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121-561: The Trans-Siberian Railroad passes the mountains at Chita and runs parallel to the range before going through a tunnel to bypass the heights. The Yablonoi Mountains stretch for about 650 kilometres (400 mi) in a northeast–southwest direction. They rise mostly in the western part of the Zabaikalsky Krai, with a small section in the southeastern part of Buryatia . The width of the range varies between 20 kilometres (12 mi) and 120 kilometres (75 mi). The Vitim Plateau lies to

242-502: A 2009 report, the best travel times for cargo block trains from Russia's Pacific ports to the western border (of Russia, or perhaps of Belarus ) were around 12 days, with trains making around 900 km (559 mi) per day, at a maximum operating speed of 80 km/h (50 mph). In early 2009; however, Russian Railways announced an ambitious "Trans-Siberian in Seven Days" plan. According to this plan, $ 11 billion will be invested over

363-471: A Russian peasant army was formed to free as many of the Volga's cities as possible, including, among others, Vologda and Yaroslavl. In May 1609, another Polish army under the command of Aleksander Józef Lisowski tried to bring the strategically important city of Yaroslavl under the power of the invaders. However, the majority of the city's citizens had withdrawn into the center of the city and found refuge behind

484-412: A building which remains, to this day, the oldest unchanged building in the city. By the middle of the sixteenth century, a number of other building works had been completed in the monastery, also, other than this, for the first time in its history, Yaroslavl gained a stone-built wall with a number of large watchtowers which were intended to be used to spot attackers from miles away. During the reign of Ivan

605-504: A cargo train service between Beijing and Hamburg. The railway can typically deliver containers in 1 ⁄ 3 to 1 ⁄ 2 of the time of a sea voyage, and in late 2009 announced a 20% reduction in its container shipping rates. With its 2009 rate schedule, the Trans-Siberian Railway will transport a forty-foot container to Poland from Yokohama for $ 2,820, or from Busan for $ 2,154. A commonly used main line route

726-469: A city 'parliament' or city duma . The municipal council is made up of 36 elected members, who represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. In the regular meetings of the municipal council, problems facing the city are discussed, and annually the city's budget is drawn up. The council also has a court of audit and four standing committees. Each of the city's six districts has its own district administration, all of which are ultimately part of

847-695: A connection to Beijing is used by one of the Moscow–Beijing trains), joining the main route in Ussuriysk just north of Vladivostok . The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian Railway , which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Ulan-Ude on Lake Baikal 's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude the Trans-Mongolian heads south to Ulaanbaatar before making its way southeast to Beijing. In 1991,

968-509: A dead-end branch line connected with Tomsk, depriving the city of the prospective transit railway traffic and trade. On 9 March 1891, the Russian government issued an imperial rescript in which it announced its intention to construct a railway across Siberia. Tsarevich Nicholas (later Tsar Nicholas II) inaugurated the construction of the railway in Vladivostok on 19 May that year. Lake Baikal

1089-499: A force of 90 divisions; many had crossed Siberia in their vehicles to avoid straining the rail link. A trainload of containers can be taken from Beijing to Hamburg , via the Trans-Mongolian and Trans-Siberian lines in as little as 15 days, but typical cargo transit times are usually significantly longer and typical cargo transit time from Japan to major destinations in European Russia was reported as around 25 days. According to

1210-527: A fourth route running further to the north was finally completed, after more than five decades of sporadic work. Known as the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM), this recent extension departs from the Trans-Siberian line at Taishet several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity. It crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk-na-Amure (north of Khabarovsk ), and reaches

1331-493: A group of conservative activists tried to remove the newly installed Bolshevik municipal authorities through an armed intervention. The rebels managed to secure a number of large parts of the city, however, this led only to an assault by the Red Army which saw the city surrounded, cut off from supplies and bombarded day and night with artillery and air forces. The rebellion was eventually put down, and ended with official figures putting

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1452-478: A large industrial town with a well-developed municipal infrastructure. However, the effects of the 1917 October Revolution were wide-reaching, and after the Russian Civil War of 1917–1920 the city's economy suffered rather drastically; this led to a significant contraction of the city's population. The Yaroslavl Rebellion , which lasted from 6 to 21 July 1918 had particularly grave consequences. In this event,

1573-428: A major target for air raids during 1942–1943. During one of the heaviest of all these raids on 11 June 1943, over 120 of the city's inhabitants were killed, while another 150 or so were badly injured. In addition to this around 200 buildings (including one of the tire factory's main workshops) were completely destroyed. Most of the city's industry, including the automobile, tyre and textile plants, were converted, during

1694-409: A number of leather-working shops, in which around 700 people eventually came to work. Other trades for which Yaroslavl became a center over the years were in the production of textiles, cosmetics (fragrances) and silver work. As a result of the prosperity enjoyed by the city, Yaroslavl saw a huge expansion in the size of its population over the course of the 17th century, and by the end of this century,

1815-488: A number of shipping berths and warehouses grew up around the city for the use of merchants, especially those from England and Germany . The economic prosperity of Yaroslavl during the late 16th century was put to an end by the unsteady years of troubles which lasted from around 1598 until 1613. Like most Russian cities of the time, Yaroslavl was devastated by famine and became a potential target city for Polish-Lithuanian troops acting in their capacity as 'interventionists' in

