Genetic draft is the effect on a locus by selection on linked loci. The mathematical properties of genetic draft are different from those of genetic drift. The direction of the random change in allele frequency is autocorrelated across generations. The Hardy–Weinberg principle states that within sufficiently large populations, the allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to

1640-404: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pomaks Pomaks ( Bulgarian : Помаци , romanized :  Pomatsi ; Greek : Πομάκοι , romanized :  Pomáki ; Turkish : Pomaklar ) are Bulgarian-speaking Muslims inhabiting Bulgaria , northwestern Turkey , and northeastern Greece . The c.  220,000 strong ethno-confessional minority in Bulgaria

1722-584: Is also a Pomak-Greek dictionary by Ritvan Karahodja, 1996. The Pomak dialects are on the Eastern side of the Yat isogloss of Bulgarian, yet many pockets of western Bulgarian speakers remain. A large number of them no longer transmit it; they have adopted Turkish as a first language and Greek as a second language. Recently the Community of the Pomaks of Xanthi, has announced its request to be treated equally and therefore to have

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1804-587: Is characteristic of the Greek Pomaks. Its frequency increased as a consequence of high genetic drift within this population. This indicates that the Greek Pomaks are an isolated population with limited contacts with their neighbours. A 2014 study also confirmed high homozygosity and according to MDS analysis the Greek Pomaks cluster among European populations, near the general Greek population. Pomaks are today usually considered descendants of native Orthodox Bulgarians and Paulicians who converted to Islam during

1886-554: Is chosen to die. So in each timestep, the number of copies of a given allele can go up by one, go down by one, or can stay the same. This means that the transition matrix is tridiagonal , which means that mathematical solutions are easier for the Moran model than for the Wright–Fisher model. On the other hand, computer simulations are usually easier to perform using the Wright–Fisher model, because fewer time steps need to be calculated. In

1968-528: Is considered as part of the Bulgarian language . Part of this people still self-identify as Bulgarians . The Gorani occasionally are also referred to as Pomaks in historical context. They are people who inhabit the Gora region, located between Albania , Kosovo and North Macedonia . The general view is that they should be treated as a distinct minority group . Part of these people are already albanised . By

2050-514: Is generally considered they are descendants of native Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians , and Paulicians who also previously converted to Orthodoxy and Catholicism, who converted to Islam during the Ottoman rule of the Balkans . Information through Ottoman and Catholic missionaries reports supports this theory. A specific DNA mutation , HbO, which emerged about 2,000 years ago on a rare haplotype

2132-415: Is less than 1 divided by the effective population size. Non-adaptive evolution resulting from the product of mutation and genetic drift is therefore considered to be a consequential mechanism of evolutionary change primarily within small, isolated populations. The mathematics of genetic drift depend on the effective population size, but it is not clear how this is related to the actual number of individuals in

2214-484: Is not the same as sampling error, and is sometimes known as genetic draft in order to distinguish it from genetic drift. Low allele frequency makes alleles more vulnerable to being eliminated by random chance, even overriding the influence of natural selection. For example, while disadvantageous mutations are usually eliminated quickly within the population, new advantageous mutations are almost as vulnerable to loss through genetic drift as are neutral mutations. Not until

2296-677: Is recognized officially as Bulgarian Muslims by the government. The term has also been used as a wider designation, including also the Slavic Muslim populations of North Macedonia and Albania . Most Pomaks today live in Turkey , where they have settled as muhacirs as a result of escaping previous ethnic cleansing in Bulgaria . Bulgaria recognizes their language as a Bulgarian dialect whereas in Greece and Turkey they self-declare their language as

2378-672: Is unofficially estimated to be between 300,000 and 600,000. Today the Pomaks (Greek: Πομάκοι ) in Greece inhabit the region of East Macedonia and Thrace in Northern Greece , particularly the eastern regional units of Xanthi , Rhodope and Evros . Their estimated population is 50,000, only in Western Thrace . Until the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) and the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 did Pomaks inhabit

