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92-391: A YouTube poop ( YTP ) is a type of video mashup or edit created by remixing/editing pre-existing media sources, often carrying subcultural significance into a new video for humorous, vulgar, satirical, obscene, absurd, profane, annoying, confusing, or dramatic purposes. YouTube poops are traditionally uploaded to the video sharing website YouTube , hence the name. YouTube poop

184-430: A congressional hearing on a negative change of the musical culture by the now available "canned music". "These talking machines are going to ruin the artistic development of music in this country. When I was a boy...in front of every house in the summer evenings, you would find young people together singing the songs of the day or old songs. Today you hear these infernal machines going night and day. We will not have

276-482: A copyright infringement lawsuit against YouTube in 2007 explicitly concerning YouTube poops, in particular " The Sky Had a Weegee " by Hurricoaster, which features scenes from the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants episode " Shanghaied " and Weegee (a satiric caricature based on Nintendo 's Luigi as he appears in the DOS version of Mario Is Missing! ), it and many others have remained on YouTube. Copyright law in

368-444: A non-linear narrative , and some may contain no storyline at all, instead regarded among the lines of surreal humor and artistic experimentation. To this degree, a YouTube poop may even consist solely of an existing video, sometimes modified, repeated in a slowed or remixed loop. Associate professor of cultural anthropology at Kansas State University , Michael Wesch , has defined YouTube poops as "absurdist remixes that ape and mock

460-568: A vocal cord left. The vocal cord will be eliminated by a process of evolution, as was the tail of man when he came from the ape." Specialized, expensive creation devices ("read-write") and specialized cheap consumption ("read-only") devices allowed a centralized production by few and decentralized consumption by many. Analog devices for consumers for low prices, lacking the capability of writing and creating, spread out fast: Newspapers , Jukebox , radio , television . This new business model, an Industrial information economy , demanded and resulted in

552-400: A broader level, can provide social benefit to the societies who participate in writing and reading fan fiction by providing a creative outlet. Fan fiction remixes sometimes change aspects of the characters or setting, often called an alternative universe, with some writers putting pre-existing characters in a new setting, and others taking an established setting and placing in new characters. In

644-425: A camera or a microphone. You just need some footage and these days we’re drowning in digital content.” YouTube Rewind - YouTube Rewind is a yearly video series produced and released by YouTube, starting in 2010. It is a mash-up of various videos that went viral on the website in the previous year. The series started by simply placing clips of the videos next to one another in a countdown style, but then changed to

736-520: A creative remixing culture survived to some limited degree. For instance composer John Oswald coined in 1985 the Plunderphonics term in his essay Plunderphonics, or Audio Piracy as a Compositional Prerogative for sound collages based on existing audio recordings and altering them in some way to make a new composition . Likewise, the phenomenon of scratch videos emergered at the onset of remix culture. Technology changed fundamentally with

828-477: A form of call and response , here seen as being prominent within remix culture . A YTP "collab", or collaboration, is a common practice, and involves various creators joining together to produce a single, sometimes very long, video. A subgenre of YouTube poops is YouTube poop music video (YTPMV), which involves clips from different forms of media remixed in a musical form, often in a fast-paced and editing-intensive manner. While essentially any audiovisual media

920-484: A mash-up of both video and music, using YouTube stars to reference the videos. It does not have a political or informative stance, but rather one that is celebratory of the website and the people who are active on it. In 2007, the French Antonio Maria Da Silva AMDS FILMS became known worldwide with Terminator versus RoboCop, a mashup that recounts the meeting between the two sacred monsters of

1012-481: A maximum punishment of five years in jail and large fines. It is an obstacle that hinders mashup artists to develop mashup video more. The original copyright law is written in 1980s or even earlier and it did not include the possibilities of copyright infringement exist in digital era. Therefore, mashup artists and public suggests a reform of copyright law regarding on remix culture and mashup videos in order to give more freedom for mashup artists to create their work. In

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1104-423: A moratorium on them. The supercut first appeared a year after YouTube was created. In 2006, an audience that would turn out to grow to more than six million watched CSI: Miami's David Caruso don a pair of sunglasses after making a glib remark about a victim. In the video Caruso keeps doing that same action for seven minutes. The clip was perhaps the most prominent supercut before the term was even invented, and that

