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81-641: While the official series name of the aircraft is Kunpeng , a mythical giant fish-bird from the Taoist classic Zhuangzi , it is nicknamed "Chubby Girl" ( Chinese : 胖妞 ; pinyin : Pàng niū ) in the Chinese aviation industry because its fuselage is much wider than aircraft previously developed in China. The Y-20 project began in July 2007. Images of the Y-20 prototype emerged at

162-568: A Part 91 Operator . These are the regulations that define the operation of small non-commercial aircraft within the United States , however, many other countries defer to these rules. These rules set conditions, such as weather, under which the aircraft may operate. This regulation states that the pilot-in-command is the party directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, an aircraft being operated. Additionally, this regulation states that in an emergency requiring immediate action,

243-620: A Part 135 certificated airline (owned by the same parent company). This essentially allowed them to function as a scheduled air carrier (typically under Part 121 rules) while adhering to the less stringent Part 135 regulations. This enabled JSX to operate from fixed-based operator terminals, offering a more exclusive, private jet -like experience for their customers. Other air carriers, including Advanced Air , Contour Airlines and Southern Airways Express , have also adopted similar strategies using Part 380. This approach allows them to offer more economical service to smaller cities participating in

324-433: A comprehensive Chinese evaluation and certification system for aircraft composite materials based on international standards. Cargo is loaded through a large aft ramp that accommodates rolling stock. The Y-20 incorporates a shoulder wing , T-tail , rear cargo-loading assembly, and heavy-duty retractable landing gear, consisting of three rows, with a pair of wheels for each row, totaling six wheels for each side. According to

405-409: A large number of regulations to ensure airworthiness in areas such as structural loads, airframe, performance, stability, controllability, and safety mechanisms, how the seats must be constructed, oxygen and air pressurization systems, fire prevention, escape hatches, flight management procedures, flight control communications, emergency landing procedures, and other limitations, as well as testing of all

486-476: A pilot to serve as first officer on a Part 135 flight and pilots are not subject to a mandatory retirement age. Additionally, Part 135 operators have lower TSA screening requirements for passengers. Part 135 operators may not sell individual seats on charter flights. Applicants for a Part 135 certificate must have exclusive use of at least one aircraft. Part 141 is a more structured method for pilot training, based on FAA syllabus and other standards. Part 21

567-503: A quote from the Tang zhi wen Ji (湯之問棘 "Questions of Tang to Ji", cf. Liezi chapter 5, Tang wen 湯問). The first account contrasts the giant Peng bird with a small tiao (蜩 "cicada") and jiu (鳩 "pigeon; turtledove") and the third with a yan (鴳 or 鷃 "quail"). The Peng fish-bird transformation is not only the beginning myth in Zhuangzi , but Robert Allinson claims, "the central myth". In

648-459: A revised Part 23 ruling went into effect, changing the aircraft classifications. The new passenger classifications are: Level 1, seating for 0 to 1 passenger; Level 2, 2 to 6; Level 3, 7 to 9; Level 4, 10 to 19. Speed classifications are: low speed, Vc or Vmo equal to or less than 250 knots CAS and equal to or less than Mmo 0.6 Mach; high speed, Vc or Vmo greater than 250 knots CAS and Mmo greater than 0.6 Mach. Prior to August 30, 2017, Part 23 had

729-602: A separate passenger deck above the cargo. Rails are mounted on the ceiling to facilitate offloading in areas where the rear ramp is inaccessible. In 2014, a report from the People's Liberation Army 's National Defence University stated that the PRC's civil and military transport needed 400 Y-20s. In 2016, Zhu Qian of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China stated that more than a thousand were needed. After incorporating

810-503: A shipment of FK-3 surface-to-air missile systems. On 28 June 2022, six Y-20 arrived in Afghanistan to deliver 105 tonnes of humanitarian aid in response to June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake . On 1 August 2022, Senior Colonel and PLAAF spokesperson, Shen Jinke, told a press conference that Y-20 tanker aircraft started combat readiness training. The aircraft is confirmed in PLAAF service with