2460-510: The Ottoman rule of the Balkans . They started to become Muslim gradually, from the Ottoman occupation (early 15th century) to the end of the 18th century. Subsequently, these people became part of the Muslim community of the millet system . At that time people were bound to their millets by their religious affiliations (or their confessional communities ), rather than their ethnic origins, according to

2542-698: The Pomak language . The community in Greece is commonly fluent in Greek, and in Turkey, Turkish, while the communities in these two countries, especially in Turkey, are increasingly adopting Turkish as their first language as a result of education and family links with the Turkish people. They are not officially recognized as one people with the ethnonym of Pomaks . The term is widely used colloquially for Eastern South Slavic Muslims, considered derogatory . However, in Greece and Turkey

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2624-574: The Rhodope Mountains . The Pomaks of Thrace were, together with Turks and Roma, exempted from the population exchanges provided by the Lausanne Treaty (1923). The treaty made no mention of their language, but declared that their languages of education should be Turkish and Greek. The main school manual used for the teaching the language is 'Pomaktsou' by Moimin Aidin and Omer Hamdi, Komotini 1997. There

2706-492: The millet concept. A monk Pachomios Roussanos (1508–1553), who visited the mountain area of Xanthi , mentioned that around 1550 only 6 or 9 villages had turned to Islam. Furthermore the documents show that not only Islam has been spread in the area at that time, but that the Pomaks participated in Ottoman military operations voluntarily as is the case with the village of Shahin ( Echinos ). In North Central Bulgaria (the regions of Lovech, Teteven, Lukovit, Byala Slatina)

2788-401: The 16 possible allele combinations is equally likely to occur, with probability 1/16. Counting the combinations with the same number of A and B gives the following table: As shown in the table, the total number of combinations that have the same number of A alleles as of B alleles is six, and the probability of this combination is 6/16. The total number of other combinations is ten, so

2870-406: The 1990s, constructive neutral evolution was proposed which seeks to explain how complex systems emerge through neutral transitions. The process of genetic drift can be illustrated using 20 marbles in a jar to represent 20 organisms in a population. Consider this jar of marbles as the starting population. Half of the marbles in the jar are red and half are blue, with each colour corresponding to

2952-414: The 1990s. The declines in population resulted from hunting and habitat destruction , but a consequence has been a loss of most of the species' genetic diversity. DNA analysis comparing birds from the mid century to birds in the 1990s documents a steep decline in the genetic variation in just the latter few decades. Currently the greater prairie chicken is experiencing low reproductive success . However,

3034-401: The 20th century the Pomaks in Bulgaria were the subject of three state-sponsored forced assimilation campaigns – in 1912, the 1940s and the 1960s and 1970s which included the change of their Turkish-Arabic names to ethnic Bulgarian Christian Orthodox ones and in the first campaign conversions from Islam to Eastern Orthodoxy. The first two campaigns were abandoned after a few years, while the third

3116-829: The Bulgarian part of the Rhodopes speak the Rhodope (especially the Smolyan , Chepino , Hvoyna and Zlatograd subdialects) and Western Rup (especially the Babyak and Gotse Delchev sub-dialects) dialects. The Smolyan dialect is also spoken by the Pomaks living in the Western Thrace region of Greece. The Pomaks living in the region of Teteven in Northern Bulgaria speak the Balkan dialect, specifically

3198-576: The Chepino valley and arrested the local Bulgarian provosts, in order to transfer them in the local Ottoman administrator . There, they converted to Islam. Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü, after the mass Islamization, destroyed 218 churches and 336 chapels in these areas . A lot of Bulgarians preferred to die instead of becoming Muslim. According to recent investigations the theory of forced conversion to Islam, supported by some scientists, has no solid grounds with all or most evidence being faked or misinterpreted. At