1196-470: A new exemption which allows non-commercial remixing. In 2013 the US court ruling Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. acknowledged that amateur remixing might fall under fair use and copyright holders are requested to check and respect fair use before doing DMCA take down notices . Under copyright laws of many countries, anyone with the intent to remix an existing work without permission is liable for lawsuit because

1288-459: A new trailer. Trailer mashups are often created for a movie that does not exist or to change the genre of an existing film. Trailer mashups existence and popularity can be credited to convergence culture and the Web 2.0 infrastructure, allowing films to be easily accessed and shared online on video sharing websites such as YouTube. Film has long been a read-only medium, it was only meant to be watched. With

1380-497: A political message within them. For example, Cameron’s Conference Rap (which uses clips of David Cameron set to the beat of Eminem ’s Lose Yourself ), Cassetteboy vs Nick Griffin vs Question Time and Cassetteboy vs The News . However, not all have such a strong political emphasis. In an interview, Mike (one of the two people behind the channel) talks about how mash-up is an accessible practice, saying “It’s not an easy thing to do, but you don’t need very much to do it. You don’t need

1472-460: A presentable format, such as a slide presentation, in order to demonstrate understanding of material reviewed . Media culture consumers start to look at art and content as something that can be repurposed or recreated, therefore they can become the producer. According to an article from Popular Music and Society, the idea of remix culture has become a defining characteristic of modern day technology which has incorporated all forms of digital media where

1564-458: A short clip of video is repeated over and over. An abrasive auditory trope is the sudden extreme increase in volume to shock the viewer, known as "ear-rape" or "earrape". As YouTube poop is a medium built on repurposing copyrighted media, it has been particularly vulnerable to copyright law. YouTube poops have often been subject to copyright claims on YouTube. Political scientist and author Trajce Cvetkovski noted in 2013 that, despite Viacom filing

1656-495: A space for readers to have a dialogue with the amateur contributors. 'Tagging' of the blogs by users based on the content provided the necessary layer for users to filter the sea of content according to their interest. The third layer added bots that analyzed the relationship between various websites by counting the clicks between them and, thus, organizing a database of preferences. The three layers working together established an ecosystem of reputation that served to guide users through

1748-461: A timeline: the video recording begins as the user touches the screen of their mobile device, and the recording takes place only so long as they're touching the screen. Given this touch-and-hold interface, there's no post-production editing: edits can be made by letting go of the touch before the end of the six seconds, framing a new shot, and then touching again to capture the next image in the montage. A precedent for video mashups can be discovered in

1840-414: A way to create anticipation for future releases, working in tandem with current movie trailers. Movie trailers are designed to give minimal plot detail and to create hype and anticipation. Fan made trailer mashups allow the audience to perform their own cinematic spin on current movie footage. This allows the trailer to focus on a specific actor or portion of the film. It could even change the plot or genre of

1932-656: Is "fair game" for source material, some of the most common sources of YouTube poops include movies , television shows , anime , cartoons , commercials , or other YouTube videos. Among the most popular sources are 1990s cartoons, particularly critically disregarded ones such as Super Mario World and Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog . The work of children's poet Michael Rosen has also been used. These diverse media sources, from different time periods and styles, are often combined in YTPs. The cutscenes from Nintendo games released on

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2024-580: Is "looped, extended and repeated." GIFs take a mass media sample and reimagines, or remixes, its meaning from the original context to use it as a form of personal expression in a different context. They are used throughout various media platforms but are most popular in Tumblr where they are used to articulate a punch line. Fan fiction is an example of remix culture in action, in relation to various forms of fictional and non-fictional media, including books, TV shows, movies, musicians, actors, and more. Fan fiction

2116-551: Is a Remix, and that all original material builds off of and remixes previously existing material. He argues if all intellectual property is influenced by other pieces of work, copyright laws would be unnecessary. Ferguson described that, the three key elements of creativity — copy, transform, and combine — are the building blocks of all original ideas; building on Pablo Picasso 's famous quote "Good artists copy, great artists steal.". Some approaches to remix culture have been described as simple plagiarism . In his 2006 book Cult of

