87-507: Xenocara is the OpenBSD build infrastructure for the project's customised X.Org Server that utilises a dedicated _x11 user by default to drop privileges and perform privilege separation in accordance to OpenBSD's " least privilege " policy. Until release 6.9, X.Org used imake but recent modularised versions have switched to GNU autotools . Xenocara uses BSD make and is designed to ease building and maintenance of modularised X.Org within
174-498: A monolithic kernel, with a modular design. Different parts of the kernel, such as drivers, are designed as modules. The user can load and unload these modules at any time. ULE is the default scheduler in FreeBSD since version 7.1, it supports SMP and SMT . The FreeBSD kernel has also a scalable event notification interface, named kqueue . It has been ported to other BSD-derivatives such as OpenBSD and NetBSD . Kernel threading
261-402: A bug is found, including examining the entire source tree for the same and similar issues, "try[ing] to find out whether the documentation ought to be amended", and investigating whether "it's possible to augment the compiler to warn against this specific problem." The OpenBSD website features a prominent reference to the system's security record. Until June 2002, it read: Five years without
348-430: A lawsuit against BSDi and alleged distribution of AT&T source code in violation of license agreements. The lawsuit was settled out of court and the exact terms were not all disclosed. The only one that became public was that BSDi would migrate its source base to the newer 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. Although not involved in the litigation, it was suggested to FreeBSD that it should also move to 4.4BSD-Lite2. FreeBSD 2.0, which
435-492: A modern graphics stack is available via drm-kmod. A large number of wireless adapters are supported. FreeBSD releases installation images for supported platforms. Since FreeBSD 13 the focus has been on x86-64 and aarch64 platforms which have Tier 1 support. IA-32 is a Tier 1 platform in FreeBSD 12 but is a Tier 2 platform in FreeBSD 13. 32 bit ARM processors using armv6 or armv7 also have Tier 2 support. 64 bit versions of PowerPC and RISC-V are also supported. Interest in
522-477: A new installer which was introduced in FreeBSD 9.0. bsdinstall is "a lightweight replacement for sysinstall" that was written in sh. According to OSNews , "It has lost some features while gaining others, but it is a much more flexible design, and will ultimately be significant improvement". Prior to 14.0, the default login shell was tcsh for root and the Almquist shell (sh) for regular users. Starting with 14.0,
609-398: A new one from scratch. OpenBSD has its own NTPd, SMTPd and, more recently, HTTPd. They work great". As a result, OpenBSD is relatively prolific in creating components that become widely reused by other systems. OpenBSD runs nearly all of its standard daemons within chroot and privsep security structures by default, as part of hardening the base system. The Calgary Internet Exchange
696-455: A number of Microsoft Windows native NDIS kernel interfaces to allow FreeBSD to run (otherwise) Windows-only network drivers. The Wine compatibility layer, which allows the running of many Windows applications, especially games, without a (licensed) copy of Microsoft Windows , is available for FreeBSD. FreeBSD's kernel provides support for some essential tasks such as managing processes, communication, booting and filesystems. FreeBSD has
783-456: A proprietary product. However, the FreeBSD project is still developing and improving its ZFS implementation via the OpenZFS project. The currently supported version of OpenZFS is 2.2.2 which contains an important fix for a data corruption bug. This version is compatible with releases starting from 12.2-RELEASE. FreeBSD ships with three different firewall packages: IPFW , pf and IPFilter . IPFW
870-573: A regular desktop or a laptop. The X Window System is not installed by default, but is available in the FreeBSD ports collection . Wayland is also available for FreeBSD (unofficially supported). A number of desktop environments such as Lumina , GNOME , KDE , and Xfce , as well as lightweight window managers such as Openbox , Fluxbox , dwm , and bspwm, are also available for FreeBSD. Major web browsers such as Firefox and Chromium are available unofficially on FreeBSD. As of FreeBSD 12, support for
957-564: A remote hole in the default install! In June 2002, Mark Dowd of Internet Security Systems disclosed a bug in the OpenSSH code implementing challenge–response authentication . This vulnerability in the OpenBSD default installation allowed an attacker remote access to the root account, which was extremely serious not only to OpenBSD, but also to the large number of other operating systems that were using OpenSSH by that time. This problem necessitated