3280-556: The Codes of Bishop of Philippoupolis and the Czech historian and slavicist Konstantin Josef Jireček in the middle of the 17th century, some Bulgarian provosts agreed to become Muslim en masse. They visited the Ottoman local administrator to announce their decision, but he sent them to the Greek bishop of Philippoupolis Gabriel (1636–1672). The bishop could not change their mind. According to

3362-424: The Moran model, it takes N timesteps to get through one generation, where N is the effective population size . In the Wright–Fisher model, it takes just one. In practice, the Moran and Wright–Fisher models give qualitatively similar results, but genetic drift runs twice as fast in the Moran model. If the variance in the number of offspring is much greater than that given by the binomial distribution assumed by

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3444-746: The Ottoman authorities requested in 1689, after the Chiprovtsi Uprising , for military reasons Bulgarian Paulicians (heterodox Christian sect) to convert to one of the officially recognized religions in the Ottoman Empire . One part of them became the Bulgarian- Christians by converting to Ottoman recognized Christian denominations, either the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church or the Roman Catholic Church , while

3526-575: The Ottoman government accepted the Bulgarian rule over Eastern Rumelia and that was the end of the free Pomak state. During the Balkan Wars , at 16 August 1913, an Islamic revolt begun in the Eastern Rhodopes and Western Thrace . On 1 September 1913, the " Provisional Government of Western Thrace" (Garbi Trakya Hukumet i Muvakkatesi) was established in Komotini . The Ottoman administration didn't support

3608-478: The Pomaks speak almost the same dialects as those spoken by the Christian Bulgarians with which they live side by side and Pomaks living in different regions speak different dialects. In Bulgaria there is a trend for dialects to give way to the standard Bulgarian language and this is also affecting the dialects spoken by the Pomaks and their usage is now rare in urban areas and among younger people. As part of

3690-624: The Transitional Balkan sub-dialect. The Rup dialects of the Bulgarian language spoken in Western Thrace are called in Greece Pomak language (Pomaktsou). Similar to Paulician dialect , it has words and resemblance to the grammatical forms of the Armenian language The Pomak language is taught at primary school level (using the Greek alphabet) in the Pomak regions of Greece, which are primarily in

3772-449: The Wright–Fisher model, is where T is the number of generations, N e is the effective population size, and p is the initial frequency for the given allele. The result is the number of generations expected to pass before fixation occurs for a given allele in a population with given size ( N e ) and allele frequency ( p ). The expected time for the neutral allele to be lost through genetic drift can be calculated as When

3854-620: The Wright–Fisher model, then given the same overall speed of genetic drift (the variance effective population size), genetic drift is a less powerful force compared to selection. Even for the same variance, if higher moments of the offspring number distribution exceed those of the binomial distribution then again the force of genetic drift is substantially weakened. Random changes in allele frequencies can also be caused by effects other than sampling error , for example random changes in selection pressure. One important alternative source of stochasticity , perhaps more important than genetic drift,

3936-566: The allele frequency for the advantageous mutation reaches a certain threshold will genetic drift have no effect. A population bottleneck is when a population contracts to a significantly smaller size over a short period of time due to some random environmental event. In a true population bottleneck, the odds for survival of any member of the population are purely random, and are not improved by any particular inherent genetic advantage. The bottleneck can result in radical changes in allele frequencies, completely independent of selection. The impact of

4018-478: The available food source, because adapting in response to environmental changes requires sufficient genetic variation in the population for natural selection to take place. There have been many known cases of population bottleneck in the recent past. Prior to the arrival of Europeans , North American prairies were habitat for millions of greater prairie chickens . In Illinois alone, their numbers plummeted from about 100 million birds in 1900 to about 50 birds in

4100-557: The bacteria have allele A and the other half have allele B . Thus, A and B each has an allele frequency of 1/2. The drop of solution then shrinks until it has only enough food to sustain four bacteria. All other bacteria die without reproducing. Among the four that survive, 16 possible combinations for the A and B alleles exist: (A-A-A-A), (B-A-A-A), (A-B-A-A), (B-B-A-A), (A-A-B-A), (B-A-B-A), (A-B-B-A), (B-B-B-A), (A-A-A-B), (B-A-A-B), (A-B-A-B), (B-B-A-B), (A-A-B-B), (B-A-B-B), (A-B-B-B), (B-B-B-B). Since all bacteria in