891-513: Is a difference. But in adapting to their nature, they are the same. Some Chinese scholars gave alternate interpretations. The Buddhist monk Zhi Dun (314-366 CE) associated the Peng's flight with the highest satisfaction achieved by the zhiren (至人 "perfect person; sage; saint", cf. zhenren ). Now, that which wanders free and easy is clearly the mind of the Perfected Man. Master Chuang spoke of

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972-511: Is a giant bird that transforms from a Kun ( 鯤 ; 鲲 ; kūn ; k'un ) giant fish in Chinese mythology . The Chinese logograms for peng and kun exemplify common radical-phonetic characters . Peng (鵬) combines the "bird radical" ( 鳥 ) with a peng ( 朋 "friend") phonetic, and kun combines the "fish radical" ( 魚 ) with a kun ( 昆 "progeny; insect") phonetic. Both the mythic Chinese Peng and Kun names involve word play . Peng ( 鵬 )

1053-554: Is certification for flight crewmembers other than pilots; such as flight engineers and flight navigators. Part 65 is certification for airmen other than flight crewmembers; such as Air Traffic Control Tower Operators, Aircraft Dispatchers, Mechanics, Repairmen and Parachute Riggers. Part 91 is general operating rules for all aircraft. General aviation flights are conducted under this part. Part 91, Subpart (K) prescribes operating rules for fractional ownership programs. Part 107 (FAA sUAS Part 107) specifies regulations to fly under

1134-536: Is certification procedures for products and parts. Part 39 are airworthiness directives. Part 43 is maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration. Part 145 contains the rules a certificated repair station must follow as well as any person who holds, or is required to hold, a repair station certificate issued under this part. Part 380 governs public charter operators. These companies arrange flights on certified airlines (Part 121 or 135) but then sell individual seats on those flights directly to

1215-431: Is it because it is so far away and has no end? When the bird looks down, all he sees is blue too. If water is not piled up deep enough, it won't have the strength to bear up a big boat. Pour a cup of water into a hollow in the floor and bits of trash will sail on it like boats. But set the cup there and it will stick fast, for the water is too shallow and the boat too large. If wind is not piled up deep enough, it won't have

1296-658: Is organized into six subparts, to specify design criteria for each of For example, Part 25, Subpart D has section headings for Most of the Federal Aviation Regulations, including Part 25, commenced on February 1, 1965. Prior to that date, airworthiness standards for airplanes in the transport category were promulgated in Part 4b of the US Civil Air Regulations which was in effect by November 1945. Effective August 27, 1957, Special Civil Air Regulation (SR) 422

1377-495: Is pronounced hō in Japanese , as seen in the sumo ring names Taihō Kōki (大鵬幸喜), Hakuhō Shō (白鵬翔), Enhō Akira (炎鵬晃), Daishōhō Kiyohiro (大翔鵬 清洋), Tokushinhō Motohisa (德真鵬 元久), Wakanohō Toshinori (若ノ鵬 寿則), Kyokutenhō Masaru (旭天鵬 勝) and so on. It is also used in company names, such as Taiho Pharmaceutical (大鵬薬品工業). Federal Aviation Regulations The Federal Aviation Regulations ( FARs ) are rules prescribed by

1458-451: Is required. Hence, flights are often referred to as Part XX operations , to specify which one of the different sets of rules applies in a particular case. Also, flight schools will often designate themselves as Part 61 or Part 141 to distinguish between different levels of training and different study programs they could offer to the students. Part 61 is certification for all pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors. Part 63

1539-451: Is the Lake of Heaven. The Universal Harmony records various wonders, and it says: "When the P'eng journeys to the southern darkness, the waters are roiled for three thousand li . He beats the whirlwind and rises ninety thousand li , setting off on the sixth month gale." Wavering heat, bits of dust, living things blowing each other about – the sky looks very blue. Is that its real color, or

1620-519: The 2004 election ). TFRs are deeply unpopular with pilots in the general aviation sector. Presidential TFRs are nearly 70 miles in diameter, and frequently close off not only the airport Air Force One is using but nearby airports as well. Others, including the Transportation Security Administration , argue that they are necessary for national security. TFRs can also be instituted for special military operations, such as with