1936-535: A number of territories south of the Kotorosl and on the left bank of the Volga. With nearly 600,000 residents, Yaroslavl is, by population, the largest town on the Volga until it reaches Nizhny Novgorod . It is a large transport node, and a great number of important national and regional roads, railways, and waterways pass through the city. Many of the roads that connect Yaroslavl to Moscow and beyond are two-lane highways. Yaroslavl and its respective oblast are located in

2057-471: A pressing concern. The design process lasted 10 years. Along with the actual route constructed, alternative projects were proposed: The line was divided into seven sections, most or all of which was simultaneously worked on by 62,000 workers. With financial support provided by leading European financier, Baron Henri Hottinguer of the Parisian bankers Hottinger & Cie , the total cost estimated at £35 million

2178-505: A priority. Thus, to save money and avoid clashes with land owners, it was decided to lay the railway outside the existing cities. However, due to the swampy banks of the Ob River near Tomsk (the largest settlement at the time), the idea to construct a bridge was rejected. The railway was laid 70 km (43 mi) to the south (instead crossing the Ob at Novonikolaevsk, later renamed Novosibirsk );

2299-727: A record eight time zones . Taking eight days to complete the journey, it was the third-longest single continuous service in the world, after the Moscow– Pyongyang service 10,267 kilometers (6,380 mi) and the former Kyiv (Kiev)–Vladivostok service 11,085 kilometers (6,888 mi), both of which also follow the Trans-Siberian for much of their routes. The main route begins in Moscow at Yaroslavsky Vokzal , runs through Yaroslavl or Chelyabinsk , Omsk , Novosibirsk , Krasnoyarsk , Irkutsk , Ulan-Ude , Chita , and Khabarovsk to Vladivostok via southern Siberia. A second primary route

2420-585: A result, the age old tradition of building in wood was abandoned and a new city built of stone began to appear; unfortunately, this meant that very little of the Yaroslavl of the Middle Ages remained unchanged. The most prominent example of this is the Spaso-Preobrazhensky monastery which was destroyed in 1501 and rebuilt in just under a few years. Resultantly the monastery's cathedral was built up in 1506–1516,

2541-471: A safer new life in Yaroslavl. Yaroslavl was at the time also home to a camp for military prisoners of war 'Camp No. 276' for German soldiers imprisoned for taking part in hostilities against the Soviet Union. In the second half of the century, the industrialization and development of the city took the foremost position in Yaroslavl's history, including the opening of Yaroslavl Refinery in 1961. Beginning in

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2662-441: A typical temperate continental climate , in comparison to central and western Europe. This makes for a climate of snowier, colder, and drier winters, and typically temperate, warmer summers. The winter weather in Yaroslavl begins in about November and usually goes on for five months, into spring. The coldest month of the year is typically January, with an average temperature of −12.0 °C (10.4 °F). However, at this time it

2783-594: A very direct role during parts of Russia's history, with the Czechoslovak Legion using heavily armed and armored trains to control large amounts of the railway (and of Russia itself) during the Russian Civil War at the end of World War I. As one of the few fighting forces left in the aftermath of the imperial collapse, and before the Red Army took control, the Czechs and Slovaks were able to use their organization and

2904-533: A view toward connecting Moscow to the Amur River , and consequently the Pacific Ocean. Siberia's governor, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky , was anxious to advance Russian colonization of the now Russian Far East , but his plans were unfeasible due to colonists importing grain and food from China and Korea. It was on Muravyov's initiative that surveys for a railway in the Khabarovsk region were conducted. Before 1880,

3025-724: Is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast , Russia , located 250 kilometers (160 mi) northeast of Moscow . The historic part of the city is a World Heritage Site , and is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl rivers. It is part of the Golden Ring , a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history. Population: 577,279 ( 2021 Census ) ; 591,486 ( 2010 Census ) ; 613,088 ( 2002 Census ) ; 632,991 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Reportedly

3146-541: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Trans-Siberian Railroad The Trans-Siberian Railway , historically known as the Great Siberian Route and often shortened to Transsib , is a large railway system that connects European Russia to the Russian Far East . Spanning a length of over 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles), it is the longest railway line in the world. It runs from

3267-503: Is as follows. Distances and travel times are from the schedule of train No. 002M, Moscow–Vladivostok. There are many alternative routings between Moscow and Siberia. For example: Depending on the route taken, the distances from Moscow to the same station in Siberia may differ by several tens of km (a few dozen miles). The Trans–Manchurian line, as e.g. used by train No.020, Moscow–Beijing follows

3388-605: Is at Yablonovy pass at an altitude of 1070m situated in the Yablonoi Mountains , in Transbaikal (mainly in Zabaykalsky Krai ), Siberia , Russia. The Trans–Siberian Railroad passes the mountains at Chita and runs parallel to the range before going through a tunnel to bypass the heights. Yaroslavl Yaroslavl ( / ˌ j ær ə ˈ s l æ v ə l / ; Russian : Ярославль , IPA: [jɪrɐˈsɫavlʲ] )

3509-682: Is more than 640 kilometers (400 miles) long and more than 1,600 meters (5,200 feet) deep. Until the Circum-Baikal Railway was built the line ended on either side of the lake. The ice-breaking train ferry SS  Baikal built in 1897 and smaller ferry SS Angara built in about 1900 made the four-hour crossing to link the two railheads. The Russian admiral and explorer Stepan Makarov (1849–1904) designed Baikal and Angara but they were built in Newcastle upon Tyne , by Armstrong Whitworth . They were "knock down" vessels; that is, each ship