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#17330849232401044-432: A security mechanism and an implementation of operating-system-level virtualization that enables the user to run multiple instances of a guest operating system on top of a FreeBSD host. It is an enhanced version of the traditional chroot mechanism. A process that runs within such a jail is unable to access the resources outside of it. Every jail has its own hostname and IP address . It is possible to run multiple jails at
1131-469: A significant part of them are "useless at best and based on pure luck and superstition", arguing for a more rational approach when it comes to designing them. Many open source projects started as components of OpenBSD, including: Some subsystems have been integrated into other BSD operating systems, and many are available as packages for use in other Unix-like systems. Linux administrator Carlos Fenollosa commented on moving from Linux to OpenBSD that
1218-439: A song. OpenBSD is known for its high-quality documentation. When OpenBSD was created, De Raadt decided that the source code should be available for anyone to read. At the time, a small team of developers generally had access to a project's source code. Chuck Cranor and De Raadt concluded this practice was "counter to the open source philosophy" and inconvenient to potential contributors. Together, Cranor and De Raadt set up
1305-599: A talk at the CCC as well as DEF CON , entitled "Are all BSDs created equally? — A survey of BSD kernel vulnerabilities", in which he stated that although OpenBSD was the clear winner of the BSDs in terms of security, "Bugs are still easy to find in those kernels, even in OpenBSD". Two years later, in 2019, a talk named "A systematic evaluation of OpenBSD's mitigations" was given at the CCC, arguing that while OpenBSD has some effective mitigations,
1392-416: A third party repository. In 2020, a new project was introduced to automatically collect information about tested hardware configurations. FreeBSD has a software repository of over 30,000 applications that are developed by third parties. Examples include windowing systems , web browsers , email clients , office suites and so forth. In general, the project itself does not develop this software, only
1479-527: A variety of articles, mainly maintained by The FreeBSD Documentation Project. FreeBSD's documentation is translated into several languages. All official documentation is released under the FreeBSD Documentation License , "a permissive non-copyleft free documentation license that is compatible with the GNU FDL". FreeBSD's documentation is described as "high-quality". The FreeBSD project maintains
1566-522: A variety of mailing lists. Among the most popular mailing lists are FreeBSD-questions (general questions) and FreeBSD-hackers (a place for asking more technical questions). Since 2004, the New York City BSD Users Group database provides dmesg information from a collection of computers ( laptops , workstations , single-board computers , embedded systems , virtual machines , etc.) running FreeBSD. From version 2.0 to 8.4, FreeBSD used
1653-483: Is "no way to fix [them] ... when they break." FreeBSD FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) which currently runs on IA-32 , x86-64 , ARM , PowerPC and RISC-V based computers. The first version was released in 1993 developed from 386BSD — the first free Unix system — and has since continously been
1740-563: Is FreeBSD's native firewall. pf was taken from OpenBSD and IPFilter was ported to FreeBSD by Darren Reed. Taken from OpenBSD, the OpenSSH program was included in the default install. OpenSSH is a free implementation of the SSH protocol and is a replacement for telnet . Unlike telnet, OpenSSH encrypts all information (including usernames and passwords). In November 2012, The FreeBSD Security Team announced that hackers gained unauthorized access on two of
1827-417: Is based on the original SSH . It first appeared in OpenBSD 2.6 and is now by far the most popular SSH client and server, available on many operating systems. The project has a policy of continually auditing source code for problems, work that developer Marc Espie has described as "never finished ... more a question of process than of a specific bug being hunted." He went on to list several typical steps once