4182-417: The colony's gene frequency led most scientists to consider the founder effect (and by extension, genetic drift) a significant driving force in the evolution of new species . Sewall Wright was the first to attach this significance to random drift and small, newly isolated populations with his shifting balance theory of speciation. Following after Wright, Ernst Mayr created many persuasive models to show that

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4264-440: The combination) is given by: where n=4 is the number of surviving bacteria. Mathematical models of genetic drift can be designed using either branching processes or a diffusion equation describing changes in allele frequency in an idealised population . Consider a gene with two alleles, A or B . In diploidy , populations consisting of N individuals have 2 N copies of each gene. An individual can have two copies of

4346-406: The damage done by recessive deleterious mutations, in a process known as inbreeding depression . The worst of these mutations are selected against, leading to the loss of other alleles that are genetically linked to them, in a process of background selection . For recessive harmful mutations, this selection can be enhanced as a consequence of the bottleneck, due to genetic purging . This leads to

4428-425: The effect of genetic drift is more notable, and when many copies exist, the effect is less notable (due to the law of large numbers ). In the middle of the 20th century, vigorous debates occurred over the relative importance of natural selection versus neutral processes, including genetic drift. Ronald Fisher , who explained natural selection using Mendelian genetics , held the view that genetic drift plays at most

4510-413: The expression "по-ямак" ("more than a Yemek ", "more important than a Yamak", similar to "пó юнак", i.e. "more than a hero"). It has also been argued that the name comes from the dialectal words "помáкан, омáкан, омáчен, помáчен" (pomákan, omákan, omáčeen, pomáčen), meaning "tormented, tortured". Their precise origin has been interpreted differently by Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish historians, but it

4592-516: The founders, making complete representation impossible. When a newly formed colony is small, its founders can strongly affect the population's genetic make-up far into the future. A well-documented example is found in the Amish migration to Pennsylvania in 1744. Two members of the new colony shared the recessive allele for Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome . Members of the colony and their descendants tend to be religious isolates and remain relatively insular. As

4674-416: The frequencies of alleles that cause unfavorable traits, and ignores those that are neutral. The law of large numbers predicts that when the absolute number of copies of the allele is small (e.g., in small populations ), the magnitude of drift on allele frequencies per generation is larger. The magnitude of drift is large enough to overwhelm selection at any allele frequency when the selection coefficient

4756-459: The genetic loss caused by bottleneck and genetic drift can increase fitness, as in Ehrlichia . Over-hunting also caused a severe population bottleneck in the northern elephant seal in the 19th century. Their resulting decline in genetic variation can be deduced by comparing it to that of the southern elephant seal , which were not so aggressively hunted. The founder effect is a special case of

4838-532: The impression and support Greek narratives that they are the descendants of Ottoman-era Greek converts to Islam like the Vallahades of Greek Macedonia. The Macedonian Muslims (or Torbeši ), are also referred to as Pomaks, especially in historical context. They are a minority religious group in North Macedonia , although not all espouse a Macedonian national identity and are linguistically distinct from

4920-640: The larger Muslim ethnic groups in the country, Albanians and Turks . However the estimated 100,000 Pomaks in North Macedonia maintain a strong affiliation to the Turkish identity. Slavic-speaking Muslims, sometimes referred to as "Pomaks", live also in the Albanian region of Golloborda . However these people are also referred to as " Torbeš ". Within Macedonian academia , their language has been regarded as Macedonian, while within Bulgarian academia, their dialect