3630-489: Is not uncommon for temperatures to drop below −20 °C (−4 °F). In some cases (for example, most recently in January 2006 ), temperatures of −35 to −40 °C (−31 to −40 °F) can be experienced. Record low is −46 °C (−51 °F). On the other hand, Yaroslavl can also experience positive temperatures during this time of the year (for example, in 1932, when a thaw lasted for seventeen days of January ). Typically

3751-414: Is now one of the buildings of the city's 'Demidov' State University . For Yaroslavl, the 19th meant a period of intensive building work, infrastructural development and industrialization. In 1803 the 'School of Higher Sciences' was opened, this was the city's first educational institute and is recognized as the forerunner to the city's current state university. In 1812 the first permanent bridge (built near

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3872-579: Is permanently moored at Irkutsk where it serves as an office and a museum. In winter, sleighs were used to move passengers and cargo from one side of the lake to the other until the completion of the Lake Baikal spur along the southern edge of the lake. With the Amur River Line north of the Chinese border being completed in 1916, there was a continuous railway from Petrograd to Vladivostok that, to this day,

3993-626: Is the Trans-Manchurian, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian east of Chita as far as Tarskaya (a stop 12 km (7 mi) east of Karymskoye, in Chita Oblast ), about 1,000 km (621 mi) east of Lake Baikal . From Tarskaya the Trans-Manchurian heads southeast, via Harbin Harbin–Manzhouli railway and Mudanjiang Harbin–Suifenhe railway in China's Northeastern provinces (from where

4114-559: Is the world's second longest railway line. Electrification of the line, begun in 1929 and completed in 2002, allowed a doubling of train weights to 6,000 metric tons (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons). There were expectations upon electrification that it would increase rail traffic on the line by 40 percent. The entire length of the Trans-Siberian Railway was double track by 1939. Siberian agriculture began to send cheap grain westwards beginning around 1869. Agriculture in Central Russia

4235-444: The Cap of Monomakh —a symbol of the Russian autocracy and an otherwise powerful symbol of the Russian state. The flag of Yaroslavl was adopted on May 22, 1996. It is a simple design that depicts the coat of arms of the city (1995 version), which must take up at least one-third of the flag's entire size, upon a light blue background. The whole flag is rectangular in shape. According to

4356-580: The Plague struck. On many an occasion Yaroslavl had to be completely rebuilt, both in terms of residential buildings which no longer exist, to those larger more permanent structures which remain to this day, such as the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery and 1314 Monastery of Maria of Tolga, which is located on the left bank of the Volga. In 1463 the Principality of Yaroslavl was finally absorbed into

4477-751: The Russian Revolution of 1917, the railway served as the vital line of communication for the Czechoslovak Legion and the allied armies that landed troops at Vladivostok during the Siberian Intervention of the Russian Civil War . These forces supported the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak , based in Omsk , and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural front. The intervention

4598-514: The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, military traffic to the east disrupted the flow of civil freight. The Trans-Siberian Railway brought with it millions of peasant-migrants from the Western regions of Russia and Ukraine. Between 1906 and 1914, the peak migration years, about 4 million peasants arrived in Siberia. Historian Christian Wolmar argues that the railroad was a failure, because it

4719-476: The Tatar Strait at Sovetskaya Gavan . In the late 19th century, the development of Siberia was hampered by poor transport links within the region and with the rest of the country. Aside from the Great Siberian Route , roads suitable for wheeled transport were rare. For about five months of the year, rivers were the main means of transport. During winter, cargo and passengers traveled by horse-drawn sledges over

4840-480: The de facto capital of Russia, since in this place the most important matters of state were settled until the eventual liberation of Moscow came. After its time in Yaroslavl the peasants' army moved on towards Moscow, and with thanks to the rest and help they had received voluntarily from the people of Yaroslavl, the army was able to liberate Moscow and finally put an end to the Polish-Lithuanian 'intervention' in

4961-556: The winter roads , many of which were the same rivers but frozen. The first steamboat on the River Ob , Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova , was launched in 1844. However, early innovation had proven to be difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping had begun major development on the Ob system. Steamboats began operation on the Yenisei in 1863, and on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s. While

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5082-403: The 16 ft prescribed in the design, and easily washed away. There were vicious gradients and narrow curves that wore out the fringe flanges on the wheels of the rolling stock after as little as six weeks use. In the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the strategic importance and limitations of the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to Russia's defeat in the war. As the line was single track, transit

5203-504: The 1930s. During the years of World War II , Yaroslavl managed to escape the prospect of German occupation, since the Wehrmacht did not manage to break through the Soviet defense lines surrounding Moscow . However, due to its location as a large transportation hub, and since the 1913-built railway bridge over the Volga in Yaroslavl was the only point at which to cross the river, the city became

5324-424: The 1960s, the city began to open up and a large number of residential districts began to spring up all over the city, including, for the first time in the city's history, on the left bank of the Volga, where development had traditionally not taken place. This left-bank development was further encouraged by the construction, in 1965, of a new Volga crossing for automobiles. In 1968 the city's population finally rose, for

5445-574: The 2021 All-Russian Population Census, as of October 1, 2021, the city was in 27th place in terms of population out of 1117  cities of the Russian Federation. The share of Yaroslavl in the population of the region is 47.88%. Population density: 2805.05 people. per km . The local government of Yaroslavl consists of the Mayoralty, the head of which is the mayor , and the Municipal Council,

