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44-592: In January 1997, the Tasco Mannesmann Joint Venture (TMJV a Thai-German Company Joint Venture), won the pipeline contract which included the procurement, construction and commissioning of the pipeline and related facilities, as well as the design of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Telecommunications system including a Fiber optic cable system. The Yadana Gas Pipeline in Thailand

88-561: A dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with

132-854: A 38- megawatt silicon photovoltaic power plant , the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia. In September 2014, Thai Oil Public Company Limited (TOP), another PTT subsidiary, was recognized as a leader in business sustainability by the Dow Jones Sustainability Index . Thai Oil (TOP) has proven to be an environmentally friendly company, with no reported violations of environmental laws. The company also produces and distributes ethanol from sugarcane through various channels like Maesod Clean Energy, Sapthip, and Ubon Bio Ethanol. In August 2014, PTT Global Chemical (PTTGC) along with Diary Home and NatureWorks , announced their eco-friendly Ingeo bioplastics yoghurt cup. PTTGC seeks to become

176-518: A TQA award in 2010! The Yadana Gas Pipeline deliveries about 25% of Thailand's Natural Gas demand. Thailand's total power generation is dominated by 58% of natural gas according to the referenced Bangkok Post Article dated on 14. October 2019 . August 2020 marked the 22nd anniversary of the Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) 42-inch Natural Yadana Gas Pipeline operation from Ban I Tong to Ratchaburi. Since this time no operation pipeline accident

220-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

264-545: A gas meter station and a SCADA Telecommunications system that was connected to the Petroleum Authority of Thailand's (PTT) existing SCADA system. After its completion the Yadana Gas Pipeline secured PTT with an alternative source of gas supply form Myanmar in addition to the Gulf of Thailand, on which PTT had totally relied upon. The Yadana gas pipeline system connects with the 36 inch Yadana Myanmar gas pipeline at Ban I-tong ,

308-672: A huge natural-gas field offshore Mozambique . The company operates 58 retail stations in the Philippines and plans to add an additional 15-20 petrol stations in Luzon and the Visayas , in Cebu Province . PTT Public Company Limited and Pertamina , Indonesia 's state-owned oil company, partnered to build a new petrochemical complex in Indonesia for an estimated cost of US$ 4–5 billion. Vencorex

352-598: A major player in bio-based chemicals. As of 24 January 2024 Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai

396-563: A popular coffee chain throughout South East Asia, which shops are often located next to PTT gas stations or inside malls. Affiliated companies include PTT Exploration and Production , PTT Global Chemical , PTT Asia Pacific Mining, and PTT Green Energy . On 15 December 2022, the world's largest institutional investor the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global divested from PTT and its subsidiary PTT Oil and Retail Business PCL (PTTOR) due to "unacceptable risk that

440-594: A small former mining village located in a forest mountain area, on the border in Kanchanaburi province in the Thong Pha Phum district at KP-000. At Scraper/Block Valve Station 1 located 350 meter away from the border the pipeline increases its diameter to 42 inch. It than transports the gas to the Ratchaburi Power Plant located at the end of the 240 km long pipeline. PTT's Operation and Maintenance Center

484-525: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

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528-555: Is a joint venture between PTT Global Chemical and the Perstorp Group , created in 2012, based in France 's Rhône-Alpes region. It is the owner of technology and a major manufacturer of isocyanates , particularly toluene diisocyanate (TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI, IPDI) and its derivatives. The 2009 Montara oil spill , 250 kilometres (160 mi) off Australia's northwestern coast led to "thousands of barrels of oil gushed into

572-500: Is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along the ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As

616-553: Is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

660-521: Is located at Pipeline Kilometer KP 233.2 at Ratchaburi adjacent to Highway 4 . Scraper/Block Valve Station #7 including the later built Compressor Station is the home for the Region VIII Gas Pipeline Operations Division Kanchanaburi The pipeline routes through a widely differing types of terrain such as along roads, through paddy fields, sugar cane fields etc. and mountainous areas. The basic right of way for

704-479: Is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai

748-427: Is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and

792-600: The Burmese military. PTT also operates a joint venture with the military-owned Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC), paying rent to MEC to operate a fuel terminal in Thilawa Port , on land seized from farmers. Human Rights Watch and other NGOs have called for PTT to end its business investments with Myanmar's military enterprises. In an action by the US Department of Justice (DOJ) against aircraft engine-maker Rolls-Royce,

836-471: The DOJ claimed that Rolls-Royce had paid more than US$ 11 million in commissions to win a deal with Thai Airways , aware that some of the funds would be used to bribe officials at PTT and its subsidiary, PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP). The payments were made from 2003-2013 and related to contracts for equipment and after-market products and services. Admitting its guilt, Rolls-Royce paid US$ 170 million to settle

880-547: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

924-609: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard

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968-539: The TMJV worked successfully and most of the lost time was recovered and the anticipated Project delay was significantly minimized The gas as it transported by the 42 inch Yadana Gas Pipeline is used for many purposes in Thailand and is a part of PTT's Gas Value Chain. According to PTT the Yadana Gas Pipeline is a highly sophisticated technical system and complies to the Thailand Quality Award (TQA) criterion. PTT did win

1012-484: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

1056-708: The beach. The crude oil spill had occurred 20 kilometres (12 mi) off Thailand's mainland, "when a floating hose transferring oil from a tanker to a PTT refinery pipeline broke sending 50,000 litres of oil spewing into the coastal waters". On 7 August 2013 media said that the Department of Special Investigation had seized an oil supply line, suspected of being faulty. PTT, as Myanmar's largest corporate investor, has made significant investments in Myanmar's offshore gas, importing all of natural gas from three of Myanmar's four offshore projects. PTT pays US$ 500 million per year to

