58-851: Xiwei may refer to: Western Wei (535–557), a dynasty in Northwest China during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period Xiwei Bridge , bridge across the Dadu River in Taiwan Xiwei, Jilin (西苇), a town in Yitong Manchu Autonomous County , Jilin, China Xiwei, Fu'an (溪尾), a town in Fu'an , Fujian, China Xiwei Township (溪尾乡), a township in Youxi County , Fujian, China Topics referred to by
116-647: A nökür was someone who had left his clan or tribe to pledge loyalty to and serve a charismatic warlord; if this derivation were correct, Róurán 柔然 was originally not an ethnonym, but a social term referring to the dynastic founder's origins or the core circle of companions who helped him build his state. However, Golden identifies philological problems: the ethnonym should have been * nöŋör to be cognate to nökür , & possible assimilation of -/k/- to -/n/- in Chinese transcription needs further linguistic proofs. Even if 柔然 somehow transmitted nökür , it more likely denoted
174-450: A Rouran princess reported being dissatisfied with being second to Emperor Wendi 's principal wife. The first khagan Shelun is said to have concluded a "treaty of peace based on kinship" ( huoqin ) with the rulers of Jin . The royal house of Rouran is also said to have intermarried with the royal house of the Haital ( Hephthalites ) in the 6th century. Since the time of Shelun Khan,
232-592: A connection between the Pannonian Avars and the earlier Rouran. However, Savelyev & Jeong 2020 notes that there is still little genetic data on the Rouran themselves, and that their genetic relationship with the Pannonian Avars therefore still remains inconclusive. The received view is that the relationships of the language remain a puzzle and that it may be an isolate. Alexander Vovin (2004, 2010) considered
290-570: A descendant of the ruling clan, died in Hebei , leaving an epitaph reporting his royal descent from the Yujiulü clan . According to Xu (2005), some Rouran remnants fled to the northwest of the Greater Khingan mountain range, and renamed themselves 大檀 Dàtán ( MC : * da -dan ) or 檀檀 Tántán (MC: * dan-dan ) after Tantan , personal name of a historical Rouran Khagan. Tantan were gradually incorporated into
348-464: A few days they will be either taken or destroyed. In 434, the Rouran entered a marriage alliance with Northern Wei . In 443, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran. In 449, the Rouran were defeated in battle by Northern Wei. In 456, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran. In 458, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran. In 460, the Rouran subjugated the Ashina tribe residing around modern Turpan and resettled them in
406-535: A gift from the Chinese, while Khagan Shelun is said to have once declared that the soldiers who fought outstandingly would receive captives. However, "there is nothing in the sources about the enslavement of prisoners of war". There is, however, evidence that the Rouran resettled people in the steppe. Initially the Rouran chiefs, having no letters to make records, "counted approximately the number of warriors by using sheep's droppings ". Later, they learned to make records using notches on wood. A later source claims that
464-454: A herd of colts and heifers do against tigers or a pack of wolves? As for the Rouran, they graze in the north during the summer; in autumn, they come south and in winter raid our frontiers. We have only to attack them in summer in their pasture lands. At that time their horses are useless: the stallions are busy with the fillies, and the mares with their foals. If we but come upon them there and cut them off from their grazing and their water, within
522-469: A mostly pillaged but still consistent treasure, Byzantine coins and about a thousand vessels and clay figurines. Among the latter was the figurine of a shaman , standing in a dancing posture and holding a saw-like instrument. This figurine is thought to reflect the young princess' Rouran/nomadic roots. On one occasion, in 540, the Rourans allegedly attacked Western Wei reportedly with a million warriors because
580-562: A people of Proto-Mongolic Donghu origin. The Rouran supreme rulers used the title of khagan , a popular title borrowed from the Xianbei . The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century with territories that covered all of modern day Mongolia and Inner Mongolia , as well as parts of Manchuria in Northeast China , Eastern Siberia , Xinjiang , and Kazakhstan . The Hephthalites were vassals of
638-399: A post and a title to Fushengmou, her then former husband. The Rouran titles included mofu , mohetu (cf. Mongolian batur, baghatur ), mohe rufei (cf. Mongolian baga köbegün ), hexi , sili and sili-mohe , totoufa , totouteng , sijin (cf. Turkic irkin), xielifa (cf. Turkic eltäbär). It is known that in 521 Khagan Anagui was given two bondmaids as