5566-463: The 9th century the so-called Russian Khaganate formed, near Yaroslavl, a large Scandinavian-Slavic settlement in Timerevo. It is known for a surviving range of burial mounds. When excavations were carried out, a large number of artifacts, including Scandinavian weapons with runic inscriptions, chess pieces, and the largest collection of Arabian coins (treasure) in northern Europe (the earliest were struck in

5687-715: The Americas used the TSR to go to Germany. The situation reversed after 22 June 1941. By invading the Soviet Union , Germany cut off its only reliable trade route to Japan. Instead, it had to use fast merchant ships and later large oceanic submarines to evade the Allied blockade. On the other hand, the USSR received Lend-Lease supplies from the US. Even after Japan went to war with the US, despite German complaints, Japan usually allowed Soviet ships to sail between

5808-565: The Conference. In 2010, Russian officials gathered together with international authorities in Yaroslavl to discuss the challenges facing the modern state at the Global Policy Forum for 'The Modern State: Standards of Democracy and Criteria of Efficiency'. In 2011 Yaroslavl will bring together participants from all over the world to discuss the 2011 agenda: 'The modern state in the age of social diversity'. On September 7, 2011, most of

5929-530: The Grand-duchy of Moscow, with the area it once covered becoming an oblast within the new structure of the Muscovite state. From this point onwards the history of the city and its lands became completely inseparable from that of Moscow and eventually Russia . Even in the 16th century, Yaroslavl continued to suffer from large scale fires and the damage they did to the city's developing economy and infrastructure. As

6050-506: The Great Yaroslavl, in 1777, became the center of its own governorate , and in 1778 received its own grant of arms. In 1796, the city finally became the seat of one of the Empire's new governorates. As an administrative center of the highest order, Yaroslavl, in 1778, received its own plan for urban development specially drawn out by Ivan Starov . This led to another wave of building works in

6171-541: The International Conference 'The Modern State and Global Security'. AKA Yaroslavl Global Policy Forum . The conference in Yaroslavl gathered the most authoritative representatives of political science, business community as well as the representatives of the governments of a number of different states. Dmitry Medvedev, President of the Russian Federation, José Luis Zapatero, Prime Minister of Spain and François Fillon, Prime Minister of France were all participants at

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6292-632: The Municipal Planning Reform in Russia of Empress Catherine the Great 1763–1830). In the same year, the preparations for the celebration of the millennium of Yaroslavl's foundation began; this was finally celebrated on the second weekend in September 2010. Under the conditions of the preparations for the city's 1000th anniversary, the municipal authorities invested a great deal of money into the development of

6413-595: The Russian peasants' army to unseat the Poles from the Moscow Kremlin , little was accomplished and there seemed no end in sight for the occupation of the Russian tsardom. One year later, however, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky founded yet another peasants' army in Nizhny Novgorod , that on the way to Moscow, found itself stationed in Yaroslavl for many months. In this time from April to June 1612, Yaroslavl became

6534-575: The Terrible , when all the Russian principalities gave up their traditional rights and submitted to the Tsardom of Russia , the two large monasteries of Yaroslavl profited very much from rich gifts from the court of the Tsar, largely because Ivan IV made a number of pilgrimages to Yaroslavl over the course of his life. New building works were also made affordable by a large upswing in Yaroslavl's economic fortunes which

6655-542: The Transfiguration Monastery) over the Kotorosl was finished, and by 1820 the city's Volga embankment was stabilized and turned into a large shaded promenade. Also, other major classicist building works were started, among which was the Governor's House (1821–1823) (today location of the city's gallery). In 1860 Yaroslavl was finally connected, through Moscow, via telegraph to the other major cities of Russia, and this

6776-590: The US and Vladivostok unmolested. As a result, the Pacific Route – via northern Pacific Ocean and the TSR – became the safest connection between the US and the USSR. Accordingly, it accounted for as much freight as the North Atlantic–Arctic and Iranian routes combined, though cargoes were limited to raw materials and non-military goods. From 1941 to 1942 the TSR also played an important role in relocating Soviet industries from European Russia to Siberia in

6897-418: The Volga freezes over during the winter. Snow cover is usually 35–50-centimeter thick (14–20 in), but can in some cases be up to 70 centimeters (28 in) in depth. The springtime months are best characterized by a typical lack of precipitation. Precipitation in April is low - 30–40 mm; its increase begins in May, when more than 50 mm of precipitation falls. May has the lowest relative humidity of

7018-405: The affairs of the Russian state. With the general economic revival of the Russian state's economy after the end of the Troubles, Yaroslavl continued to be an important trading post and retained its place on the route of numerous traditional trading routes from the West to East and vice versa. By way of the Volga trade was carried out with the lands of the Orient . The northern trade route through

7139-418: The basis of data from the years 1961–1990. Yaroslavl currently has a coat of arms and a flag which are both made up of two heraldic symbols. Both of these items are intrinsically linked with the legend surrounding the foundation of the city; the bear and halberd . The first coat of arms of Yaroslavl was officially granted on August 31, 1778. At that time it was made up of a silver field upon which

7260-417: The beginning of the 18th century Yaroslavl finally began to transform itself from a trading post into a major industrial town; this largely came about because with the foundation by Peter the Great of Saint Petersburg in 1703, the importance of Arkhangelsk as a port on the Northern Ocean was drastically decreased, and the amount of trade being channeled through the city for export fell accordingly. Luckily,

7381-424: The beginning of the thirteenth century, Yaroslavl was ruled by the lordship of Konstantin and became one of his primary residences. Just before his death in 1218, Konstantin broke up his land among his various sons, bequeathing the Yaroslave land to his second son Vsevolod. The son ruled it as the Principality of Yaroslavl . This principality, of which Yaroslavl became the capital, included a number of territories to