1701-485: The 2023 Chinese balloon incident , where the FAA put into place one of the largest airspace restrictions in U.S. history, with an area approximately twice the size of Massachusetts and more than five times the restricted airspace surrounding Washington, D.C. The responsibility for screening requests for TFR and for subsequent granting or denying them, lies with the FAA's Office of System Operations Security. Section 91.185 of

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1782-573: The Chengdu WS-18 engine (Chinese reverse engineered copy of imported D-30KP-2) may have occurred by late 2017. Compared to the D-30, the WS-18 was 300 kg lighter, weighing in at 2000 kg; with thrust increased from 12.5 per ton of the D-30 to 13.2 per ton; fuel consumption of the WS-18 was also reduced in comparison to the D-30, and the mean time between overhaul of the WS-18 was 3000 hours. However, because

1863-544: The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). The table of contents, as reflected in the e-CFR updated December 20, 2018: Each title of the CFR is organized into sections, called parts . Each part deals with a specific type of activity. For example, 14 CFR Part 141 contains rules for pilot training schools. The sections most relevant to aircraft pilots and AMTs (Aviation Maintenance Technicians) are listed below. Many of

1944-790: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) governing all aviation activities in the United States . The FARs comprise Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations ( 14 CFR ). A wide variety of activities are regulated, such as aircraft design and maintenance, typical airline flights, pilot training activities, hot-air ballooning , lighter-than-air aircraft , human-made structure heights, obstruction lighting and marking, model rocket launches, commercial space operations, model aircraft operations, Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and kite flying. The rules are designed to promote safe aviation , protecting pilots, flight attendants, passengers and

2025-526: The PLAAF airborne troops . On 13 February 2020, the Y-20 was part of a fleet that delivered supplies and personnel to Wuhan. The operation was part of an effort to mitigate what became the COVID-19 pandemic . A fleet of 11 aircraft delivered 2,600 military medical staff to Wuhan. The PLAAF fleet of 11 aircraft consists of 6 Y-20s, 3 Il-76s, and 2 Y-9s transport aircraft. This is Y-20's first civilian mission, signaling

2106-644: The September 11, 2001 attacks , most TFRs were in the interest of safety to flying aircraft with occasional small restrictions for Presidential movements. Since 9/11, TFRs have been routinely used to restrict airspace for 30 nautical miles around the President, with a 10-nautical-mile (18.5 km) radius no-fly zone for non-scheduled flights. They are also available to other high-profile figures such as presidential and vice-presidential candidates (though not all do so, as Senator John Kerry , who did not ask for any TFR during

2187-515: The Shenyang WS-10 , an indigenous Chinese turbofan engine for fighter aircraft. Single-engine testing with the WS-20 may have occurred by February 2019. Four-engine in-flight testing may have occurred by December 2020. The engine was still in development in late-2021. In March 2023, Y-20 planes equipped with Shenyang WS-20 engines (designated Y-20B) were likely incorporated into the PLAAF service. In

2268-569: The enantiornithine bird Pengornis and the wukongopterid pterosaur Kunpengopterus . In Chinese literature , the Daoist classic Zhuangzi has the oldest record of the Kun Peng myth. The first chapter ("Free and Easy Wandering" 逍遙遊 pinyin xiāoyáoyóu ) begins with three versions of this parable; the lead paragraph , a quote from the Qixie (齊諧 "Universal Harmony", probably invented by Zhuangzi), and

2349-442: The idiom péng chéng wàn lǐ (鵬程萬里, literally, the Peng journeys 10,000 li ) means "have a bright/unlimited future". This character is commonly used in Chinese given names and several important mainland Chinese, Hong Kong and Taiwanese politicians have Peng in their given names. In contrast, the character Kun (鯤/鲲) is seldom used. Mainland China: Hong Kong: Taiwan: Southeast Asia: Japan: The Chinese character peng