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#1732876723055696-485: A slave of the Xianbei . Rouran women were commonly taken as wives or concubines by the Xianbei. After the Xianbei migrated south and settled in Chinese lands during the late 3rd century AD, the Rouran made a name for themselves as fierce warriors. However they remained politically fragmented until 402 AD when Shelun gained support of all the Rouran chieftains and united the Rouran under one banner. Immediately after uniting,
754-758: A sudden internal revolution led by the Göktürks, hence the still vivid memories of empire in the Avar Khagan, a fact paralleled later by the Kara-Khitans who migrated a long distance west after being suddenly dislodged from northern China but still kept their pretensions to empire and defeated the Great Seljuk Empire in the Battle of Qatwan as the Western Liao. The Hephthalite Empire in southern Central Asia would not fall to
812-418: A vassal state ( fanli ). Following the growth of Rouran and the turning of Wei into a classical Chinese state, they were considered partners of equal rights by Wei ( lindi gangli ). In 424, the Rouran invaded Northern Wei but were repulsed. In 429, Northern Wei launched a major offensive against the Rouran and killed a large number of people. The Chinese are foot soldiers and we are horsemen. What can
870-520: A very, very eastern profile," says Choongwon Jeong, a co-author and a geneticist at Seoul National University. That genetic data backs up two historical accounts of the Avar's origins. One sixth century Chinese source describes an enigmatic steppe people called the Rouran, one of many horse-riding nomadic groups that swept out of the Mongolian steppes to attack their northern borders. The Rouran's grassland empire
928-406: A wide circle composing the nomadic aristocracy, including elders, chieftains, military commanders. The grandees could be high or low ranking. According to Kradin, the khagan could confer titles in reward of services rendered and outstanding deeds. He cites as an example of this an event occurred in 518, when Nagai entitled the sorceress Diwai khagatun , taking her as his wife, and gave a compensation,
986-542: Is a Classical Chinese transcription of the endonym of the confederacy; meanwhile, 蠕蠕 Ruǎnruǎn ~ Rúrú ( Weishu ), which connoted something akin to "wriggling worm" , was used derogatorily in Tuoba-Xianbei sources. Other transcriptions are 蝚蠕 Róurú ~ Róuruǎn ( Jinshu ); 茹茹 Rúrú ( Beiqishu , Zhoushu , Suishu ); 芮芮 Ruìruì ( Nanqishu , Liangshu , Songshu ), 大檀 Dàtán and 檀檀 Tántán ( Songshu ). However, Baumer (2018), while acknowledging that Ruanruan (蠕蠕)
1044-587: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Western Wei Wei ( / w eɪ / ), known in historiography as the Western Wei ( Chinese : 西魏 ; pinyin : Xī Wèi ), was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei . One of the Northern dynasties during the era of the Northern and Southern dynasties , it ruled
1102-448: The Book of Song there is the story of an educated Rouran "whose knowledge shamed a wise Chinese functionary". There is no record of monuments erected by the Rouran, though there is evidence of the latter requesting doctors, weavers and other artisans to be sent from China. Imitating the Chinese, Anagui Khan introduced the use of officials at court, "surrounded himself with advisers trained in
1160-516: The Altai Mountains . The Rouran also ousted the previous dynasty of Gaochang (the remnants of the Northern Liang ) and installed Kan Bozhou as its king. In 492, Emperor Tuoba Hong sent 70 thousand horsemen against Rouran. The outcome of the expedition does not appear in Chinese sources and is thus unknown. According to Nikolay Kradin , since Chinese sources are silent about the outcome of
1218-551: The Eastern Wei in territory and population, Western Wei was able to withstand the attacks from the eastern empire, most notably at the Battle of Shayuan in 537. Due to its better economical conditions, Western Wei was even able to conquer the whole western part of the Liang empire in the south and occupied the territory of modern Sichuan . In 557 Yuwen Tai's nephew Yuwen Hu deposed Emperor Gong and placed Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue on
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#17328767230551276-597: The Northern Yan as well as the Northern Wei dynasty and its successors Eastern and Western Wei , which were fighting each other, and each seeking the support of Rouran to defeat the other. Both parties, in turn, took the initiative of proposing such marriages to forge important alliances or solidify relations. In the 1970s, the Tomb of Princess Linhe was unearthed in Ci County, Hebei. It contained artistically invaluable murals,
1334-632: The Pannonian Avars (known by such names as Varchonites or Pseudo Avars ), who settled in Pannonia (centred on modern Hungary) during the 6th century. These Avars were pursued into the Byzantine Empire by the Göktürks, who referred to the Avars as a slave or vassal people, and requested that the Byzantines expel them. While this Rouran-Avars link remains a controversial theory, a recent DNA study has confirmed