2208-474: Is a YouTube channel which began in 2011, with 450+ mashup videos as of 2024. American-based channel mashes videos for comedic or dramatic effect, often splicing (or "spooning") two different scenes from two different films and converging them into one continuous narrative. Cuts.zzz is an instagram page by malayalam editor-cinematographer Ajmal Sabu which gained popularity by creating mash-up videos. In one of its video, which has got 4.25 lakh views, Donald Trump

2300-433: Is a constant revision to what is being created, which is done on both a professional and amateur scale. The availability of various end-user oriented software such as GarageBand and Adobe Photoshop makes it easy to remix. The Internet allows distribution of remixes to the masses. Internet memes are Internet-specific creative content which are created, filtered and transformed by the viral spreading process made possible by

2392-403: Is a subset of remix culture , in which existing ideas and media are modified and reinterpreted to create new art and media in various contexts. Forms of remix culture have existed long before the internet, with DigitalTrends's Luke Dormehl listing the cut-up technique of William Burroughs and sampling in hip-hop as examples. Dormehl also says that "aesthetically", YouTube poop is similar to

2484-421: Is a written, remixed fiction that draws on the characters of the writer's fandom, in order to tell the fan fiction writer's own story, or their version of the original story. Remix Culture relies on creators taking one work and repurposing it for another use just as fan fiction takes an existing work and repurposes it for a new story, or series of events. Steven Hetcher writes that fan fiction, and remix culture at

2576-513: Is accepted and encouraged to gain followers through creative videos following trending actions, audios, and memes. Older songs and celebrities are making comebacks by being attached to remix trends, their music or content is now being viewed again by being attached to a trend. Garnering attention for the artist and these bits is a marketing technique that makes viewers want to investigate the artist more. Musicians like Doja Cat and Lil Nas X are two current musicians that have culminated their music in

2668-511: Is depicted singing a traditional folk song of the Muslim community in Kerala, with Narendra Modi , Melanie Trump, Ivanka Trump, Jared Kushner, and thousands of people cheering him on. Mashup videos are increasingly popular online. When the mashup creators remix two or more videos or music from various sources e.g. TV, film, music etc., they may not be aware of the copyright of the original source. Without

2760-412: Is provided by a 'professional' source, the content industry, that possesses an authority on that particular product/information. There is a one-way flow only of creative content and ideas due to a clear role separation between content producer and content consumer. The emergence of Analog mass production and duplication technologies (pre- Digital revolution and internet like radio broad-casting) enabled

2852-485: Is the Free content movement, which proposes that creative content should be released under free licenses . The Copyright reform movement tries to tackle the problem by cutting for instance the excessively long copyright terms , as it was debated by scholar Rufus Pollock . Other copyright scholars, such as Yochai Benkler and Erez Reuveni, promulgate ideas that are closely related to remix culture. Some scholars argue that

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2944-561: Is the Cassetteboy. Cassetteboy's videos can be shown on TV channels now but sometimes YouTube can take down their videos if they violate the copyright of the music or clips in their videos. Remix culture Remix culture , also known as read-write culture , is a term describing a culture that allows and encourages the creation of derivative works by combining or editing existing materials. Remix cultures are permissive of efforts to improve upon, change, integrate, or otherwise remix

3036-410: Is then taken to court, judges are advised in jurisdictional terms to decide whether the video meets these criteria. Video mashup These two types of music video mashup are usually edited to match the rhythm of the song, and seeking to show a particular aesthetic style towards a celebrative communication. The last two types are typical use-generated contents in the age of Web2.0,which reflects

3128-464: Is to adopt the system of citation used with book references. The artist would cite the intellectual property she sampled which would give the original creator the credit, as is common with literature references. As tools for doing so Lawrence Lessig proposed the Creative Commons licenses which demand for instance Attribution without restricting the general use of a creative work. One step further

3220-517: Is undertaken solely in order to make use of short portions of the motion pictures for the purpose of criticism or comment in limited instances." Starting from Wednesday 1 October 2014, the new EU law becomes effective in the United Kingdom. There is an amendment to the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. It is now legal for people to use “limited amount” of copyrighted material in online video for