2430-564: The sapanwood tree, but sometimes we don't make it and just fall down on the ground. Now how is anyone going to go ninety thousand li to the south!" If you go off to the green woods nearby, you can take along food for three meals and come back with your stomach as full as ever. If you are going a hundred li , you must grind your grain the night before; and if you are going a thousand li you must start getting together provisions three months in advance. What do these two creatures understand? Little understanding cannot come up to great understanding;

2511-465: The DC-8, DC-9, and B-727, were originally certified under SR 422B. SR 422B was recodified with minor changes to 14 CFR part 25, which became effective February 1965. This part contains airworthiness standards for rotorcraft in the normal category. Rotorcraft up to 7,000 lb Maximum takeoff weight and 9 or fewer passengers are type certified in this part. Examples of rotorcraft certified in this part are

Xi'an Y-20 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-579: The FARs are designed to regulate certification of pilots, schools, or aircraft rather than the operation of airplanes. Once an airplane design is certified using some parts of these regulations, it is certified regardless of whether the regulations change in the future. For that reason, newer planes are certified using newer versions of the FARs, and in many aspects may be thus considered safer designs. The FARs have tens of thousands of separate sections, many used by large numbers of researchers on any given day. A few of

2673-548: The Federal Aviation Restrictions deals with loss of radio communications while in flight . If a loss of radio communications were to be encountered during VFR conditions, or if VFR conditions are encountered after loss of communication with the ground and other aircraft, the pilot of the aircraft shall continue the flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable. If, however, the failure occurs in IFR conditions and/or

2754-491: The Peng is the image of the Daoist sage, and suggests the bird's flight does not result from the piling up of wind but from the deep piling up of de "virtue; power". In modern scholarship, some scholars reject Guo's "equality theory" construal. Lian differentiates contemporary interpretations between whether Zhuangzi was a radical skeptic and/or a relativist . The Peng bird can either be construed as an image of freedom, even

2835-558: The Robinson R44, Schweizer 300 and the Bell 429 . This part contains airworthiness standards for rotorcraft in the transport category . Rotorcraft with more than 7,000 lb (3,200 kg) maximum takeoff weight and 10 or more passengers are type certified in this part. Rotorcraft with more than 20,000 lb (9,100 kg) maximum takeoff weight must be certified to additional Category A standards defined in this part. Part 91 defines

2916-568: The Small UAS Rule, or small unmanned aircraft systems in the National Airspace System (NAS). Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are those that weigh less than 55 pounds. Part 117 specifies flight and duty-time limitations and rest requirements for flightcrew members. Part 121 defines regularly scheduled air carriers. These are airlines who operate scheduled flights carrying either cargo or more than nine passengers. Among

2997-602: The US Civil Air Regulations. Many well-known types of light airplane, like the Cessna 150 and Piper Cherokee are certified to these older standards, even though they remained in production after 1965. This part contains airworthiness standards for airplanes in the transport category . The Boeing 737 and later types, and Airbus A300 series, are well-known airplane types that were certified according to standards set out in FAR Part 25. Transport category airplanes are either: This Part

3078-571: The United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 14 is the principal set of rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law ) issued by the Department of Transportation and Federal Aviation Administration , federal agencies of the United States which oversee Aeronautics and Space . This title is available in digital and printed form, and can be referenced online using

3159-468: The VFR conditions are not forthcoming, the pilot should continue under the following conditions: For all pilots, there is an important distinction in the parts that address classes of flight. These parts do not distinguish type of aircraft, but rather type of activity done with the aircraft. Regulations for commuter and commercial aviation are far more intensive than those for general aviation, and specific training

3240-511: The Y-20 into the PLAAF service, analysts noted Y-20 had an extremely quick production rate, with a large amount of production aircraft spotted inside the PLAAF testing base. By 2023, PLAAF was equipped with 67 Y-20 aircraft. According to a 2023 assessment by Aviation Week , the Y-20 was scheduled to replace Russian airframes, including the Ilyushin Il-76 and H-6U tanker variants. Analyst Matt Jouppi suggested airborne early warning and control