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#17330849232401914-499: Is continuous, and team management is open and tiered. Anyone with appropriate skills may contribute, with commit rights being awarded on merit and De Raadt acting as coordinator. Two official releases are made per year, with the version number incremented by 0.1, and these are each supported for twelve months (two release cycles). Snapshot releases are also available at frequent intervals. Maintenance patches for supported releases may be applied using syspatch , manually or by updating
2001-532: Is divided into small sections and each section is encrypted with its own key, ensuring that sensitive data does not leak into an insecure part of the system. OpenBSD randomizes various behaviors of applications, making them less predictable and thus more difficult to attack. For example, PIDs are created and associated randomly to processes; the bind system call uses random port numbers ; files are created with random inode numbers; and IP datagrams have random identifiers. This approach also helps expose bugs in
2088-549: Is faster, the user has fewer customization options. FreeBSD version 10.0 introduced the package manager pkg as a replacement for the previously used package tools. It is functionally similar to apt and yum in Linux distributions . It allows for installation, upgrading and removal of both ports and packages. In addition to pkg, PackageKit can also be used to access the Ports collection. First introduced in FreeBSD version 4, jails are
2175-497: Is hard to determine how widely OpenBSD is used, because the developers do not publish or collect usage statistics. In September 2005, the BSD Certification Group surveyed 4330 individual BSD users, showing that 32.8% used OpenBSD, behind FreeBSD with 77%, ahead of NetBSD with 16.3% and DragonFly BSD with 2.6% . However, the authors of this survey clarified that it is neither "exhaustive" nor "completely accurate", since
2262-552: Is more common for users to compile those programs directly on FreeBSD. No noticeable performance penalty over native FreeBSD programs has been noted when running Linux binaries, and, in some cases, these may even perform more smoothly than on Linux. However, the layer is not altogether seamless, and some Linux binaries are unusable or only partially usable on FreeBSD. There is support for system calls up to version 4.4.0 , available since FreeBSD 14.0 . As of release 10.3, FreeBSD can run 64-bit Linux binaries. FreeBSD has implemented
2349-510: Is not FreeBSD-specific so it deals with the technical aspects of all BSD-derived operating systems, including OpenBSD and NetBSD . In addition to BSDcon, three other annual conferences, EuroBSDCon, AsiaBSDCon and BSDCan take place in Europe , Japan and Canada respectively. The FreeBSD Project is run by around 500 committers or developers who have commit access to the master source code repositories and can develop, debug or enhance any part of
2436-404: Is not an emulation ; Linux's system call interface is implemented in the FreeBSD's kernel and hence, Linux executable images and shared libraries are treated the same as FreeBSD's native executable images and shared libraries. Additionally, FreeBSD provides compatibility layers for several other Unix-like operating systems , in addition to Linux, such as BSD/OS and SVR4 , however, it
2523-475: Is often asked to become a committer. FreeBSD developers maintain at least two branches of simultaneous development. The -CURRENT branch always represents the " bleeding edge " of FreeBSD development. A -STABLE branch of FreeBSD is created for each major version number, from which -RELEASE is cut about once every 4–6 months. If a feature is sufficiently stable and mature it will likely be backported ( MFC or Merge from CURRENT in FreeBSD developer slang) to
2610-492: Is strongly recommended for end users, in contrast to operating systems that recommend user kernel customization. Packages outside the base system are maintained by CVS through a ports tree and are the responsibility of the individual maintainers, known as porters. As well as keeping the current branch up to date, porters are expected to apply appropriate bug-fixes and maintenance fixes to branches of their package for OpenBSD's supported releases. Ports are generally not subject to
2697-466: Is supported for one year. On 25 July 2007, OpenBSD developer Bob Beck announced the formation of the OpenBSD Foundation , a Canadian non-profit organization formed to "act as a single point of contact for persons and organizations requiring a legal entity to deal with when they wish to support OpenBSD." In 2024, it announced that the project has modified all files since the original import. It