3312-428: Is where participatory culture comes into play, because consumers start participating by becoming contributors, especially the many teens growing up with these media cultures. A book was published in 2013 by Henry Jenkins called "Reading in a Participatory Culture" which focuses on his technique of remixing the original story Moby-Dick to make it a new and fresh experience for students. This form of teaching enforces

3404-589: The Bible . Eugene H. Peterson reinterpreted Bible stories in his 2002 book " The Message// Remix " which makes the Bible easier for readers to interpret. An idea of remixing dated back to the Quakers who would interpret the scripture and create a biblical narrative by using their own voices, which went against the "read-only" practice that was more common. For remix culture to survive, it must be shared and created by others. This

3496-469: The Philips CD-i —most notably Hotel Mario and Link: The Faces of Evil and Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon , which received mixed reception at the time of their release but have been retrospectively criticized for low-quality animation, voice acting, and scripts—are also frequently used, and have achieved more widespread notoriety as a result. A typical YouTube poop uses visual and auditory effects to alter

3588-455: The United Kingdom allows people to use copyrighted material for the purposes of parody , pastiche , and caricature without being seen as infringing on the copyright of the material. Copyright owners are only able to sue the parodist if the work is perceived as communicating hateful or discriminative messages, and modifying the intended purpose of the copyright owner's material. If the case

3680-468: The anime music video (AMV) – particularly from more comedic variations of the AMV. The genre began in the early 2000s. The first video to be regarded as a YouTube poop is named "The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 REMIXED!!!" (which has been renamed to "I'D SAY HE'S HOT ON OUR TAIL") by the creator SuperYoshi, uploaded on December 22, 2004, preceding the creation of YouTube by a few months. It remixes clips from

3772-451: The blogosphere . While there is no doubt many amateur online publications cannot compete with the validity of professional sources, the democratization of digital RW culture and the ecosystem of reputation provides a space for many talented voices to be heard that was not available in the pre-digital RO model. Remixing was always a part of the human culture. US media scholar Professor Henry Jenkins argued that "the story of American arts in

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3864-413: The digital revolution . Digital information could be reproduced and edited infinitely, often without quality loss. Still, in the 1960s the first digital general computing devices with such capabilities were meant only for specialists and professionals and were extremely expensive; the first consumer-oriented devices like video game consoles inherently lacked RW capability. But in the 1980s, the arrival of

3956-506: The home computer and especially the IBM personal computer brought a digital prosumer device, a device usable for production and consumption at the same time, to the masses for an affordable price. Similarly for software, in the 1990s the free and open-source software movement implemented a software ecosystem based on the idea of edit-ability by anyone. The broad diffusion of the Internet and of

4048-480: The underlying work , as well as rearrangement of individual clips. The edits are often "abrupt and jarring", with lots of quick cuts and time stretching leading to an "often-frenetic" pace. Ruth Alexandra Moran interprets the style as producing "aesthetics of malfunction". The most common type of rearrangement is "sentence-mixing", a form of editing in which dialogue is rearranged or chopped up to form new, often humorous or vulgar dialogue. One famous sentence-mix from

4140-413: The "frenetic editing style" of MTV in the 1980s, which featured "fast, non-linear cuts" that focused less on character or plot than on evoking a feeling. YouTube poop also draws on elements from the vidding scene, in which fans of a piece of media would create music videos using footage from the work. Observers have also proposed influences from a more modern, internet-based practice similar to vidding,

4232-547: The "level of control permitted to be exercised over our social realities". Memes have also become a form of political protest and dissent as well as tools used by everyday people as a form of a subversion of the power narrative. Author Apryl Williams asserts that #LivingWhileBlack memes helped the Black Lives Matter movement raise awareness of issues and shift the cultural narrative. According to Kirby Ferguson in his popular video series and TED talk , Everything

4324-483: The 'YouTube elections') more than 40% of voters watched video content relating to the elections online. Now that the internet is so widely accessible it enables the user to make and find digestible content; political mashup videos can make a serious speech more humorous, accessible and understandable. However, because anybody can create these mashups, it is important to remember that the original meaning could have been violated. Edwards and Tryon mention that parody has become

