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55-574: The word Yahrzeit is a borrowing from the Yiddish yortsayt ( יאָרצײַט ), ultimately from the Middle High German jārzīt . It is a doublet of the English word yeartide . Use of the word to refer to a Jewish death anniversary dates to at least the 15th century, appearing in the writings of Shalom of Neustadt  [ he ] , Isaac of Tyrnau , and Moses Mintz . Mordecai Jafe also uses

110-433: A loan word , loan-word ) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing . Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e.,

165-702: A Hebrew acronym . Other names for the commemoration include naḥalah ( נחלה ) in Hebrew, meldado and anyos in Ladino , and sāl ( سال ) in Judeo-Persian . The tradition of commemorating a death anniversary in Judaism has ancient origins. During the Talmudic era, it was common to observe the date of a father's or teacher's death by fasting , or by abstaining from consuming meat and wine. The Gemara 's discussion suggests that this

220-556: A child, and that you must call him Yitzchak. He shall begin to deliver the believers from the qlippoth . Through him, numerous souls will receive their tikkun . He is also destined to reveal many hidden mysteries in the Torah and to expound on the Zohar . His fame will spread throughout the world. Take care therefore that you not circumcise him before I come to be the Sandak [who holds the child during

275-601: A few exceptions, including kabbalistic poems in rabbinical Aramaic for the Shabbat table). The foremost advocate of his kabbalistic system was Vital, who collected all the disciples' lecture notes. Numerous works were produced from these notes, the most important of which was the Etz Chaim , "Tree of Life", in eight volumes (see below). Originally, it circulated only in manuscript copies. Each of Luria's disciples had to pledge—under pain of excommunication—not to allow any copy be made for

330-402: A lesser extent, Romance languages borrowed from a variety of other languages; in particular English has become an important source in more recent times. The study of the origin of these words and their function and context within the language can illuminate some important aspects and characteristics of the language, and it can reveal insights on the phenomenon of lexical borrowing in linguistics as

385-524: A method of enriching a language. According to Hans Henrich Hock and Brian Joseph, "languages and dialects ... do not exist in a vacuum": there is always linguistic contact between groups. The contact influences what loanwords are integrated into the lexicon and which certain words are chosen over others. In some cases, the original meaning shifts considerably through unexpected logical leaps, creating false friends . The English word Viking became Japanese バイキング ( baikingu ), meaning "buffet", because

440-423: A political tinge: right-wing publications tend to use more Arabic-originated words, left-wing publications use more words adopted from Indo-European languages such as Persian and French, while centrist publications use more native Turkish root words. Almost 350 years of Dutch presence in what is now Indonesia have left significant linguistic traces. Though very few Indonesians have a fluent knowledge of Dutch,

495-403: A review of Gneuss's (1955) book on Old English loan coinages, whose classification, in turn, is the one by Betz (1949) again. Weinreich (1953: 47ff.) differentiates between two mechanisms of lexical interference, namely those initiated by simple words and those initiated by compound words and phrases. Weinreich (1953: 47) defines simple words "from the point of view of the bilinguals who perform

550-475: A separation mainly on spelling is (or, in fact, was) not common except amongst German linguists, and only when talking about German and sometimes other languages that tend to adapt foreign spellings, which is rare in English unless the word has been widely used for a long time. According to the linguist Suzanne Kemmer, the expression "foreign word" can be defined as follows in English: "[W]hen most speakers do not know

605-597: A shift from the originally mournful nature of the celebration to an occasion of joyous festivity. The Mitnaggedim vehemently objected to this innovation. The most widely-observed Yahrzeit are on the Seventh of Adar I , the anniversary of Moses ' death; Lag ba-Omer , the Yahrzeit of Simeon ben Yoḥai , observed at his tomb in Meron since at least the 16th century; and the Fast of Gedalia ,

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660-452: A variety of ways. The studies by Werner Betz (1971, 1901), Einar Haugen (1958, also 1956), and Uriel Weinreich (1963) are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence. The basic theoretical statements all take Betz's nomenclature as their starting point. Duckworth (1977) enlarges Betz's scheme by the type "partial substitution" and supplements the system with English terms. A schematic illustration of these classifications