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2784-539: Is the default display server for the X Window System for: OpenBSD OpenBSD is a security-focused , free software , Unix-like operating system based on the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). Theo de Raadt created OpenBSD in 1995 by forking NetBSD 1.0. The OpenBSD project emphasizes portability , standardization , correctness , proactive security , and integrated cryptography . The OpenBSD project maintains portable versions of many subsystems as packages for other operating systems. Because of
2871-518: The Berkeley Fast File System . The BSD project was founded in 1976 by Bill Joy . But since BSD contained code from AT&T Unix, all recipients had to first get a license from AT&T in order to use BSD. In June 1989, "Networking Release 1" or simply Net-1 – the first public version of BSD – was released. After releasing Net-1, Keith Bostic , a developer of BSD, suggested replacing all AT&T code with freely-redistributable code under
2958-559: The IPsec codebase. De Raadt's response was skeptical of the report and he invited all developers to independently review the relevant code. In the weeks that followed, bugs were fixed but no evidence of backdoors was found. De Raadt stated "I believe that NetSec was probably contracted to write backdoors as alleged. If those were written, I don't believe they made it into our tree. They might have been deployed as their own product." In December 2017, Ilja van Sprundel, director at IOActive , gave
3045-615: The KAME project . Prior to version 11.0, FreeBSD supported IPX and AppleTalk protocols, but they are considered old and have now been dropped. As of FreeBSD 5.4, support for the Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP) was imported from the OpenBSD project. CARP allows multiple nodes to share a set of IP addresses, so if one of the nodes goes down, other nodes can still serve the requests. FreeBSD has several unique features related to storage. Soft updates can protect
3132-609: The NetBSD project, was asked to resign from the NetBSD core team over disagreements and conflicts with the other members of the NetBSD team. In October 1995, De Raadt founded OpenBSD, a new project forked from NetBSD 1.0. The initial release, OpenBSD 1.2, was made in July 1996, followed by OpenBSD 2.0 in October of the same year. Since then, the project has issued a release every six months, each of which
3219-513: The PlayStation 4 operating system is derived from FreeBSD 9. Netflix , WhatsApp , and FlightAware are also examples of large, successful and heavily network-oriented companies which are running FreeBSD. 386BSD and FreeBSD were both derived from BSD releases. In January 1992, Berkeley Software Design Inc. (BSDi) started to release BSD/386 , later called BSD/OS, an operating system similar to FreeBSD and based on 4.3BSD Net/2. AT&T filed
3306-645: The TrustedBSD project. The project was founded by Robert Watson with the goal of implementing concepts from the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation and the Orange Book . This project is ongoing and many of its extensions have been integrated into FreeBSD. The project is supported by a variety of organizations, including the DARPA, NSA, Network Associates Laboratories, Safeport Network Services,
3393-563: The Windows operating system to provide Unix-like functionality, use much of the OpenBSD code base that is included in the Interix interoperability suite, developed by Softway Systems Inc., which Microsoft acquired in 1999. Core Force, a security product for Windows, is based on OpenBSD's pf firewall . The pf firewall is also found in other operating systems: including FreeBSD , and macOS . OpenBSD ships with Xenocara , an implementation of
3480-407: The X Window System , and is suitable as a desktop operating system for personal computers , including laptops. As of September 2018 , OpenBSD includes approximately 8000 packages in its software repository , including desktop environments such as Lumina , GNOME , KDE Plasma , and Xfce , and web browsers such as Firefox and Chromium . The project also includes three window managers in
3567-609: The copyleft GPL used by Linux. The project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution. Third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or from source via FreeBSD Ports . The project is supported and promoted by the FreeBSD Foundation . Much of FreeBSD's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems such as Darwin (the basis for macOS , iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , and tvOS ), TrueNAS (an open-source NAS / SAN operating system), and
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3654-483: The file system , prohibiting it from accessing areas that contain private or system files. Developers have applied these enhancements to OpenBSD versions of many common applications, such as tcpdump , file , tmux , smtpd , and syslogd . OpenBSD developers were instrumental in the creation and development of OpenSSH (aka OpenBSD Secure Shell), which is developed in the OpenBSD CVS repositories. OpenBSD Secure Shell