1392-621: The Shiwei tribal complex and later emerged as Great- Da Shiwei (大室韋) in Suishu . Klyashtorny, apud Golden (2013), reconstructed 大檀 / 檀檀 as * tatar / dadar , "the people who, [Klyashtorny] concludes, assisted Datan in the 420s in his internal struggles and who later are noted as the Otuz Tatar ("Thirty Tatars") who were among the mourners at the funeral of Bumın Qağan (see the inscriptions of Kül Tegin, E4 and Bilge Qağan, E5)". Some scholars claim that
1450-702: The 3rd century to 6th century AD. The wooden frame saddle and the iron stirrups in found at these burials in Mongolia are one of the earliest examples found in Central and East Asia. The capital of the Rouran likely changed over time. The headquarters of the Rouran Khan ( ting ) was said to be initially northwest of Gansu . Later the capital of the Rouran became the legendary town of Mumocheng , said to have been "encircled with two walls constructed by Liang Shu". The existence of this city would be proof of early urbanization among
1508-572: The Göktürks until 560. The Hephthalites themselves had previously been vassals to the Rouran and adopted the title Khagan from them. They were also already known as the Hephthalites to the Byzantines. In view of these facts a strong Rouran component in the Avar Khaganate has been seen as likely, although the Khaganate later included many other peoples such as Slavs and Goths. Li et al. 2018 examined
1566-494: The Mongols. Klyastorny reconstructed the ethnonym behind the Chinese transcription 柔然 Róurán ( LHC : * ńu-ńan ; EMC : * ɲuw-ɲian > LMC: * riw-rian ) as * nönör and compares it to Mongolic нөкүр nökür "friend, comrade, companion" ( Khalkha нөхөр nöhör ). According to Klyashtorny, * nönör denotes "stepnaja vol'nica" "a free, roving band in the steppe, the ' companions ' of the early Rouran leaders". In early Mongol society,
1624-556: The Rouran Khaganate until the beginning of the 5th century, with the royal house of Rourans intermarrying with the royal houses of the Hephthalites. The Rouran Khaganate ended when they were defeated by a Göktürk rebellion at the peak of their power, which subsequently led to the rise of the Turks in world history. Their Khaganate overthrown, some Rouran remnants possibly became Tatars while others possibly migrated west and became
1682-482: The Rouran and Yujiulü Dengshuzi led 3000 soldiers in retreat to Western Wei . He was later delivered to Turks by Emperor Gong with his soldiers under pressure from Muqan Qaghan . In the same year, Muqan annihilated the Rouran. All the Rouran handed over to the Turks, reportedly with the exception of children less than sixteen, were brutally killed. On 29 November 586 Yujiulü Furen (郁久闾伏仁), an official of Sui and
1740-500: The Rouran and displaced the Yuezhi in Bactria , forcing them to migrate further south. Despite the conflict between the Hephthalites and Rouran, the Hephthalites borrowed much from their eastern overlords, in particular the title of " Khan " which was first used by the Rouran as a title for their rulers. The Rouran were considered vassals ( chen ) by Tuoba Wei . By 506 they were considered
1798-513: The Rouran defeated the Tiele. In 551, Bumin of the Ashina Göktürks quelled a Tiele revolt for the Rouran and asked for a Rouran princess for his service. The Rouran refused and in response Bumin declared independence. Bumin entered a marriage alliance with Western Wei , a successor state of Northern Wei, and attacked the Rouran in 552. The Rouran, now at the peak of their might, were defeated by
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1856-570: The Rouran entered a perpetual conflict with Northern Wei , beginning with a Wei offensive that drove the Rouran from the Ordos region . The Rouran expanded westward and defeated the neighboring Tiele people and expanded their territory over the Silk Roads , even vassalizing the Hephthalites which remained so until the beginning of the 5th century. The Hepthalites migrated southeast due to pressure from
1914-509: The Rouran language to be an extinct non- Altaic language that is not related to any modern-day language (i.e., a language isolate ) and is hence unrelated to Mongolic . Vovin (2004) notes that Old Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown non-Altaic language that may have been Rouran. In 2018 Vovin changed his opinion after new evidence was found through the analysis of the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi inscriptions and suggests that
1972-464: The Rouran later adopted the Chinese written language for diplomatic relations, and under Anagui, started to write internal records. According to the same source, there were also many literate people among the Rouran by that time. Kradin notes that the level of literacy "based on the knowledge of written Chinese" was rather high, and that it didn't affect only the elite and the immigrants, but also some cattle-breeders were able to use Chinese ideograms. In
2030-508: The Rouran then fled west across the steppes and became the Avars, though many other scholars contest this claim. New genetic data seem to answer that question, says Walter Pohl, a historian at the University of Vienna. "We have a very clear indication that they must have come from the core of the Rouran Empire. They were the neighbors of the Chinese." "Genetically speaking, the elite Avars have