715-472: Is given below. The phrase "foreign word" used in the image below is a mistranslation of the German Fremdwort , which refers to loanwords whose pronunciation, spelling, inflection or gender have not been adapted to the new language such that they no longer seem foreign. Such a separation of loanwords into two distinct categories is not used by linguists in English in talking about any language. Basing such

770-484: Is the word tea , which originated in Hokkien but has been borrowed into languages all over the world. For a sufficiently old Wanderwort, it may become difficult or impossible to determine in what language it actually originated. Most of the technical vocabulary of classical music (such as concerto , allegro , tempo , aria , opera , and soprano ) is borrowed from Italian , and that of ballet from French . Much of

825-453: Is typically observed on the anniversary according to the Hebrew calendar of the date of death of an immediate family member or outstanding individual. Some authorities hold that when an individual was not buried within two days of their death, the first Yahrzeit is instead held on the anniversary of their burial. There are also exceptions when the date falls on Rosh Ḥodesh or in a leap year of

880-500: The English language include café (from French café , which means "coffee"), bazaar (from Persian bāzār , which means "market"), and kindergarten (from German Kindergarten , which literally means "children's garden"). The word calque is a loanword, while the word loanword is a calque: calque comes from the French noun calque ("tracing; imitation; close copy"); while

935-606: The Jerusalem Sanjak , and after a short sojourn there, where his new kabbalistic system seemed to have met with little success, he settled in the Safed Sanjak . Safed in the Galilee had become a center for kabbalistic studies over the previous decades, led by Moses ben Jacob Cordovero . There is evidence that Luria also regarded Cordovero as his teacher. Joseph Sambari (1640–1703), an Egyptian chronicler, testified that Cordovero

990-518: The brit milah ceremony]." While still a child, Luria lost his father and was raised by his rich maternal uncle Mordechai Frances, a mültazim (tax farmer) from Cairo in Ottoman Egypt . His uncle placed him under the best Jewish teachers, including the leading rabbinic scholar David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra . Luria showed himself a diligent student of rabbinical literature and under the guidance of another uncle, Bezalel Ashkenazi , best known as

1045-563: The numerical value of נר דלוק ('burning candle') is equivalent to that of השכינה ('the Shekhinah '). Other scholars posit that the candle-lighting tradition may have Christian origins. Some communities, especially Sephardim in the Land of Israel , were initially opposed to reciting the Mourner's Kaddish after the first eleven months following a death, contending that it would cast a negative light on

1100-431: The terminology of the sport of fencing also comes from French. Many loanwords come from prepared food, drink, fruits, vegetables, seafood and more from languages around the world. In particular, many come from French cuisine ( crêpe , Chantilly , crème brûlée ), Italian ( pasta , linguine , pizza , espresso ), and Chinese ( dim sum , chow mein , wonton ). Loanwords are adapted from one language to another in

1155-604: The ʻokina and macron diacritics. Most English affixes, such as un- , -ing , and -ly , were used in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the verbal suffix -ize (American English) or ise (British English) comes from Greek -ιζειν ( -izein ) through Latin -izare . Pronunciation often differs from the original language, occasionally dramatically, especially when dealing with place names . This often leads to divergence when many speakers anglicize pronunciations as other speakers try to maintain

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1210-421: The 14th century had the highest number of loans. In the case of Romanian, the language underwent a "re-Latinization" process later than the others (see Romanian lexis , Romanian language § French, Italian, and English loanwords ), in the 18th and 19th centuries, partially using French and Italian words (many of these themselves being earlier borrowings from Latin) as intermediaries, in an effort to modernize

1265-502: The Hebrew calendar: When commemorated by an immediate relative, the day is marked by two main practices: reciting the Mourner's Kaddish, and lighting the Yahrzeit candle , which is kept burning for twenty-four hours. Other customs including being called up to the public reading of the Torah or reciting the Haftara on the preceding Shabbat , and sponsoring a synagogue Kiddush in honour of