3741-412: The principle of least privilege , where a program is split into two or more parts, one of which performs privileged operations and the other—almost always the bulk of the code—runs without privilege. Privilege revocation is similar and involves a program performing any necessary operations with the privileges it starts with then dropping them. Chrooting involves restricting an application to one section of
3828-577: The Dom0 privileged domain for the Xen type 1 hypervisor. Support for running as DomU (guest) has been available since FreeBSD 8.0. VirtualBox (without the closed-source Extension Pack ) and QEMU are available on FreeBSD. Most software that runs on Linux can run on FreeBSD using an optional built-in compatibility layer . Hence, most Linux binaries can be run on FreeBSD, including some proprietary applications distributed only in binary form. This compatibility layer
3915-499: The OpenBSD CVS tree. It first appeared with OpenBSD 4.2, released on 1 November 2007 (17 years ago) ( 2007-11-01 ) ; before that, OpenBSD had a different build system and repositories for X in CVS , which have since been completely retired in favour of Xenocara. Apart from X.Org, Xenocara builds several other projects, including window managers FVWM and cwm . Xenocara
4002-553: The RISC-V architecture has been growing. The MIPS architecture port has been marked for deprecation and there is no image for any currently supported version. FreeBSD 12 supports SPARC but there is no image for FreeBSD 13. FreeBSD's TCP/IP stack is based on the 4.2BSD implementation of TCP/IP which greatly contributed to the widespread adoption of these protocols. FreeBSD also supports IPv6 , SCTP , IPSec , and wireless networking ( Wi-Fi ). The IPv6 and IPSec stacks were taken from
4089-648: The TrustedBSD MAC Framework has been adopted by Apple for macOS . FreeBSD has been ported to a variety of instruction set architectures . The FreeBSD project organizes architectures into tiers that characterize the level of support provided. Tier 1 architectures are mature and fully supported, e.g. it is the only tier "supported by the security officer". Tier 2 architectures are under active development but are not fully supported. Tier 3 architectures are experimental or are no longer under active development. As of December 2023 , FreeBSD has been ported to
4176-575: The University of Pennsylvania, Yahoo!, McAfee Research, SPARTA, Apple Computer, nCircle Network Security, Google, the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, and others. The project has also ported the NSA 's FLASK /TE implementation from SELinux to FreeBSD. Other work includes the development of OpenBSM , an open-source implementation of Sun's Basic Security Module (BSM) API and audit log file format, which supports an extensive security audit system. This
4263-444: The adjustment of the slogan on the OpenBSD website to: One remote hole in the default install, in nearly 6 years! The quote remained unchanged as time passed, until on 13 March 2007, when Alfredo Ortega of Core Security Technologies disclosed a network-related remote vulnerability. The quote was subsequently changed to: Only two remote holes in the default install, in a heck of a long time! This statement has been criticized because
4350-723: The consistency of the UFS filesystem (widely used on the BSDs) in the event of a system crash. Filesystem snapshots allow an image of a UFS filesystem at an instant in time to be efficiently created. Snapshots allow reliable backup of a live filesystem. GEOM is a modular framework that provides RAID (levels 0, 1, 3 currently), full disk encryption , journaling , concatenation, caching, and access to network-backed storage. GEOM allows building of complex storage solutions combining ("chaining") these mechanisms. FreeBSD provides two frameworks for data encryption: GBDE and Geli . Both GBDE and Geli operate at
4437-405: The default install contains few running services, and many use cases require additional services. Also, because the ports tree contains unaudited third-party software , it is easy for users to compromise security by installing or improperly configuring packages. However, the project maintains that the slogan is intended to refer to a default install and that it is correct by that measure. One of