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7502-513: The border twice. Assuming sufficient patience and possession of appropriate visas, however, it is still possible to travel all the way along the original route, with a few stopovers (e.g. in Harbin , Grodekovo and Ussuriysk ). Such an itinerary would pass through the following points from Harbin east: The Trans–Mongolian line follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Ulan Ude , and then follows this route to Mongolia and China: The highest point of Trans–Siberian Railroad

7623-432: The boundaries of the modern city, archaeologists have studied a large necropolis with a predominance of ordinary graves of the Finno-Ugric-type. Based on its earliest date of foundation, Yaroslavl is the oldest of all the existing towns on the Volga . Yaroslavl was founded by Yaroslav the Wise , a prince of Kievan Rus' , during the period of his ruling the Principality of Rostov (988—1010) when he stepped ashore for

7744-448: The capital of an independent Principality of Yaroslavl from 1218, it was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1463. In the 17th century, it was Russia's second-largest city, and for a time (during the Polish occupation of Moscow in 1612), the country's de facto capital. Today, Yaroslavl is an important industrial center (petrochemical plant, tire manufacturing plant, diesel engines plant and many others). It developed at

7865-421: The capital, was converted into an armed camp where Dmitry gathered his army. Resultantly this pretender won the appreciation of the powers in Yaroslavl and thus their loyalty. However, despite having promised to pay a higher rate of taxes and dues to the Polish occupiers, Yaroslavl was on numerous occasions plundered by the forces of the pretender Dmitry. This led to a number of popular uprisings. Thus in early 1609,

7986-444: The central area of the East European Plain , which in areas to the northeast of Moscow is characterized by rolling hills and a generally uneven landscape; however, most of these hills are no larger than 200 meters (660 ft) in height. Typical for this region, the area in and around Yaroslavl is rich in mixed and coniferous forests. In addition to these, there are also large areas of swampland . Yaroslavl and its local area have

8107-406: The central government had virtually ignored these projects, due to weaknesses in Siberian enterprises, an inefficient bureaucracy, and financial risk. By 1880, there was a large number of rejected and upcoming applications for permission to construct railways in order to connect Siberia with the Pacific, but not Eastern Russia. This worried the government and made connecting Siberia with Central Russia

8228-427: The city experienced in the middle part of the 16th century. The main reason for this largely unexpected improvement in Yaroslavl's fortunes came largely from the city's position on the Volga which allowed trade to be brought from and to Moscow via the river, linking the new Russian capital with the port of Archangelsk darstellte. Resultantly Yaroslavl became an important place for the conduct of international trade and

8349-414: The city is traditionally linked to that of its founder: Yaroslav. By the 12th century, the Petropavlovsky and Spaso-Preobrazhensky monasteries of Yaroslavl had already been developed. At that time, they were located well beyond the city limits, but the city later grew to encompass these institutions. During its first two centuries, Yaroslavl remained a minor fortified city of the Rostov-Suzdal lands. From

8470-657: The city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the east. During the period of the Russian Empire , government ministers—personally appointed by Alexander III and his son Nicholas II —supervised the building of the railway network between 1891 and 1916. Even before its completion, the line attracted travelers who documented their experiences. Since 1916, the Trans-Siberian Railway has directly connected Moscow with Vladivostok. As of 2021 , expansion projects remain underway, with connections being built to Russia's neighbors Mongolia , China , and North Korea . Additionally, there have been proposals and talks to expand

8591-404: The city ran to the port of Arkhangelsk in Russia's far north, whilst other Eastern trade lines ran East over the Urals to Siberia . The town benefited very much from its geographical location over the years and the wealth which business produced for the town helped ensure its prosperous future. In fact, in the 17th century, a number of early industrial concerns were set up in the city, including

8712-564: The city to Vsevolod on 1221. Another constant source of danger for the city and for the many Russian princes of the time came from the East and the many foreign invaders, usually from the Mongol Horde . A particularly successful attack took place in 1257, when troops from the Golden Horde under Möngke Khan overran the Principality of Yaroslavl and murdered both the larger population of the area and

8833-415: The city's administration. Yaroslavl serves as the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Yaroslavsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Yaroslavl —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of

8954-411: The city's coat of arms was adopted on August 23, 1995 by the municipal council. The coloring and form of the arms are taken from those of 1856; however, the sprig of oak and ribbon of St. Andrew were removed and have not yet been reintroduced to the symbols of the city. In addition to this, the imperial crown which previously surmounted the whole design has been replaced, in the current version by

9075-535: The city's road and rail infrastructure, much of the funds for which were granted by the federal government in Moscow. Included in these preparations was the opening of a new bridge (in 2006) over the Volga; this is now known as the Jubilee Bridge. Also in August 2008, the newly built Yaroslavl Zoo was opened; this was then expanded further in 2010. In 2009, Yaroslavl became a meeting place for global policy debates within

9196-519: The city, the results of which are still visible in the city today. With the Ilyinskaya Square and Church of Elijah the Prophet at its center, the new plan called for the development of a network of long boulevards and streets that would be bordered by large classical-style buildings and numerous city parks. A prominent example of this later development is the former House of Charity (built in 1786), which

9317-520: The coat of arms was then left unaltered until 1918, just after the Bolsheviks came to power as a result of the October Revolution . After the abolition of the Tsarist municipal and provincial symbols by the newly installed Soviet administration in Yaroslavl, the city received no new official symbols, and thus the situation remained until the end of the twentieth century. The third and current version of