1320-520: The Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch, both in words for everyday life (e.g., buncis from Dutch boontjes for (green) beans) and as well in administrative, scientific or technological terminology (e.g., kantor from Dutch kantoor for office). The Professor of Indonesian Literature at Leiden University , and of Comparative Literature at UCR , argues that roughly 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words. In

1375-616: The Romance language's character. Latin borrowings can be known by several names in Romance languages: in French, for example, they are usually referred to as mots savants , in Spanish as cultismos , and in Italian as latinismi . Latin is usually the most common source of loanwords in these languages, such as in Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc., and in some cases the total number of loans may even outnumber inherited terms (although

1430-581: The Yahrzeits of national figures are observed as holidays, such as Ben-Gurion Day , Herzl Day , Jabotinsky Day , and Rabin Day . [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Adler, Cyrus; Eisenstein, Judah David (1904). "Jahrzeit" . In Singer, Isidore ; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia . Vol. 7. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 63–64. Loanword A loanword (also

1485-521: The acceptance of his authority. The works of his disciples compiled his oral teachings into writing. Every custom of Luria was scrutinized, and many were accepted, even against previous practice. Luria died at Safed on July 25, 1572, and is buried at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Safed . The Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue , also located in Safed, was built in memory of Luria during the late 16th century. Luria

1540-414: The ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other. A loanword is distinguished from a calque (or loan translation ), which is a word or phrase whose meaning or idiom is adopted from another language by word-for-word translation into existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language. Loanwords, in contrast, are not translated. Examples of loanwords in

1595-575: The author of the Gathered Method ( Hebrew : שיטה מקובצת ), he became proficient in that branch of Jewish learning. At the age of fifteen he married a cousin, the daughter of Mordechai Frances, and being amply provided for financially he was able to continue his studies. Around the age of twenty-two he became engrossed in the study of the Zohar , a major work of the Kabbalah that had recently been printed for

1650-622: The date of Gedaliah ben Ahikam 's assassination. A Yahrzeit celebration in honour of Meïr Ba'al ha-Nes is held in Tiberias on the 15th of Iyyar . In Morocco, annual pilgrimages are made to the tombs of Isaac ben Walid and Haïm Pinto on the anniversaries of their deaths. Until the Second World War, the Yahrzeit of Moses Isserles was observed in Cracow on the 18th of Iyyar. In the State of Israel,

1705-456: The deceased. A lightbulb by the name of the deceased may be lit on the synagogue's Yahrzeit board. Historically, fasting was also a common practice. According to some sources, the Yahrzeit candle holds Kabbalistic significance. Aaron Berechiah of Modena likens the burning wick in the candle to the soul in the body, citing the Proverb "man's soul is the candle of God." He notes furthermore that

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1760-518: The departed. Isaac Luria offered an alternative perspective, explaining that "while the orphan's Kaddish within the eleven months helps the soul to pass from Gehinnom to Gan Eden , the Yahrzeit Kaddish elevates the soul every year to a higher sphere in paradise." Menasseh ben Israel also adopts this perspective. Ḥasidic Jews traditionally celebrate the Yahrzeit of their respective rabbis with song, dance, and general rejoicing, resulting in

1815-547: The empire, such as Albanian , Bosnian , Bulgarian , Croatian , Greek , Hungarian , Ladino , Macedonian , Montenegrin and Serbian . After the empire fell after World War I and the Republic of Turkey was founded, the Turkish language underwent an extensive language reform led by the newly founded Turkish Language Association , during which many adopted words were replaced with new formations derived from Turkic roots. That