4416-526: The 1989 animated television series The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 as a primary source, using the video editing software Windows Movie Maker . Media scholar Randall Halle suggests that the name "poop" as used to refer to videos like SuperYoshi's referred to the purported low quality of these early works. Throughout the mid-to-late 2000s, YouTube poops were one of the most popular types of video on YouTube. YouTuber EmpLemon describes this era as being characterized by popular recurring memes and in-jokes in

4508-494: The 19th century might be told in terms of the mixing, matching and merging of folk traditions taken from various indigenous and immigrant populations." Another historical example of remixing is Cento , a literary genre popular in Medieval Europe consisting mainly of verses or extracts directly borrowed from the works of other authors and arranged in a new form or order. The balance between creation and consumption shifted with

4600-404: The 21st century is the idea of memes . Once a meme is put into cyberspace it is automatically assumed that someone else can come along and remix the picture. For example, the 1964 self-portrait created by artist René Magritte , "Le Fils De L'Homme" , was remixed and recreated by street artist Ron English in his piece "Stereo Magritte". (See Memes in "Reception and Impact") Meanwhile, despite

4692-559: The RO culture's business model of production and distribution and limited the role of the consumer to consumption of media. Digital technology does not have the 'natural' constraints of the analog that preceded it. RO culture had to be recoded in order to compete with the "free" distribution made possible by the Internet. This is primarily done in the form of digital rights management (DRM), which imposes largely arbitrary restrictions on usage. Regardless, DRM has proven largely ineffective in enforcing

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4784-690: The TikTok remix culture. For example, " Remember (Walking In The Sand) " the 1960s song by the Shangri-Las has recently been remixed to an EDM track that brought more attention to the song and a following into it due to a popular TikTok trend circulating largely in 2020. These trending songs allow for music on TikTok to become spreadable and testable. Companies and artists can test out music bits and loops to see how successful they may become before fully releasing them. Throughout history remix culture has been truthful not only in exchange of oral stories but also through

4876-697: The United States, the Copyright Act of 1976 acts as the basis of copyright law to protect the rights of the original creators. It protects the original works of authorship. To some extent, it allows artists to reproduce the work and create derivative works of the original work. Fair use is a limitation and exception to the copyright law. According to the Hofstra Law Review , “If mashup artists could prove that they use others’ songs or clips to criticize, comment, or teach, then mashup artists might be able to use

4968-522: The Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s created a highly effective way to re-implement a "remix culture" in all domains of art, technology and society. Unlike TV and radio, with a unidirectional information transport (producer to consumer), the Internet is inherently bidirectional , enabling a peer-to-peer dynamic. This accelerated with Web 2.0 and more user-generated content due to Commons-based peer production possibilities. Remixes of songs, videos, and photos are easily distributed and created. There

5060-485: The YouTube poop "Robotnik Has a Viagra Overdose" by creator Stegblob takes a scene from an episode of Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog titled "Bogey-Mania" in which Doctor Robotnik accuses his henchmen of "snooping as usual" and cuts out everything but the second and third syllable to leave only the nonsensical word "pingas", which was construed to resemble the word " penis ". Over the years, "Pingas" has since become one of

5152-701: The academic and legal institutions must change with the culture towards one that is remix-based. In June 2015, a WIPO article named "Remix Culture and Amateur Creativity: A Copyright Dilemma" acknowledged the "age of remixing" and the need for a copyright reform . Software as digital good is well suited for adaption and remixing. In film , remixing is often done and happens in many forms. GIFs are another example of remix culture. They are illustrations and small clips from films used for personal expressions in online conversations. GIFs are commonly taken from an online video form such as film, TV, or YouTube videos. Each clip usually lasts for about 3 seconds and

5244-570: The biggest memes related to the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise in general and has been referenced in both the Archie comic and the Sonic Boom television series. In an interview, Sonic the Hedgehog co-star James Marsden was asked a question about the word, in which he erroneously guessed that it was Doctor Robotnik's original catchphrase. Some techniques are more abrasive, like the "stutter loop", in which