9438-540: The comparative flatness of Western Siberia was served by good river systems, the major river systems Ob – Irtysh – Tobol – Chulym of Eastern Siberia had difficulties. The Yenisei, the upper course of the Angara River below Bratsk which was not easily navigable because of the rapids, and the Lena, were mostly navigable only in the north–south direction, making west–east transportation difficult. An attempt to partially remedy

9559-535: The confluence of major rivers, which were important for transportation and, later, for power. Because of the city's importance, several major railways and later highways were constructed to intersect here. The oldest settlement in the city is to be found on the left bank of the Volga River in front of the Strelka (a small cape at the confluence of the Volga and Kotorosl); this dates from the 5th–3rd millennium BCE. In

9680-535: The eastern portion of Yaroslavl Oblast . The nearest large towns are Tutayev (34 kilometers or 21 miles to the northwest), Gavrilov-Yam (37 kilometers or 23 miles to the south), and Nerekhta (47 kilometers or 29 miles to the southeast). The historic center of Yaroslavl lies to the north of the mouth of the Kotorosl River on the right bank of the larger Volga River . The city's entire urban area covers around 205 square kilometers (79 sq mi) and includes

9801-666: The face of the German invasion. The TSR also transported Soviet troops west from the Far East to take part in the Soviet counter-offensive in December 1941 . In 1944–45 the TSR was used to prepare for the Soviet–Japanese War of August 1945; see Pacific Route . When an Anglo-American delegation visited Moscow in October 1944 to discuss the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan, Alanbrooke

9922-409: The first Idrisid), were found. In Timerevo the fourth set of Scandinavian brooches ever found in Russia was discovered. Apparently, this "proto-Yaroslavl" was a major center for the Volga trade route . Soon after the founding of Yaroslavl, the settlement went into decline, probably in connection with the termination of the operation of the Volga trade route. Upstream of the Volga River, just outside

10043-481: The first time near the area now known as 'Strelka.' This is used as a contemporary park. On this spot, which was well protected from attack by the high, steep banks of the Volga, Kotorosl and Medveditsa rivers, Yaroslavl and his men began to set about building the first Yaroslavl Kremlin. The first recorded event of Yaroslavl occurred as a result of famine ; it was recorded as the Rostov Uprising of 1071 . The name of

10164-510: The first time, to over half a million inhabitants; it has been growing, almost constantly, ever since. In July 2005 Yaroslavl's historic city center was inscribed onto the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The support for this was in line with the list's second (a unique example of the combining of cultural and architectural styles between Western Europe and the Russian Empire) and fourth (a unique example of urban development influenced by

10285-475: The form of a bear was placed, and which, with its left forepaw held a golden halberd. In 1856 the coat of arms was modified slightly, which left the traditional image of the halberd-carrying bear as it was but added an imperial crown surmounted on top of the shield. In addition to this a sprig of golden oak leaves was added to surround the shield, intertwined with the blue ribbon of the Order of Saint Andrew . This form of

10406-667: The mathematician Kurt Gödel and Betty Ehrlich Löwenstein, mother of British actor, director and producer Heinz Bernard . Several thousand Jewish refugees were able to make this trip thanks to the Curaçao visas issued by the Dutch consul Jan Zwartendijk and the Japanese visas issued by the Japanese consul, Chiune Sugihara , in Kaunas , Lithuania. Typically, they took the TSR to Vladivostok , then by ship to US. Until June 1941, pro-Nazi ethnic Germans from

10527-497: The members of the city's KHL (ice hockey) team, Lokomotiv Yaroslavl , perished in the 2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash on takeoff from Yaroslavl's Tunoshna Airport . Germans crossed the Moscow - Volga Canal in 1941 and briefly got into Yaroslavl, also they bombed it on and off in 1941-3 and with V1 and with V2 Rockets in 1941–5, the Abwehr attacked the City in 1941–5. The city lies in

10648-462: The members of which may cast votes at council meetings. The mayoralty plays the role of the executive in the city's municipal administration. The mayor is elected by the city's electorate for four years in a direct election. Between December 1991 and April 2012 this office has been held by Viktor Volonchunas, a member of the United Russia party. In April 2012, Yevgeny Urlashov was elected

10769-484: The name 'Textile factory 'Krasny Perekop' (russ. Красный Перекоп ). In addition to the rise in textile manufacturing, Yaroslavl's traditional position as a center for skilled leatherwork remained unchanged. In the 1770s, as a result of the city's economic development and ever-rising population, the city became a major provincial center, thus in the course of the Russian Empire 's administrative reforms under Catherine

10890-458: The nature of export: mills emerged to produce bread from grain in Altai Krai , Novosibirsk and Tomsk , and many farms switched to corn (maize) production. The railway immediately filled to capacity with local traffic, mostly wheat. From 1896 until 1913 Siberia exported on average 501,932 metric tons (494,005 long tons; 553,285 short tons) (30,643,000 pood ) of grain and flour annually. During

11011-473: The network to Tokyo , Japan, with new bridges or tunnels that would connect the mainland railway via the Russian island of Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaido . The railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects many large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia. At a Moscow–Vladivostok track length of 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles), it spans

11132-432: The new mayor. However, on July 3, 2013, he was detained by police on charges of bribery extortion. On July 18, 2013, he was officially removed from his post and replaced with acting mayor Alexander Nechayev . On November 7, 2022 Artyom Vladimirovich Molchanov was elected as the new mayor of the city. The Municipal Council of the city makes up the administration's legislative branch, thus effectively making it