1870-999: The first restaurant in Japan to offer buffet -style meals, inspired by the Nordic smörgåsbord , was opened in 1958 by the Imperial Hotel under the name "Viking". The German word Kachel , meaning "tile", became the Dutch word kachel meaning "stove", as a shortening of kacheloven , from German Kachelofen , a cocklestove . The Indonesian word manset primarily means "base layer", "inner bolero", or "detachable sleeve", while its French etymon manchette means "cuff". Isaac Luria Isaac ben Solomon Luria Ashkenazi ( Hebrew : יִצְחָק בן שלמה לוּרְיָא אשכנזי ; c.  1534  – July 25, 1572 ), commonly known in Jewish religious circles as Ha'ari , Ha'ari Hakadosh or Arizal ,

1925-496: The first time, and adopted the life of a recluse. Retreating to the banks of the Nile for seven years, he secluded himself in an isolated cottage, giving himself up entirely to meditation. He visited his family only on Shabbat . But even at home, he would not utter a word, even to his wife. When it was necessary for him to say something, he would say it in the fewest words possible, and then, only in Hebrew . In 1569, Luria moved back to

1980-708: The language, often adding concepts that did not exist until then, or replacing words of other origins. These common borrowings and features also essentially serve to raise mutual intelligibility of the Romance languages, particularly in academic/scholarly, literary, technical, and scientific domains. Many of these same words are also found in English (through its numerous borrowings from Latin and French) and other European languages. In addition to Latin loanwords, many words of Ancient Greek origin were also borrowed into Romance languages, often in part through scholarly Latin intermediates, and these also often pertained to academic, scientific, literary, and technical topics. Furthermore, to

2035-692: The late 17th century, the Dutch Republic had a leading position in shipbuilding. Czar Peter the Great , eager to improve his navy, studied shipbuilding in Zaandam and Amsterdam . Many Dutch naval terms have been incorporated in the Russian vocabulary, such as бра́мсель ( brámselʹ ) from Dutch bramzeil for the topgallant sail , домкра́т ( domkrát ) from Dutch dommekracht for jack , and матро́с ( matrós ) from Dutch matroos for sailor. A large percentage of

2090-489: The learned borrowings are less often used in common speech, with the most common vocabulary being of inherited, orally transmitted origin from Vulgar Latin). This has led to many cases of etymological doublets in these languages. For most Romance languages, these loans were initiated by scholars, clergy, or other learned people and occurred in Medieval times, peaking in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance era - in Italian,

2145-476: The lexicon of Romance languages , themselves descended from Vulgar Latin , consists of loanwords (later learned or scholarly borrowings ) from Latin. These words can be distinguished by lack of typical sound changes and other transformations found in descended words, or by meanings taken directly from Classical or Ecclesiastical Latin that did not evolve or change over time as expected; in addition, there are also semi-learned terms which were adapted partially to

2200-404: The loanword). Loanwords may be contrasted with calques , in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates , which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in

2255-403: The meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in second language acquisition or language replacement events, when the native speakers of a certain source language (the substrate) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target language (the superstrate). A Wanderwort is a word that has been borrowed across a wide range of languages remote from its original source; an example

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2310-463: The original phonology even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. For example, the Hawaiian word ʻaʻā is used by geologists to specify lava that is thick, chunky, and rough. The Hawaiian spelling indicates the two glottal stops in the word, but the English pronunciation, / ˈ ɑː ( ʔ ) ɑː / , contains at most one. The English spelling usually removes

2365-436: The repositories of his secret teachings and his formulas of invocation and conjuration . The most renowned of the initiates was Hayyim ben Joseph Vital , who, according to his master, possessed a soul that Adam's sin had not soiled. With him, Luria visited the grave of Shimon bar Yochai and those of other eminent teachers; it is said that these graves were unmarked, but through the mystical guidance given by Elijah, each grave

2420-453: The term in his 1612 work Levush ha-Tekehlet . Though of Yiddish origin, many Sephardic and Mizraḥi communities adopted the word, which likely spread through rabbinic literature. Variants of the word are found in Judeo-Arabic ( yarṣayt or yarṣyat ), Ladino , Judeo-Italian , Judeo-Tajik , and Judeo-Tat . Yosef Ḥayyim of Baghdad notes a once-common false etymology of the word as