5336-648: The cinema; the first episode was seen more than 85 million times worldwide. Thanks to this success, the director has been contacted by the biggest American studios. Since then, AMDS FILMS has achieved other successes, such as Hell's Club. What's the Mashup? - What's the Mashup? is a YouTube channel which began in 2014, with 100+ mashup videos as of 2020. France-based channel mashes videos for comedic effect, often taking dialogue from one film or television show, and dubbing that dialogue over chronological footage from another film or television show. Cinema Cereal - Cinema Cereal

5428-418: The community. According to Halle, the 2010 video "jonathan swift returns from the dead to eat a cheese sandwich" has been cited as "a work that moved YTP towards artistry", with heavy use of video in video editing and other methods of distortion. The YouTube poop genre declined in popularity during the late 2010s. eMarketer principal analyst Nicole Perrin speculated that the reason why the genre had "fallen to

5520-415: The constraints of analog media onto digital media. Read/Write culture has a reciprocal relationship between the producer and the consumer. Taking works, such as songs, and appropriating them in private circles is exemplary of RW culture, which was considered to be the 'popular' culture before the advent of reproduction technologies. The technologies and copyright laws that soon followed, however, changed

5612-476: The consumers are also the producers. Artists participating in remix culture can potentially suffer consequences for violating copyright or intellectual property law. English rock band The Verve were sued over their song " Bittersweet Symphony " sampling an arrangement of The Rolling Stones ' " The Last Time ." The Verve were court-ordered to pay 100% of the song's royalties to The Rolling Stones' publishers and to give writing credit to Jagger and Richards . This

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5704-600: The copyrighted material without authorization." Courts in the United States balance four factors when considering fair use: In 2012, video mashup artist Jonathan McIntosh spoke before the United States Copyright Office to advocate for exemptions to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act . The final rulemaking stated an exemption for: "Motion pictures (including television shows and videos), as defined in 17 U.S.C. 101, where circumvention

5796-486: The correlation between participatory and remix culture while highlighting its importance in evolving literature. Remix culture can be an integral part of education. Arguably, scholars are constantly remixing when they are analyzing and reporting on the work of others. One study examined the use of remixing among students when presenting learned information. For example, students will pull images, text, and other information from various original sources and place those elements in

5888-494: The dynamics of popular culture. As it became professionalized, people were taught to defer production to the professionals. Digital technologies provide the tools for reviving RW culture and democratizing production, sometimes referred to as Web 2.0 . Blogs explain the three layers of this democratization. Blogs have redefined our relationship to the content industry as they allowed access to non-professional, user-generated content . The 'comments' feature that soon followed provided

5980-464: The early 2000s on a transfer of the remixing concept into the digital age . Lessig founded the Creative Commons in 2001, which released a variety of licenses as tools to promote remix culture, as remixing is legally hindered by the default exclusive copyright regime applied on intellectual property . The remix culture for cultural works is related to and inspired by the earlier Free and open-source software for software movement, which encourages

6072-496: The exemptions that allow the visually impaired to convert visual texts in copyrighted work into e-readers and other forms of technology that make it possible for them to access. So long as the copyrighted material is obtained in the legal way, the exemption allows for it to be remixed to help to be accessible to anyone disabled. This exemption extends broadly, including transcribing public broadcasts such as television or radio to be transcribed to braille or visual text if need be. With

6164-418: The expansion of YouTube and other video sharing websites over the years it has allowed film to be transformed into a read-write form of media. Digital files can now be accessed, edited and uploaded onto the internet. Free editing software is widely accessible so anyone with access to digital movie files can create a trailer mashup. The trailer mashups are not only a user generated form of digital creativity but

6256-415: The film entirely. The user generated trailer mashup allows for the creator disregard advertising and promotion paths. The term supercut was first created by Andy Baio . Also known as supercut video mashups, they focus on the phrases and devices that are repeated in movies and TV and repeat them in a comic effect. The video content adds context to these clichés, and presents them in a new light, or inspire

6348-550: The first of which featured country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. This formula for genre-hybridization inspired countless unofficial remixes of the track, appropriated for various uses. An exemption exists for disability service technology to change copyrighted media to make it accessible to them. The American Foundation of the Blind (AFB), American Council of the Blind (ACB) and Samuelson-Glushko Technology Law & Policy Clinic (TLPC) work with U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress to renew