1100-498: The beginning of the Project – two main pipeline construction spreads. Both spreads were sufficiently equipped and have had mechanized welding crews. The mobilization of the imported construction equipment, local equipment and manpower was achieved as planned. Later in the project TMJV expanded the number of construction Spreads due to delays that were mainly due to land unavailability. The accelerated recovery measures that were implemented by

1144-777: The case. PTT vowed to investigate. Subsequently, PTT Chairman and CEO Tevin Vongvanich said that the company was unable to find anyone who "allegedly took bribes". In November 1993 former Prime Minister of Thailand Anand Panyarachun established the Thailand Business Council for Sustainable Development . In 2010, PTT President and CEO Prasert Bunsumpun announced that PTT would expand into producing more renewable energy . PTT has many subsidiaries, including PTTGC, TOP, BCP, and PTTEP, all of which are working towards producing more environmentally friendly energy. In 2014, Bangchak Petroleum completed its Sunny Bangchak project,

1188-627: The companies contribute to serious violations of individuals’ rights in situations of war or conflict". PTT is the largest corporation in the country and also the only company from Thailand listed in Fortune Global 500 companies . The company ranks 81st among top 500 on the Fortune 500 , and 180 on the Forbes 2000. PTT was founded in 1978 (as Petroleum Authority of Thailand) as a state-owned enterprise, under Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan 's government. It

1232-515: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

1276-547: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

1320-520: The ocean over a 10-week period following a blowout at PTTEP Australasia's West Atlas rig in the Timor Sea ". The Australian unit of PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP) "admitted to four charges" in the 2009 spill. The 2013 Rayong oil spill started on the night of 28 July 2013. An oil leak (from a pipeline) 35 kilometres (22 mi) from Ko Samet 's Ao Phrao Beach, resulted in the beach being closed and its tourists evacuated after spillage reached

1364-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

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1408-513: The pipeline is 40 years which is consistent with PTT's other pipeline systems. Furthermore, as PTT's Engineer and Consultant Nova Gas/OGP was responsible for the entire construction supervision of the Yadana Gas Pipeline Project. The pipeline has a diameter of 42 inches and is around 240 kilometers long and it has a total number of 12 Block Valve Stations that includes 6 Scraper Facilities, an operations and maintenance center including

1452-399: The pipeline, varying in width from 5 meters in road reserves to 10 meters in privately owned areas, and 12 to 20 meters in forestry areas, was provided by PTT, as was the land for the construction of other facilities. Additional working space was where required obtained by TMJV. This was done especially in areas of road reserves where the right of way was very narrow. TMJV used – as planned at

1496-505: The reference document, Nova Gas/OGP was responsible for the route selection, the detailed engineering of the pipeline and all related facilities including issuing the Bid documents. With issuing the Tender documents for Bidding to Contractors the engineering was not finished and it was completed only during the execution phase of the project incorporating all the changes ordered by PTT. The design life for

1540-484: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

1584-699: The state-owned Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE), directly benefiting the military junta, the State Administration Council since the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état . Thailand has reportedly lobbied against U.S. sanctions on MOGE, which is the largest source of foreign currency for the Burmese regime. In December 2022, the Government Pension Fund of Norway divested from its equity stake in PTT and its subsidiary, PTT Oil and Retail Business, due to its human rights concerns regarding PTT's partnership with

1628-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

1672-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

1716-508: The urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai

1760-459: The year was 30.6 million baht plus a 9.6 million baht bonus. The company in 2016 employed 4,616 (PTT) and 24,680 at subsidiaries. Total compensation for PTT employees in 2016, excluding top management, was 9,651 million baht. In 2012, PTT purchased the remaining 55 percent of Sakari Resources , a Singaporean coal mine operator. In 2012, PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP) took over Cove Energy plc , which owned an 8.5 percent share in

1804-449: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

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1848-503: Was built in 1997–1998. The Petroleum Authority of Thailand (now PTT) was responsible to provide the entire engineering (except for SCADA) including the detailed engineering for the pipeline project. For this work Nova Gas International and OGP Technical Services of Malaysia won a consulting engineering and project management contract for the Yadana Gas pipeline in November 1995. According to

1892-558: Was formed by a coupling between Thai Fuel Organization (Thai: องค์การเชื้อเพลิง) under Defense Energy Department and Thai Natural Gas Organization (Thai: องค์การก๊าซธรรมชาติแห่งประเทศไทย) under Ministry of Industry . For 2016 PTT PCL reported revenues of 1,737,148 million baht, net income of 94,609 million baht, assets of 2,232,331 million baht, and total equity of 762,948 million baht. PTT's 15 directors were compensated with 14.9 million baht in meeting allowances in 2016, plus 38.7 million baht in bonuses. The president and CEO's salary for

1936-681: Was reported. Petroleum Authority of Thailand PTT Public Company Limited or simply PTT ( Thai : บริษัท ปตท. จำกัด (มหาชน) ) is a Thai state-owned SET -listed oil and gas company. Formerly known as the Petroleum Authority of Thailand , it owns extensive submarine gas pipelines in the Gulf of Thailand , a network of LPG terminals throughout the kingdom, and it is involved in electricity generation , petrochemical products , oil and gas exploration and production , and gasoline retailing businesses. The company also owns Café Amazon ,

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