3321-562: The Y-20 program was formally formed in October 2009, and after the initial success in application on the main landing gear, MBD application was expanded to the entire aircraft and became mandatory for all contractors and sub-contractors of the Y-20 program. The implementation of MBD was initially met with strong resistance, with only a third of suppliers agreeing to implement MBD. However, the general designer of Y-20 declared that those who refused to implement MBD would be banned from participating in

Xi'an Y-20 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-461: The Y-20 program, thus forcing everyone to comply, resulting in increases in productivity. The implementation of MBD greatly shortened the time required. For example, without MBD, installation of wings takes a month or two, but with MBD adopted, the time is drastically shortened to just a few hours, and in general, the design work was reduced by 40%, preparation for production was reduced by 75%, and manufacturing cycle reduced by 30%. The structural test

3483-629: The Y-20B tanker variant was spotted with WS-20 engines, designated YY-20B. The Y-20 uses components made of composite materials. Eight types of different relays used on Y-20 are developed by Guilin Aerospace Co., Ltd. a wholly own subsidiary of China Tri-River Aerospace Group Co., Ltd.(中国三江航天集团) , which is also known as the 9th Academy of the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC). The composites were produced in China, whereas in

3564-416: The acrobatic and utility categories). The Cessna 177 , Cirrus SR20 and Piper PA-34 Seneca are well-known airplanes types that were certified to standards set out in FAR Part 23. Most of the Federal Aviation Regulations, including Part 23, commenced on February 1, 1965. Prior to that date, airworthiness standards for airplanes in the normal, utility and acrobatic categories were promulgated in Part 3 of

3645-439: The confines of their mundane experience." Scott Cook writes, "We are, at first, led by Zhuangzi almost imperceptibly into an unreflective infatuation with the bird." Lian concludes the Peng is "An inspiring example of soaring up and going beyond, the image is used to broaden the outlook of the small mind; its function is thus more therapeutic than instructional." Bryan W. Van Norden suggests, "The likely effect of this passage on

3726-523: The confirmed designation YY-20. The designation was later confirmed as YY-20 at Zhuhai Airshow 2022. The YY-20 features redesigned landing gear sponsons with sharper front and back ends, which reduces air turbulence. In September 2022, Chinese released footage of Y-20 tankers providing aerial refueling to Chengdu J-20 fighters. In early September 2022, Y-20 was present at the Airpower 22 airshow in Austria. This

3807-403: The deputy general designer of structural design, Mr. Feng Jun (冯军), the initial attempt to implement RDBM actually failed after two months spent on the application on the nose section. It was only after the second attempt, which took another three months on the application on wings did RDBM became successful. The adaptation of RDBM greatly shortened the development time by at least eight months, and

3888-417: The deputy general designer, the shortest take-off distance of the Y-20 is 600 to 700 metres (2,000 to 2,300 ft). Y-20 incorporates a total of four large LCD EFIS displays. The Y-20 prototypes were powered by four 12-ton thrust Soloviev D-30KP-2 engines, and the aircraft entered production in 2016 with those engines. However, there had always been plans to develop Chinese alternatives. Testing with

3969-472: The end of 2012. The first flight occurred on 26 January 2013. According to Chinese media, the Y-20 is the first cargo aircraft to use 3D printing technology. To speed up the development, reduce the workload, and lower its manufacturing cost, Model-based definition (MBD) design technique was also implemented, and it was the third aircraft to utilize MBD technology in the world, after Airbus A380 (2000) and Boeing 787 (2005). A project team to implement MBD for

4050-413: The enormous bird." Angus Charles Graham sees the Peng as "soaring above the restricted viewpoints of the worldly." Allinson finds it "very clear and very explicit that the standpoint of the big bird and the standpoint of the cicada and the dove are not seen as possessing equal value." Karen Carr and Philip J. Ivanhoe find "positive ideals" in the Peng symbolizing the "mythical creature that rises above

4131-405: The epitome of the highest Daoist ideal, which supports the argument that Zhuangzi does privilege a perspective and hence is not a relativist in the rigid sense of the term; or it is taken for a creature that is no better or worse than the cicada and the little birds, which serves to illustrate the relativist view that all perspectives are equal." Julian Pas concurs that "the true sage is compared to