6440-603: The general YouTube trend of increasing professionalization and editing, with lots of special effects and elaborate writing. YTP has had a large influence on much of modern meme culture and internet culture as a whole. Many stylistic traits of YTP have entered the editing vocabulary of mainstream YouTubers, such as rapid editing and sudden drastic changes in volume for comedic effect. Many mainstream YouTubers even hire YTP editors to edit their normal videos. Some videos may involve completely or partially repurposing sources to create or convey an often self-aware story, while others follow

6532-577: The laws protect the intellectual property of the work. However, current copyright laws are proving to be ineffective at preventing sampling of content. On the other hand, fair-use does not address a wide enough range of use-cases and its borders are not well established and defined, making usage under "fair use" legally risky. Lessig argues that there needs to be a change in the current state of copyright laws to legalize remix culture, especially for fair-use cases. He states that "outdated copyright laws have turned our children into criminals." One proposition

6624-504: The legal complexities of copyright protections, remixed works continue to be popular in the mainstream. Rapper Lil Nas X's "Old Town Road," released in 2018, includes a sample by the industrial metal band Nine Inch Nails, while also blending the genres of hip-hop and country music. "Old Town Road" was a smash hit, setting a record of 19 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart. Four official remixes of "Old Town Road" were released,

6716-523: The lowest technical and aesthetic standards of remix culture to comment on remix culture itself". YTP can often be derivative in the sense that the work of one creator (or, within the community, pooper ) is sometimes used as the underlying work for another video; this can be recirculated and lead to the creation of "YTP tennis" videos, named for how they exist in rounds where the original video accumulates edits and alterations. Lawrence Lessig , Professor of Law at Harvard Law School , compared this aspect to

6808-481: The montage films of Eisenstein. Hillary 1984 - In March 2007 Hillary 1984 , a mashup of Apple 's 1984 launch commercial for the Macintosh with footage of Hillary Clinton used in the place of Big Brother , went viral in the early stages of the race for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination . The video was produced in support of Barack Obama by Phil de Vellis, an employee of Blue State Digital , but

6900-585: The more participation in mashup or remix culture. Political video mashups are a primary example of citizen-generated content. These mashups allow the creator to form new meanings by juxtaposing two pieces of original source material; for example, someone may take footage of a politician's speech and 'mash it up' with footage from a popular reality television show. This form of mashup, according to Richard L. Edwards and Chuck Tryon, can be accepted as allegories of citizen empowerment. According to their article 'Political Video Mashups as Allegories of Citizen Empowerment',

6992-474: The most important form of critical intertextuality. Often, the creator of a political mashup will completely flip the meaning in order to make it funny, some mashup artists choose to make an entirely manufactured meaning from source material. Notable examples of political mashup videos and artists can be found below. Trailer mashups also known as recut trailers, involve collecting multiple pieces of film footage from one or multiple movies and editing them to create

7084-400: The permission of copyright owner, mashup video artists may violate the copyright law and charged by criminal copyright infringement. If they violate the law, their videos will be forced to take down on YouTube. YouTube can ban their accounts and they are forbidden to post anything online. In a more serious case, the copyright owners reserve their rights to sue the mashup artists and they may have

7176-428: The proper license, obtained by anyone with a disability that can limit perception, copyrighted material that is obtained legally can be remixed for their understanding. It has last been renewed in 2012 and continues to stand. In February 2010, Cato Institute 's Julian Sanchez praised the remix activities for its social value, "for performing social realities" and remarked that copyright should be evaluated regarding

7268-474: The purposes of “parody, caricature or pastiche” without the consent of the copyright holder, only if their work do not convey a discriminatory message, or compete with the original. A judge will decide whether the video is funny enough to classify as a parody and if it violates the law. Although the mashup video is now legal in practice, it does not affect YouTube's terms of service. The most famous example in Britain

7360-486: The reuse and remixing of software works. Lawrence Lessig described the Remix culture in his 2008 book Remix . Lawrence characterized the default media culture of the 20th century using computer technology terminology as Read Only culture ( RO ), and called for a shift to Read/Write culture ( RW ). In the usual Read Only media culture, the culture is consumed more or less passively. The information or product