11253-499: The next five years to make it possible for goods traffic to cover the same 9,000 km (5,592 mi) distance in just seven days. The plan will involve increasing the cargo trains' speed to 90 km/h (56 mph) in 2010–2012, and, at least on some sections, to 100 km/h (62 mph) by 2015. At these speeds, goods trains will be able to cover 1,500 km (932 mi) per day. On January 11, 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland, and Germany agreed to collaborate on

11374-477: The north and operated independently until its eventual absorption in 1463 into the Principality of Moscow . During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Yaroslavl was a city largely built from wood, as a result of which it often found itself plagued by disastrous fires, which in some cases almost destroyed the entire city, a good example of which would be that which took place just before the transfer of power in

11495-671: The north and the Borshchovochny Range to the east of the range. The tallest peak is Kontalaksky Golets , a "golets" -type of mountain with a bald peak, at 1,706 metres (5,597 ft) above sea level. The Vitim River flows at the northwestern edge of the range, together with its tributaries the Konda and the Karenga , which flow northeastwards. To the southwest flow the Khilok and the Ingoda and in

11616-591: The northeast the Olyokma . The slopes of the Yablonoviy Range are covered with larch and occasional fir and silver fir taiga . Pine forests are quite common on the southern slopes of the range. Peaks higher than 1,200–1,400 metres are covered with mountain tundra with bare summits (golets) at higher altitudes. This Asia mountain, mountain range, or peak related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Russian location article

11737-436: The number of deaths among the city's residents at about 600, in addition to which around 2,000 of the city's buildings were either destroyed or badly damaged. The economy of Yaroslavl took part in the early Soviet Union's program of accelerated industrialization. Milestones for this period include the opening of the city's first municipal power plant in 1926, the beginning of Synthetic rubber mass production in factory SK-1 ,

11858-460: The prince's close family. On the site of that unfortunate event, on the right bank of the Kotorosl, there is now a memorial church and cross. A mass grave containing at least 300 bodies of victims of a Mongol invasion in the year 1238, was discovered during an excavation in 2005. In 1293 and 1322 there were further disastrous attacks on Yaroslavl launched by the Golden Horde, and in 1278 and 1364

11979-626: The protective earthen wall, thus denying the Poles entry without a fight. Yet even when Lisowski successfully (through deceit) managed to get behind this wall, he found that the citizens of Yaroslavl had retreated into their ancient wooden Kremlin and the two stone-built monasteries. The ensuing siege of Yaroslavl lasted until 22 May, but despite constant attempts to take the city, the Poles had to return to Moscow having not fulfilled their duty to bring Yaroslavl under direct control of their command. Despite their failure at Yaroslavl, Polish forces remained in control of Moscow, and despite an attempt in 1610 by

12100-470: The reestablishment of domestic production facilities for the production of automobile and aircraft tires in the 1928-founded Yaroslavl Tyre Factory, and the opening of the rubber - asbestos combined works in 1933. In addition to all this, the Yaroslavl Automobile Works (founded 1916) continued to produce vehicles, including a number for the municipal transport administration of Moscow, well into

12221-526: The resources of the railway to establish a temporary zone of control before eventually continuing onwards towards Vladivostok, from where they emigrated back to Czechoslovakia . During World War II, the Trans-Siberian Railway played an important role in the supply of the powers fighting in Europe. In 1939–1941 it was a source of rubber for Germany thanks to the USSR-Germany pact . While Germany's merchant shipping

12342-455: The same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Chita and then follows this route to China: The express train (No. 020) travel time from Moscow to Beijing is just over six days. There is no direct passenger service along the entire original Trans-Manchurian route (i.e., from Moscow or anywhere in Russia, west of Manchuria, to Vladivostok via Harbin), due to the obvious administrative and technical ( gauge break) inconveniences of crossing

12463-677: The situation by building the Ob–Yenisei Canal had not yielded great success. These issues in the region created the need for a railway to be constructed. The first railway projects in Siberia emerged after the completion of the Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway in 1851. One of the first was the Irkutsk – Chita project, proposed by the American entrepreneur Perry Collins and supported by Transport Minister Constantine Possiet with

12584-462: The town had a population of around 15,000 people, making it the second-largest city of the Russian Tsardom after Moscow. This period was also particularly important for the urban development of the city because during the 17th century a multitude of stone-walled churches were built in the city; today these churches still form a major part of the old town's city center. Work on most of these churches

12705-429: The troubled Russian state. The Polish-Lithuanian-supported pretender to the Russian throne captured Karachev , Bryansk , and other towns, was reinforced by the Poles, and in the spring of 1608 advanced upon Moscow , routing the army of Tsar Vasily Shuisky at Bolkhov . Promises of the wholesale confiscation of the estates of the boyars drew many common people to his side. The village of Tushino , twelve versts from

12826-703: The two-month-long fall, which is characterized by relatively high humidity, fewer sunny days, and unpredictable temperatures (it is possible to first see ground frost in September). The average amount of precipitation during a year is 591 millimeters (23.3 in), of which 84 millimeters or 3.3 inches (the most precipitation in one month) falls in July. The very least precipitation occurs in winter and spring (particularly in February and March). The following figures for precipitation and temperature values in Yaroslavl have been collated on