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4212-479: The general public from unnecessary risk. Since 1958, these rules have typically been referred to as "FARs", short for Federal Aviation Regulations. However, another set of regulations (Title 48) is titled "Federal Acquisitions Regulations", and this has led to confusion with the use of the acronym "FAR". Therefore, the FAA began to refer to specific regulations by the term "14 CFR part XX". FAA Order 1320.46C (Advisory Circular System) section 10 (Using references in

4293-458: The great Tao and expressed his meaning with the P'eng bird and the quail. Because the P'eng bird's path through life is far reaching, it neglects [spiritual] satisfaction beyond the body. Because the quail is nearby, it laughs at what is distant and is pleased with itself in its heart. The Perfected Man [however] ascends heaven directly and joyfully wanders endlessly in freedom. The Chan Buddhist master Hanshan Deqing (憨山德清, 1546–1623) also declares

4374-465: The increase in thrust was not significant in comparison to the D-30, the WS-18 was only likely to be a stopgap measure before the more modern Shenyang WS-20 was ready. The Chinese had also always intended to replace the Soloviev D-30KP-2 with the 14-ton thrust Shenyang WS-20 , which was required for the Y-20 to achieve its maximum cargo capacity of 66 tons. The WS-20 was derived from the core of

4455-458: The increasing military involvement in pandemic response. On 5 June 2021, PLAAF transport aircraft fleet, including Y-20, was observed patrolling the South China Sea, which was accused of intrusion by Malaysia. Japanese Air Self-Defense Force analyst Aita Moriki believed the Chinese action was to display airborne corp's power projection capabilities. On 28 November 2021, Y-20U aerial tanker

4536-529: The information, "...has extremely vital significance in our country's speeding up the development," of Project A, revealed to be China's program to develop the Xi'an Y-20. Data from Military Today General characteristics Performance Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Peng (mythology) Peng ( traditional Chinese : 鵬 ; simplified Chinese : 鹏 ; pinyin : péng ; Wade–Giles : p'eng ) or Dapeng ( 大鵬 )

4617-547: The many Part 121 rules, pilots must have 1,500 of flight time and must retire by age 65. Part 133 is external load (helicopter) operations. Part 135 defines commuter and charter-type air carriers. These airlines can fly scheduled operations with aircraft with up to nine passengers (commuter flights), or they can fly on-demand, unscheduled air service for freight or with up to 30 passengers (charter flights). The Part 135 rules for pilots are less onerous, compared to Part 121: only 250 hours of flight time are required for

4698-545: The modification of wing design that previously took a week is shortened to half a day. The development of human-machine interface for the Y-20 utilized virtual reality via helmet-mounted display The airlifter was developed into the YY-20 tanker variant to expand the PLAAF's aerial refueling capability beyond its existing limited and obsolescent Xi'an H-6U fleet. Evidence of the tanker variant emerged in 2018 with satellite images; its first flight occurred that year. Aerial refueling

4779-474: The more mundane concerns of the word. Brian Lundberg says Zhuangzi uses the image to urge us to "go beyond restricted small points of views." Eric Schwitzgebel interprets, "Being small creatures, we cannot understand great things like the Peng (and the rest of the Zhuangzi ?)." Steve Coutinho describes the Peng as a "recluse who wanders beyond the realm of the recognizable", in contrast the tiny birds that "cannot begin to understand what lies so utterly beyond

4860-417: The northern darkness there is a fish and his name is K'un. The K'un is so huge I don't know how many thousand li he measures. He changes and becomes a bird whose name is P'eng. The back of the P'eng measures I don't know how many thousand li across and, when he rises up and flies off, his wings are like clouds all over the sky. When the sea begins to move, this bird sets off for the southern darkness, which

4941-479: The past they had to be imported. The Y-20's cabin incorporates flame-retardant composites developed by the 703 Institute of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). The 703 Institute was created in March 2009, with development taking three years. The performance of the composites is reportedly comparable to those that fulfil FAR Part 25.835. The 703 Institute achieved another milestone by establishing