7452-517: The social norms of fan fiction, it is rare for writers to publish or profit off of their works, and so copyright owners and authors rarely enforce copyright law, as these works help form communities and promote the original work. The app TikTok has become a relevant media platform that utilizes remix culture as a marketing and engagement technique, using it to market products to viewers while also entertaining them. Content creators and brands can now collaborate in an environment where remixing content

7544-456: The strengthening of the exclusive copyright and a weakening of the remix culture and the Public domain in throughout the 19th and 20th century. Analog creation devices were expensive and also limited in their editing and rearranging capability. An analog copy of a work (e.g. an audio tape ) cannot be edited, copied and worked on infinitely often as the quality continuously worsens. Despite that,

7636-432: The technological progress on media recording and reproduction. Notable events are the invention of book printing press and the analog Sound recording and reproduction leading to severe cultural and legal changes. In the beginning of the 20th century, on the dawn of the analog Sound recording and reproduction revolution, John Philip Sousa , an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era , warned in 1906 in

7728-546: The usual " all rights reserved ". Several companies and governmental organizations adapted this approach and licenses in the following years, for instance flickr , DeviantART and Europeana using or offering CC license options which allow remixing. There are several webpages addressing this remix culture, for instance ccMixter founded 2004. The 2008 open-source film by Brett Gaylor RiP!: A Remix Manifesto documents "the changing concept of copyright ". In 2012, Canada 's Copyright Modernization Act explicitly added

7820-420: The videos are empowering because the users become more literate with online and offline information they receive daily; they become more active when it comes to interpreting meaning and also realising how a speech may have been manipulated. Online videos such as political mashups are starting to take on a serious role within the politics of the United States of America. In the 2008 elections (often referred to as

7912-575: The wayside" was as part of a larger YouTube "shift to glossier more corporate-friendly content." Luke Dormehl wrote in 2019 in relation to this loss of mainstream popularity that "as with every other corner of the internet", YTP had undergone fragmentization from a large single community with a shared set of sources into a series of sub-communities, each with their own preferred source material. However, this has also allowed each individual sub-community to develop its own set of convoluted "references-within-references" even further. Additionally, YTP has followed

8004-516: The web and its users. As a response to a more restrictive copyright system ( Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension , DMCA ), which started to limit the blooming sharing and remixing activities of the web, Lawrence Lessig founded the Creative Commons in 2001. In 2002 the Creative Commons released a set of licenses as tools to enable remix culture, by allowing a balanced, fair enabling release of creative works, "some rights reserved" instead of

8096-428: The web application mashups is for practical purposes. However, Navas recognizes that the reflexive mashups also can be used for entertainment and the most typical example is Vine . Vine is the most used video app in the market, which for creating 6-second looping videos, prioritizes the visual. To better understand the creative capabilities of Vine's limitations, we analyze its formal elements. The interface centers on

8188-420: The work of other creators. While combining elements has always been a common practice of artists of all domains throughout human history, the growth of exclusive copyright restrictions in the last several decades limits this practice more and more by the legal chilling effect . In reaction, Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig , who considers remixing a desirable concept for human creativity, has worked since

8280-488: Was made without the knowledge of either Obama's campaign , or his employer: de Vellis stated that he made the video in one afternoon at home using a Mac and some software. Political commentators including Carla Marinucci and Arianna Huffington , as well as de Vellis himself, suggested that the video demonstrated the way technology had created new opportunities for individuals to make an impact on politics. Cassetteboy - Their videos mainly focus on comedy, but many have

8372-511: Was not by accident. It was because of the way the creator edited away to the screaming finale of the opening credits in between each iteration, establishing a jokey rhythm and a perennial callback. Details like these are key in the supercut genre. According to Eduardo Navas, web application mashups is a type of Regenerative Remix that developed with an interest to extend the functionality of software for specific purposes. Usually combinations of pre-existing sources brought together. The emergence of

8464-481: Was resolved in 2019 as Richard Ashcroft of The Verve announced that Jagger and Richards signed over the publishing rights to the song, admitting it was their manager's decision to claim the songs' royalties. Remix culture has created an environment that is nearly impossible for artists to create or own " original work ". Media and the internet have made art so public that it leaves the work up for other interpretation and, in return, remixing. A major example of this in

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