2088-457: The Rouran were descended specifically from Donghu's Xianbei lineage, i.e. from Xianbei who remained in the eastern Eurasian Steppe after most Xianbei had migrated south and settled in Northern China . Genetic testings on Rourans' remains suggested Donghu-Xianbei paternal genetic contribution to Rourans. The founder of the Rouran Khaganate, Yujiulu Shelun , was descended from Mugulü ,
2146-649: The Rouran were of Xiongnu origin" and Rourans' descendants, namely Da Shiwei (aka Tatars), contained Turkic elements, besides Mongolic Xianbei . Even so, the Xiongnu's language is still unknown and Chinese historians routinely ascribed Xiongnu origins to various nomadic groups, yet such ascriptions do not necessarily indicate the subjects' exact origins: for examples, Xiongnu ancestry was ascribed to Turkic-speaking Göktürks and Tiele as well as Para-Mongolic-speaking Kumo Xi and Khitans . Kwok Kin Poon additionally proposes that
2204-580: The Rouran's status as the subjects of the Tuoba . Before being used as an ethnonym, Rouran had originally been the byname of chief Cheluhui (車鹿會), possibly denoting his status "as a Wei servitor". Primary Chinese-language sources Songshu and Liangshu connected Rouran to the earlier Xiongnu (of unknown ethnolinguistic affiliation) while Weishu traced the Rouran's origins back to the Donghu, generally agreed to be Proto-Mongols . Xu proposed that "the main body of
2262-483: The Rouran. However, no trace of it has been found so far; its location is unknown, and debated among historians. In 461, Lü Pi , Duke of Hedong, a Northern Wei general and Grand chancellor of royal Rouran descent, died in Northern Wei. The Rouran and the Hephthalites had a falling out and problems within their confederation were encouraged by Chinese agents. In 508, the Tiele defeated the Rouran in battle. In 516,
2320-515: The Turks. After a defeat at Huaihuang (in present-day Zhangjiakou , Hebei ) the last great khan Anagui, realizing he had been defeated, took his own life. Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of the Turkic Khaganate after conquering Otuken ; Bumin died soon after and his son Issik Qaghan succeeded him. Issik continued attacking the Rouran, their khaganate now fallen into decay, but died a year later in 553. In 555, Turks invaded and occupied
2378-467: The Western Wei, even though the dynasty only lasted twenty-two years. Western Wei caves opened at Dunhuang and Maijishan . Rouran Empire The Rouran Khaganate ( 柔然 ; Róurán ), also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan ( 蠕蠕 ; Ruǎnruǎn ) (or variously Jou-jan , Ruruan , Ju-juan , Ruru , Ruirui , Rouru , Rouruan or Tantan ), was a tribal confederation and later state founded by
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2436-491: The desperate resistances, military disasters, and massacres. The remainder of the Rouran fled into China, were absorbed into the border guards, and disappeared forever as an entity. The last khagan fled to the court of the Western Wei, but at the demand of the Göktürks, Western Wei executed him and the nobles who accompanied him. The Avars were pursued west by the Gokturks as most-wanted fugitives and accused of unlawfully usurping
2494-606: The east, a fact which has been corroborated through DNA studies of Avar individuals buried in the Pannonian Basin which have shown that they were primarily East Asian. Their pretensions to empire despite their relatively small numbers indicate descendance from a previously hegemonic power in the Far East. The first embassy of the Avars to Justinian I in 557 corresponds directly to the fall of the Rouran Khaganate in 555. The Rouran Khaganate had fallen not through gradual decline but through
2552-489: The expedition, it is probable that it was unsuccessful. Kradin notes that, possibly strained after the battle with Wei, the Rourans were not able to prevent the Uighur chief Abuzhiluo from heading "a 100 thousand tents" west, in a series of events that led to the overthrowing and killing of Doulun Khan . Two armies were sent in pursuit of the rebels, one led by Doulun, the other by Nagai, his uncle. The Rouran emerged victorious. In
2610-555: The genetic origins of the Avar elite as originating from the Mongolian plains. Other theories instead link the origins of the Pannonian Avars to peoples such as the Uar . An imperial confederation, the Rouran Khaganate was based on the "distant exploitation of agrarian societies", although according to Nikolay Kradin the Rouran had a feudal system, or "nomadic feudalism". The Rouran controlled trade routes, and raided and subjugated oases and outposts such as Gaochang . They are said to have shown
2668-517: The imperial title of Khagan and also the prestigious name of the Avars. Contemporary sources indicate the Avars were not native to the Western Steppe but came to the region after a long wandering. Nor were they native to Central Asia to the south of which lay the Hephthalite Empire which has on and off been identified with the Avars by certain scholars. Instead the Avars' origins were further to