12947-623: The war, to produce armament and equipment for the Soviet Red Army. Overall about 200,000 people from the Yaroslavl area died on the fronts during World War II. This sacrifice is today memorialized through a monument and eternal flame which was opened near the mouth of the Kotorosl River in 1968. During the Blockade of Leningrad a great number of children, who were brought over the frozen Lake Ladoga (the so-called Road of life ) were evacuated to

13068-495: The wealth which Yaroslavl had amassed over its many years as an important trading post allowed it to invest great amounts of money into the development of the city's new industrial base, and thus make the city very attractive to new investors. In 1772 the textiles factory of Ivan Tames opened on the right bank of the Kotorosl. This plant was not only Yaroslavl's first major industrial enterprise but also one of Russia's largest textiles producers. The establishment still exists today under

13189-481: The year - about 70%. From the end of March into April, there is often a thaw, and much of the ice and snow melts to reveal foliage underneath. It is not uncommon for temperatures in April to reach +20 °C (68 °F). Summers in Yaroslavl are typically wet with some heavy rainstorms. The summer often reaches its hottest point during the months of June/July, and often days over +30 °C (86 °F). From September begins

13310-532: Was 64 meters (210 ft) long. it could carry 24 railway coaches and one locomotive on the middle deck. Angara was smaller, with two funnels. Completion of the Circum-Baikal Railway in 1904 bypassed the ferries, but from time to time the Circum-Baikal Railway suffered from derailments or rockfalls so both ships were held in reserve until 1916. Baikal was burnt out and destroyed in the Russian Civil War but Angara survives. It has been restored and

13431-456: Was begun with funds gifted to the city by rich local merchants, and thus they had a large say in what form the buildings would eventually take. In 1658, Yaroslavl endured a disastrous fire that destroyed most of the city's few remaining wooden buildings, including the ancient Kremlin. From this point onwards the city began to develop in the same way as it has done up to this very day, as a city built almost exclusively out of brick and mortar. At

13552-536: Was bolted together in the United Kingdom, every part of the ship was marked with a number, the ship was disassembled into many hundreds of parts and transported in kit form to Listvyanka where a shipyard was built especially to reassemble them. Their boilers, engines and some other components were built in Saint Petersburg and transported to Listvyanka to be installed. Baikal had 15 boilers, four funnels, and

13673-549: Was built for narrow political reasons, with poor supervision and planning. The costs were vastly exaggerated to enrich greedy bureaucrats. The planners hoped it would stimulate settlement, but the Siberian lands were too infertile and cold and distant. There was little settlement beyond 30 miles from the line. The fragile system could not handle the heavy traffic demanded in wartime, so the Japanese in 1904 knew they were safe in their war with Russia . Wolmar concludes: The railway, which

13794-463: Was raised with the first section (Chelyabinsk to the River Ob) and finished at a cost of £900,000 lower than anticipated. Railwaymen argued against suggestions to save funds, such as installing ferryboats instead of bridges over the rivers until traffic increased. Unlike the rejected private projects that intended to connect the existing cities that required transport, the Trans-Siberian did not have such

13915-444: Was shut down, the Trans-Siberian Railway (along with its Trans-Manchurian branch ) served as the essential link between Germany and Japan, especially for rubber. By March 1941, 300 metric tons (300 long tons; 330 short tons) of this material would, on average, traverse the Trans-Siberian Railway every day on its way to Germany. At the same time, a number of Jews and anti-Nazis used the Trans-Siberian Railway to escape Europe, including

14036-459: Was single track throughout, with the occasional passing loop, had, unsurprisingly, been built to a deficient standard in virtually every way. The permanent way was flimsy, with lightweight rails that broke easily, insufficient ballast, and railroad ties often carved from green wood that rotted in the first year of use. The small bridges were made of soft pine and rotted easily. The embankments were too shallow and narrow, often just 10 ft wide instead of

14157-510: Was slower as trains had to wait in crossing sidings for opposing trains to cross. This limited the capacity of the line and increased transit times. A troop train or a train carrying injured personnel traveling from east to west would delay the arrival of troops or supplies and ammunition in a train traveling from west to east. The supply difficulties meant the Russian forces had limited troops and supplies while Japanese forces with shorter lines of communication were able to attack and advance. After

14278-507: Was still under economic pressure after the end of serfdom , which was formally abolished in 1861. To defend the central territory and prevent possible social destabilization, the Tsarist government introduced the Chelyabinsk tariff -break ( Челябинский тарифный перелом ) in 1896, a tariff barrier for grain passing through Chelyabinsk, and a similar barrier in Manchuria . This measure changed

14399-466: Was then soon followed, in 1870, by the building of Yaroslavl's first railway station and inauguration of Yaroslavl-Moscow railway. In 1873 the city gained municipal waterworks and by 1900 an electrified tramway. Just before the end of the 19th century in 1897, Yaroslavl had a recorded population of around 71,600 people. Right up until the beginning of the First World War Yaroslavl remained

14520-401: Was told by General Antonov and Stalin himself that the line capacity was 36 pairs of trains per day, but only 26 could be counted on for military traffic; see Pacific Route . The capacity of each train was from 600 to 700 tons. Although the Japanese estimated that an attack was not likely before Spring 1946, Stavka had planned for a mid-August 1945 offensive, and had concealed the buildup of

14641-452: Was weakened, and ultimately defeated, by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of track, particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita . There was traveling the leader of legions politician Milan Rastislav Stefanik from Moscow to Vladivostok in March and August 1918, on his journey to Japan and United States of America. The Trans-Siberian Railway also played

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