5002-700: The last censuses at the end of the 20th century in Yugoslavia they had declared themselves to be ethnic Muslims , like Bosniaks . Genetic drift Genetic drift , also known as random genetic drift , allelic drift or the Wright effect , is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant ( allele ) in a population due to random chance. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation . It can also cause initially rare alleles to become much more frequent and even fixed. When few copies of an allele exist,

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5084-426: The level of inbreeding , the stage of the lifecycle in which the population is the smallest, and the fact that some neutral genes are genetically linked to others that are under selection. The effective population size may not be the same for every gene in the same population. One forward-looking formula used for approximating the expected time before a neutral allele becomes fixed through genetic drift, according to

5166-415: The next generation, genetic drift drives a population towards genetic uniformity over time. When an allele reaches a frequency of 1 (100%) it is said to be "fixed" in the population and when an allele reaches a frequency of 0 (0%) it is lost. Smaller populations achieve fixation faster, whereas in the limit of an infinite population, fixation is not achieved. Once an allele becomes fixed, genetic drift comes to

5248-456: The next unless the equilibrium is disturbed by migration , genetic mutations , or selection . However, in finite populations, no new alleles are gained from the random sampling of alleles passed to the next generation, but the sampling can cause an existing allele to disappear. Because random sampling can remove, but not replace, an allele, and because random declines or increases in allele frequency influence expected allele distributions for

5330-421: The old generation. The formula to calculate the probability of obtaining k copies of an allele that had frequency p in the last generation is then where the symbol " ! " signifies the factorial function. This expression can also be formulated using the binomial coefficient , The Moran model assumes overlapping generations. At each time step, one individual is chosen to reproduce and one individual

5412-443: The original solution are equally likely to survive when the solution shrinks, the four survivors are a random sample from the original colony. The probability that each of the four survivors has a given allele is 1/2, and so the probability that any particular allele combination occurs when the solution shrinks is (The original population size is so large that the sampling effectively happens with replacement). In other words, each of

5494-629: The other part converted to Islam and began to be called Pomaks . So, in North Central Bulgaria Pomaks became those of Bulgarian Christian heretics, for which it was unacceptable or impossible to convert to the Eastern Orthodox Christian because of dogmatic, economic, family or other reasons. The mass turn to Islam in the Central Rhodope Mountains happened between the 16th and the 17th century. According to

5576-454: The population contracted to just four random survivors, a phenomenon known as a population bottleneck . The probabilities for the number of copies of allele A (or B ) that survive (given in the last column of the above table) can be calculated directly from the binomial distribution , where the "success" probability (probability of a given allele being present) is 1/2 (i.e., the probability that there are k copies of A (or B ) alleles in

5658-504: The practice for declaring the ethnic group at census has been abolished for decades. Different members of the group today declare a variety of ethnic identities: Bulgarian, Pomak, ethnic Muslims , Turkish and other. The name "Pomak" first appeared in the Bulgarian Christian-heretical language surroundings of North Bulgaria (the regions of Loveč, Teteven, Lukovit, Bjala Slatina). According to one theory, it comes from

5740-512: The probability A will ultimately become fixed in the population is 75% and the probability that B will become fixed is 25%. The expected number of generations for fixation to occur is proportional to the population size, such that fixation is predicted to occur much more rapidly in smaller populations. Normally the effective population size, which is smaller than the total population, is used to determine these probabilities. The effective population ( N e ) takes into account factors such as

5822-475: The probability of unequal number of A and B alleles is 10/16. Thus, although the original colony began with an equal number of A and B alleles, quite possibly, the number of alleles in the remaining population of four members will not be equal. The situation of equal numbers is actually less likely than unequal numbers. In the latter case, genetic drift has occurred because the population's allele frequencies have changed due to random sampling. In this example,

5904-508: The rebels and finally under the neutrality of Greek and Ottoman governments, Bulgaria took over the lands on 30 October 1913. The rebels requested support by the Greek state and put Greek major in Alexandroupoli . Bulgaria, after a brief period of control over the area, passed the sovereignty of Western Thrace at the end of World War I. The Provisional Government was revived between 1919 and 1920 under French protectorate (France had annexed

