The Volta–Niger family of languages, also known as West Benue–Congo or East Kwa , is one of the branches of the Niger–Congo language family , with perhaps 70 million speakers. Among these are the most important languages of southern Nigeria , Benin , Togo , and southeast Ghana : Yoruba , Igbo , Bini , and Gbe .
14-480: These languages have variously been placed within the Kwa or Benue–Congo families or, starting in the 1970s, combined with them altogether. Williamson & Blench (2000) separate the languages here called Volta-Niger from the others. Güldemann (2018) fails to see clear criteria for dividing the languages into two or three families and maintains the broad grouping and name of Benue-Kwa for all them. The constituent groups of
28-550: Is a list of major Volta–Niger branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) in Nigeria based on Blench (2019). Sample basic vocabulary in different Volta–Niger branches: Comparison of numerals in individual languages: Kwa languages The Kwa languages , often specified as New Kwa , are a proposed but as-yet-undemonstrated family of languages spoken in the south-eastern part of Ivory Coast , across southern Ghana , and in central Togo . The Kwa family belongs to
42-469: Is sometimes called "New Kwa". Sample basic vocabulary of Kwa and related languages from Dumestre (1971) and other sources: Comparison of numerals in individual languages: Volta%E2%80%93Niger languages The Volta–Niger family of languages, also known as West Benue–Congo or East Kwa , is one of the branches of the Niger–Congo language family , with perhaps 70 million speakers. Among these are
56-582: The Defoid branch, but more recently they, Edoid, and Igboid have been suggested to be primary branches of an as-yet unnamed group, often abbreviated yeai . Similarly, Oko, Nupoid, and Idomoid are often grouped together under the acronym noi . Ukaan is an Atlantic–Congo language, but it is unclear if it belongs to the Volta–Niger family; Blench suspects it is closer to Benue–Congo . In an automated computational analysis ( ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013): Below
70-479: The Defoid branch, but more recently they, Edoid, and Igboid have been suggested to be primary branches of an as-yet unnamed group, often abbreviated yeai . Similarly, Oko, Nupoid, and Idomoid are often grouped together under the acronym noi . Ukaan is an Atlantic–Congo language, but it is unclear if it belongs to the Volta–Niger family; Blench suspects it is closer to Benue–Congo . In an automated computational analysis ( ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013): Below
84-710: The Niger-Congo phylum. The name was introduced in 1895 by Gottlob Krause and derives from the word for 'people' ( Kwa ) in many of these languages, as illustrated by Akan names . This branch consists of around 50 different languages spoken by about 25 million people. Some of the largest Kwa languages are Ewe , Akan and Baule . See the box at right for a current classification. The various clusters of languages included in Kwa are at best distantly related, and it has not been demonstrated that they are closer to each other than to neighboring Niger–Congo languages. Stewart distinguished
98-576: The Yoruboid and Igboid languages belonged in Benue–Congo rather than in Kwa. Stewart (1989) removed Kru, Ijaw, and Volta–Niger (East Kwa), but kept the Ghana–Togo Mountain and Lagoon languages, as well as adding a few obscure, newly described languages. Stewart's classification is the basis of more recent conceptions. To disambiguate this from Greenberg's influential classification, the reduced family
112-605: The Ka/Na-Togo and Gbe languages are called Left bank because they are spoken to the east of the Volta River . The word 'Kwa' was used by Gottlob Krause in 1885 for the Akan (or perhaps Tano ), Gã, and Gbe languages, which have kwa or kua as their word for 'human being'. Since then the proposal has been dramatically expanded, only to revert to something approaching its initial conception. In 1952 Westermann and Bryan expanded Kwa to
126-476: The Na-Togo and Ka-Togo languages have been placed into separate branches of Kwa. See the infobox at right for the resulting branches. Ethnologue divides the Kwa languages into two broad geographical groupings: Nyo and Left bank , but this is not a genealogical classification. The Nyo group collapses Stewart's Potou–Tano and Ga–Dangme branches and also includes the ungrouped languages of southern Ivory Coast, while
140-781: The Volta–Niger family, along with the most important languages in terms of number of speakers, are as follows (with number of languages for each branch in parentheses): Akpes (1) Ayere–Ahan (2) Gbe (21: Fon [2 million], Ewe [3 million], Adja [550,000], Phla–Pherá languages [600,000]) Yoruboid ( Igala [1 million], Yorùbá [47 million], Ede languages [800,000], Itsekiri [800,000]) Edoid (27: Edo [2 million], Urhobo [2 million], Isoko [420,000], Esan [300,000], Etsako [270,000]) Akoko (1) Igboid (7: Igbo [40 million], Ikwerre [2 million]) Nupoid (12: Ebira [1 million], Nupe [1 million]) Oko (1) Idomoid (9: Idoma [600,000]) ? Ukaan (1) The Yoruboid languages and Akoko were once linked as
154-469: The following major branches, which historical-comparative analysis supports as valid groups: The Lagoon languages of southern Ivory Coast are not particularly close to any of these, nor to each other, so they are left ungrouped: An Esuma language , extinct ca. 1800, remains unclassified. Since Stewart, Ega has been tentatively removed, the Gbe languages reassigned to Volta–Niger , and Apro added. Some of
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#1733093491652168-921: The languages into two or three families and maintains the broad grouping and name of Benue-Kwa for all them. The constituent groups of the Volta–Niger family, along with the most important languages in terms of number of speakers, are as follows (with number of languages for each branch in parentheses): Akpes (1) Ayere–Ahan (2) Gbe (21: Fon [2 million], Ewe [3 million], Adja [550,000], Phla–Pherá languages [600,000]) Yoruboid ( Igala [1 million], Yorùbá [47 million], Ede languages [800,000], Itsekiri [800,000]) Edoid (27: Edo [2 million], Urhobo [2 million], Isoko [420,000], Esan [300,000], Etsako [270,000]) Akoko (1) Igboid (7: Igbo [40 million], Ikwerre [2 million]) Nupoid (12: Ebira [1 million], Nupe [1 million]) Oko (1) Idomoid (9: Idoma [600,000]) ? Ukaan (1) The Yoruboid languages and Akoko were once linked as
182-427: The most important languages of southern Nigeria , Benin , Togo , and southeast Ghana : Yoruba , Igbo , Bini , and Gbe . These languages have variously been placed within the Kwa or Benue–Congo families or, starting in the 1970s, combined with them altogether. Williamson & Blench (2000) separate the languages here called Volta-Niger from the others. Güldemann (2018) fails to see clear criteria for dividing
196-670: The various Lagoon languages of southern Ivory Coast and to what are now called the Volta–Niger languages of southern Nigeria. Greenberg (1963) added the Kru languages of Liberia, the Ghana–Togo Mountain languages which Westermann and Bryan had specifically excluded, and Ijaw of the Niger delta; West Kwa included the languages from Liberia to Dahomey (Republic of Benin), and East Kwa the languages of Nigeria. Bennett & Sterk (1977) proposed that
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