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5022-590: The pilot-in-command may deviate from any regulation contained within Part 91 to the extent required to handle the emergency. The pertinent sections of the FAR (14 CFR Sections 91.137, 91.138, 91.139, 91.141, 91.143, 91.145, 99.7) describe temporary flight restrictions ( TFR ). A TFR is a geographically-limited, short-term, airspace restriction, typically in the United States . Temporary flight restrictions often encompass major sporting events, natural disaster areas, air shows, space launches, and Presidential movements. Before

5103-448: The public. Unlike the airlines they partner with, Part 380 operators don't operate the aircraft themselves. Historically, this business model has been used by tour operators and casinos to offer occasional flights between smaller cities and popular leisure destinations. However, more recently, the Part 380 rules have also seen some creative applications. In 2016, JSX began scheduling flights and selling tickets on flights operated by

5184-754: The reader is a combination of awe and disorientation." Zhuangzi's Peng bird became a famous literary metaphor . Two early examples were the Shen yi jing (神異經 "Classic of Divine Marvels") by Dongfang Shuo (154 BCE – 93 CE) and the Commentary on the Water Classic (水經注). In comparative mythology of giant creatures, Peng is similar to the Roc or Garuda and Kun to the Leviathan . Peng linguistically symbolizes "greatness; great promise; great accomplishments"; for instance,

5265-721: The regulations particularly relevant to laypersons, to political issues, or of historical interest are listed here. Many other FARs depend on definitions, which are found in Part 1.1 This part prescribes: Part 23 contains airworthiness standards required for issuance and change of type certificates for airplanes in these categories : In 2016 the FAA proposed a new system of performance-based airworthiness standards instead of prescriptive design requirements. The familiar weight and propulsion classifications of small airplane regulations would be replaced by performance and risk-based standards for aircraft weighing less than 19,000 pounds and seating 19 or fewer passengers. On August 30, 2017,

5346-419: The same month, the executive of Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC) announced the that China "[had] overcome all technical bottlenecks" regarding engines such as the WS-20. The Y-20's four-meter tall hold can lift up to 66 tons, and transport up to 2 Type 15 tanks or 1 Type 99A tank over a distance of 7800 km. The aircraft provides various internal configurations, in which one of which allows for

5427-406: The short-lived cannot come up to the long-lived. ... Among the questions of T'ang to Ch'i we find the same thing. In the bald and barren north, there is a dark sea, the Lake of Heaven. In it is a fish which is several thousand li across, and no one knows how long. His name is K'un. There is also a bird there, named P'eng, with a back like Mount T'ai and wings like clouds filling the sky. He beats

5508-485: The standard Peng interpretation was the "equality theory" of Guo Xiang (d. 312 CE), who redacted and annotated the received Zhuangzi text. Guo's commentary said, The flight of the fabulous ( P'eng ) bird may take half a year and will not stop until it gets to the Celestial Lake. The flight of a small bird takes only half of the morning and stops at getting from tree to tree. So far as capacities are concerned, there

5589-407: The strength to bear up great wings. Therefore when the P'eng rises ninety thousand li , he must have the wind under him like that. Only then can he mount on the back of the wind, shoulder the blue sky, and nothing can hinder or block him. Only then can he set his eyes to the south. The cicada and the little dove laugh at this saying, "When we make an effort and fly up, we can get as far as the elm or

5670-404: The systems of the aircraft. It also determined special aspects of aircraft performance such as stall speed (e.g., for single engine airplanes – not more than 61 knots), rate of climb (not less than 300 ft/min), take-off speed (not less than 1.2 x V S1 ), and weight of each pilot and passenger (170 lb for airplanes in the normal and commuter categories, and 190 lb for airplanes in

5751-565: The text of an AC) para. h explains " Do not use the acronym "FAR" to refer to FAA's regulations. Neither the Department of Transportation nor the Office of the Federal Register allow us to use "FAR" for our regulations. The Federal Acquisition Regulations apply government-wide and are allowed to use the acronym "FAR." " Title 14 CFR – Aeronautics and Space is one of the fifty titles that make up