5986-514: The region from Bulgaria in 1918) before Greece took over in June 1920. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following the First World War, the religious millet system disappeared and the members of the Pomak groups today declare a variety of ethnic identities, depending predominantly on the country they live in. There is no specific Pomak dialect of the Bulgarian language. Within Bulgaria,

6068-601: The right of education in Greek schools without the obligation of learning the Turkish language. The Pomaks in Bulgaria are referred to as Bulgarian Muslims (българи-мюсюлмани Bǎlgari-Mjusjulmani ), and under the locally used names Ahryani (pejorative, meaning "infidels" ), Pogantsi, Poturani, Poturnatsi, Eruli, Charaklii, etc. They mainly inhabit the Rhodope Mountains in Smolyan Province , Kardzhali Province , Pazardzhik Province and Blagoevgrad Province . There are Pomaks in other parts of Bulgaria as well. There are

6150-409: The same allele or two different alleles. The frequency of one allele is assigned p and the other q . The Wright–Fisher model (named after Sewall Wright and Ronald Fisher ) assumes that generations do not overlap (for example, annual plants have exactly one generation per year) and that each copy of the gene found in the new generation is drawn independently at random from all copies of the gene in

6232-544: The same time, the sincerity of the convert is a subject to suspicion and interrogation. Some authors for example, explain the mass conversions that occurred in the 17th century with the tenfold increase of the Jizya tax. Muslim communities prospered under the Ottoman Empire, as the Sultan was also the Caliph . Ottoman law did not recognize such notions as ethnicity or citizenship ; thus,

6314-442: The second jar contains exactly 10 red marbles and 10 blue marbles, a random shift has occurred in the allele frequencies. If this process is repeated a number of times, the numbers of red and blue marbles picked each generation fluctuates. Sometimes, a jar has more red marbles than its "parent" jar and sometimes more blue. This fluctuation is analogous to genetic drift – a change in the population's allele frequency resulting from

6396-528: The time to fixation is dominated by mutation via the term ⁠ 1 / m ⁠ , and is less affected by the effective population size . In natural populations, genetic drift and natural selection do not act in isolation; both phenomena are always at play, together with mutation and migration. Neutral evolution is the product of both mutation and drift, not of drift alone. Similarly, even when selection overwhelms genetic drift, it can act only on variation that mutation provides. While natural selection has

6478-417: The variance in allele frequency across those populations is Assuming genetic drift is the only evolutionary force acting on an allele, at any given time the probability that an allele will eventually become fixed in the population is simply its frequency in the population at that time. For example, if the frequency p for allele A is 75% and the frequency q for allele B is 25%, then given unlimited time

6560-629: The verbal tradition of the Greeks of Philippoupolis , a large ceremony of mass circumcision took place in front of the old mosque of the city, near the Government House. After that, the villagers became Muslim, too. According to the verbal tradition of the Bulgarians, Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (1656–1661) threatened the Bulgarians of Chepino Valley that he would execute them if they didn't turn to Islam . In 1656, Ottoman military troops entered

6642-705: The wider Pomak community, the Torbeshi and Gorani in North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo speak Macedonian or Torlakian dialects (incl. the Gora dialect ), which are sometimes also considered to be part of the "wider Bulgarian dialect continuum ". Most Pomaks speak some of the Eastern Bulgarian dialects, mainly the Rup dialects in Southern Bulgaria and the Balkan dialects in Northern Bulgaria. The Pomaks living in

6724-663: Was reversed in 1989. The campaigns were carried out under the pretext that the Pomaks as ancestral Christian Bulgarians who had been converted to Islam and who therefore needed to be repatriated back to the national domain. These attempts were met with stiff resistance by many Pomaks. Pomaks in Turkey community is present mostly in Eastern Thrace and to a lesser extent in Anatolia , where they are called in Turkish Pomaklar , and their speech, Pomakça . The Pomak community in Turkey

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