2726-428: The khans were bestowed with additional titles at their enthronement. After 464, starting with Yucheng Khan they started to use epoch names, in imitation of the Chinese. The Rouran dignitaries of the ruling elite also adopted nicknames referring to their deeds, similar to the titles the Chinese bestowed posthumously. Kradin notes that this practice is analogous with that of later Mongolian chiefs. There appears to have been
2784-460: The remains of a Rouran male buried at the Khermen Tal site in Mongolia. He was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup C2b1a1b and the maternal haplogroup D4b1a2a1 . Haplogroup C2b1a1b has also been detected among the Xianbei . Several genetic studies have shown that early Pannonian Avar elites carried a large amount of East Asian ancestry, and some have suggested this as evidence for
2842-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Xiwei . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiwei&oldid=1028737067 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2900-420: The signs of "both an early state and a chiefdom". The Rouran have been credited as "a band of steppe robbers", because they adopted a strategy of raids and extortion of Northern China. The Khaganate was an aggressive militarized society, a "military-hierarchical polity established to solve the exclusively foreign-policy problems of requisitioning surplus products from neighbouring nations and states." Róurán 柔然
2958-706: The throne, ending Western Wei and establishing Northern Zhou . Marital alliances with the nascent Turkic Empire also took place, as Bumin Qaghan (r.552), first khagan of the Göktürks , married the Western Wei princess Changle (長樂公主) in June 551, before he was able to unite his tribes and revolt against the Rouran Empire , thereby establishing the First Turkic Khaganate in 552. Buddhism and Buddhist art flourished under
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#17328767230553016-614: The title of khagatun for her outstanding service. Between 525 and 527, Rouran was employed by Northern Wei in the suppression of rebellions in their territory, with the Rourans then plundering the local population. The Rouran Khaganate arranged for one of their princesses, Khagan Yujiulü Anagui 's daughter Princess Ruru , to be married to the Han Chinese ruler Gao Huan of the Eastern Wei . The Rourans were involved many times in royal intermarriage (also known as Heqin in China), with
3074-507: The tradition of Chinese bibliophily", and adopted a staff of bodyguards , or chamberlains . Hyun Jin Kim notes a similar use of bodyguards performing the same function in the contemporary Hunnic Empire to the west. Kim also compared the "rudimentary bureaucratic organisation" of the Rourans to that of the Huns, as well as their "hierarchical, stratified structure of government". Anagui's chief advisor
3132-457: The war against the Uighurs, Doulan fought well, but his uncle Nagai won all the battles against the Uighurs. Thus, the soldiers thought that Heaven didn't favor Doulan anymore, and that he should be deposed in favor of Nagai. The latter declined. Nonetheless, the subjects killed Doulan and murdered his next of kin, installing Nagai on the throne. In 518, Nagai married the sorceress Diwan, conferring her
3190-403: The western part of northern China from 535 to 557. As with the Northern Wei dynasty that preceded it, the ruling family of the Western Wei were members of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei . After the Xianbei general Yuwen Tai killed the Northern Wei emperor Yuan Xiu, he installed Yuan Baoju as emperor of Western Wei while Yuwen Tai would remain as the virtual ruler. Although smaller than
3248-526: Was a "derogatory pun" on Rouran (柔然), proposes that the ethnonym Rouran (柔然) is indeed derived from the name Ruru (茹茹) or Ruirui (芮芮) of a "tribal father". Mongolian Sinologist Sükhbaatar suggests Nirun Нирун as the modern Mongolian term for the Rouran , as Нирун resembles reconstructed Chinese forms beginning with * ń - or * ŋ -. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani recorded Niru'un and Dürlükin as two divisions of
3306-540: Was reportedly defeated by rival nomads in 552. In 567, diplomats from the Eastern Roman Empire reported the arrival of a new group from the east on the shores of the Caspian Sea. The newcomers called themselves the Avars, and claimed to be related to a far-off people known as the Rouran. However, it's unlikely that Rouran would have migrated to Europe in any sufficient strength to establish themselves there, due to
3364-671: Was the Chinese Shunyu Tan, whose role is comparable to that of Yelü Chucai with the Mongols and Zhonghang Yue with the Xiongnu (or Huns). Recent archeological finds in Mongolia (the Urd Ulaan Uneet Burial and Khukh Nuur Burial) suggest that the Mongolic Rouran tribes had sophisticated, wooden frame saddles and iron stirrups by at least the fourth and fifth centuries AD. Radiocarbon dating of related items date them to between
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