5832-402: The weeds and brambles. And that's the best kind of flying anyway! Where does he think he's going?" Such is the difference between big and little. Many Zhuangzi scholars have debated the Peng story. Lian Xinda calls it "arguably the most controversial image in the text, which has been inviting conflicting interpretations for the past seventeen centuries." In traditional Chinese scholarship,

5913-407: The whirlwind, leaps into the air, and rises up ninety thousand li , cutting through the clouds and mist, shouldering the blue sky, and then he turns his eyes south and prepares to journey to the southern darkness. The little quail laughs at him, saying, "Where does he think he's going? I give a great leap and fly up, but I never get more than ten or twelve yards before I come down fluttering among

5994-574: Was anciently a variant Chinese character for feng ( 鳳 ) in fenghuang (鳳凰 "Chinese phoenix" ca. 100 CE Shuowen Jiezi ); Kun 鯤 originally meant "fish roe ; fry ; spawn " (ca. 200 BCE Erya ). Synonyms of Peng include Dapeng (大鵬 "Big Peng", "Great Peng") and Dapengniao (大鵬鳥 "Great Peng Bird"). Dapeng is also a place name for a few places in greater China , most notably in Shenzhen and Taiwan . After recent fossil discoveries in northeast China, Chinese paleontologists used Peng to name

6075-466: Was being performed by the airforce by 2021 and refueling planes formally entered PLAAF service in 2022. In 2020, the Y-20 was observed undergoing in-flight testing with four Shenyang WS-20 high-bypass engines. According to news reports, the variant of the Y-20 powered by new WS-20 engines had entered operational service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force by April 2023 at the latest. In November 2023,

6156-447: Was completed in 194 days as opposed to the 300 days originally planned, thanks to the successful development and application of an automated structural strength analysis system. In comparison, similar work for the Xi'an JH-7 took a year. In addition to 3D printing, the Y-20 is also the first aircraft in China to adopt a Relational-Data-Base-Management (RDBM) system for its development. Headed by

6237-522: Was likely under development and that by 2032 China would likely have 75 YY-20 tankers and more than 100 Y-20 transport planes. On 6 July 2016 the first serial Y-20 (serial number 11051) was handed over to the PLAAF in a ceremony. The second aircraft numbered 11052 followed soon after - it was assigned to the 12th Regiment of the 4th Transport Division at Qionglai, Chengdu. On 8 May 2018, it was announced by PLAAF 's military media that Y-20 had recently conducted its first joint airdrop training operations with

6318-680: Was spotted around the southwest side of the Taiwan island among 27 military aircraft. This is the first observation of Y-20U outside inland China. On 27 January 2022, two Y-20 aircraft arrived in Tonga after traveling over 10,000 kilometers from Guangzhou Baiyun , delivering 33 tons of supplies including food, fresh water, water purifiers, and tents due to the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami . On 9 April 2022, six Y-20 aircraft landed at Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in Serbia, reportedly delivering

6399-576: Was stolen, he admitted to analyzing and translating documents from English to Chinese, which he then emailed to the Second Department of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department . Su Bin admitted he did so for financial gain, and sought to profit from the data that was stolen. In addition to financial gain, court documents revealed, in emails to the Second Department of the PLA, Su Bin noted

6480-668: Was the basis for certification of the first turbine-powered transport airplanes, such as the Boeing 707, the Lockheed Electra, and the Fairchild 27. SR 422A became effective July 2, 1958, and was superseded by SR 422B, effective August 29, 1959. Only a few airplanes were certified under SR 422A, such as the Gulfstream I and the CL-44. First generation turbine-powered transport category airplanes such as

6561-514: Was the first time that the Y-20 was present at an airshow in Western Europe. As of January 10, 2024, the Y-20 is being marketed to Nigeria. On 13 July 2016, Chinese national Su Bin pleaded guilty and admitted to charges that he conspired with others to hack into U.S. defense contractor Boeing and steal documents related to the development of the C-17 , F-22 and F-35 aircraft . Once the information

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