2475-606: The time of trial that would precede the appearance of the Messiah in Galilee. Those who moved to Damascus Eyalet in anticipation of this event found a great deal of comfort in Luria's teachings due to his theme of exile . Although he did not write down his teachings, they were published by his followers and by 1650 his ideas were known by Jews throughout Europe. Luria delivered his lectures spontaneously, without ever writing down his ideas (with

2530-487: The transfer, rather than that of the descriptive linguist. Accordingly, the category 'simple' words also includes compounds that are transferred in unanalysed form". After this general classification, Weinreich then resorts to Betz's (1949) terminology. The English language has borrowed many words from other cultures or languages. For examples, see Lists of English words by country or language of origin and Anglicisation . Some English loanwords remain relatively faithful to

2585-465: The way the name would sound in the original language, as in the pronunciation of Louisville . During more than 600 years of the Ottoman Empire , the literary and administrative language of the empire was Turkish , with many Persian and Arabic loanwords, called Ottoman Turkish , considerably differing from the everyday spoken Turkish of the time. Many such words were adopted by other languages of

2640-655: The word loanword and the phrase loan translation are translated from German nouns Lehnwort and Lehnübersetzung ( German: [ˈleːnʔybɐˌzɛt͡sʊŋ] ). Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term déjà vu , are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings. Although colloquial and informal register loanwords are typically spread by word-of-mouth, technical or academic loanwords tend to be first used in written language, often for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes. The terms substrate and superstrate are often used when two languages interact. However,

2695-695: The word and if they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English such as bon vivant (French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Schadenfreude (German)." This is not how the term is used in this illustration: [REDACTED] On the basis of an importation-substitution distinction, Haugen (1950: 214f.) distinguishes three basic groups of borrowings: "(1) Loanwords show morphemic importation without substitution.... (2) Loanblends show morphemic substitution as well as importation.... (3) Loanshifts show morphemic substitution without importation". Haugen later refined (1956) his model in

2750-458: Was "the Ari's teacher for a very short time." Luria probably arrived in early 1570, and Cordovero died on June 27 that year (the 23d day of Tammuz). Bereft of their most prominent authority and teacher, the community looked for new guidance, and Luria helped fill Cordovero's former role. Soon Luria had two classes of disciples: novices, to whom he expounded elementary kabbalah, and initiates, who became

2805-465: Was a leading rabbi and Jewish mystic in the community of Safed in the Galilee region of Ottoman Syria , now Israel. He is considered the father of contemporary Kabbalah , his teachings being referred to as Lurianic Kabbalah . While his direct literary contribution to the Kabbalistic school of Safed was extremely minute (he wrote only a few poems), his spiritual fame led to their veneration and

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2860-467: Was a voluntary practice in accordance with the directive to honour one's father "while alive and after his death." Rashi notes that it was customary to gather around the grave of a distinguished individual on the anniversary of his death. The modern practice of observing Yahrzeit for parents likely originated among the Jewish communities of medieval Germany , later being adopted by Sephardic Jews. Yahrzeit

2915-578: Was born in 1534 in Jerusalem in what is now the Old Yishuv Courtyard to an Ashkenazi father, Solomon, and a Sephardic mother. Sefer HaKavanot U'Ma'aseh Nissim records that one day, Luria's father remained in the synagogue alone, studying, when the prophet Elijah appeared to him and said, "I have been sent to you by the Almighty to bring you tidings that your holy wife shall conceive and bear

2970-426: Was part of the ongoing cultural reform of the time, in turn a part in the broader framework of Atatürk's Reforms , which also included the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet . Turkish also has taken many words from French , such as pantolon for trousers (from French pantalon ) and komik for funny (from French comique ), most of them pronounced very similarly. Word usage in modern Turkey has acquired

3025-513: Was recognized. Luria's kabbalistic circle gradually widened and became a separate congregation in which his mystic doctrines were supreme, influencing all the religious ceremonies. On Shabbat, Luria dressed himself in white and wore a fourfold garment to signify the four letters of the Tetragrammaton . Many Jews who had been exiled from Spain following the Edict of Expulsion believed they were in

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