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#17330849232404524-510: The default shell is sh for both root and regular users. The default scripting shell is the Almquist shell. FreeBSD is developed by a volunteer team located around the world. The developers use the Internet for all communication and many have not met each other in person. In addition to local user groups sponsored and attended by users, an annual conference, called BSDcon, is held by USENIX . BSDcon
4611-407: The desired application's source code , either from a local or remote repository , unpack it on the system, apply patches to it and compile it. Depending on the size of the source code, compiling can take a long time, but it gives the user more control over the process and its result. Most ports also have package counterparts (i.e. precompiled binaries), giving the user a choice. Although this method
4698-455: The disk level. GBDE was written by Poul-Henning Kamp and is distributed under the two-clause BSD license. Geli is an alternative to GBDE that was written by Pawel Jakub Dawidek and first appeared in FreeBSD 6.0. From 7.0 onward, FreeBSD supports the ZFS filesystem. ZFS was previously an open-source filesystem that was first developed by Sun Microsystems , but when Oracle acquired Sun, ZFS became
4785-433: The first public, anonymous revision control system server. De Raadt's decision allowed users to "take a more active role", and established the project's commitment to open access. OpenBSD is notable for its continued use of CVS (more precisely an unreleased, OpenBSD-managed fork named OpenCVS), when most other projects that used it have migrated to other systems. OpenBSD does not include closed source binary drivers in
4872-399: The focus of the OpenBSD project. OpenBSD includes numerous features designed to improve security, such as: To reduce the risk of a vulnerability or misconfiguration allowing privilege escalation , many programs have been written or adapted to make use of privilege separation , privilege revocation and chrooting . Privilege separation is a technique, pioneered on OpenBSD and inspired by
4959-648: The following architectures: The 32-bit ARM (including OTG) and MIPS support is mostly aimed at embedded systems ( ARM64 is also aimed at servers ), however FreeBSD/ARM runs on a number of single-board computers , including the BeagleBone Black , Raspberry Pi and Wandboard. Supported devices are listed in the FreeBSD 12.1-RELEASE Hardware Notes. The document describes the devices currently known to be supported by FreeBSD. Other configurations may also work, but simply have not been tested yet. Rough automatically extracted lists of supported device ids are available in
5046-475: The framework to allow these programs to be installed, which is known as the Ports collection. Applications may either be compiled from source ("ports"), provided their licensing terms allow this, or downloaded as precompiled binaries ("packages"). The Ports collection supports the current and stable branches of FreeBSD. Older releases are not supported and may or may not work correctly with an up-to-date Ports collection. Ports use Makefiles to automatically fetch
5133-426: The fundamental ideas behind OpenBSD is a drive for systems to be simple, clean, and secure by default. The default install is quite minimal, which the project states is to ensure novice users "do not need to become security experts overnight", which fits with open-source and code auditing practices considered important elements of a security system. Additional services are to be enabled manually to make users think of
5220-799: The granting of commit access to the source code repositories. A number of responsibilities are officially assigned to other development teams by the FreeBSD Core Team, for example, responsibility for managing the ports collection is delegated to the Ports Management Team. In addition to developers, FreeBSD has thousands of "contributors". Contributors are also volunteers outside of the FreeBSD project who submit patches for consideration by committers, as they do not have commit access to FreeBSD's source code repository. Committers then evaluate contributors' submissions and decide what to accept and what to reject. A contributor who submits high-quality patches
5307-509: The integrity of the binary packages and determined that no unauthorized changes were made to the binary packages, but stated that it could not guarantee the integrity of packages that were downloaded between 19 September and 11 November. FreeBSD provides several security-related features including access-control lists (ACLs), security event auditing, extended file system attributes, mandatory access controls (MAC) and fine-grained capabilities . These security enhancements were developed by
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#17330849232405394-537: The kernel and in user space programs. The OpenBSD policy on openness extends to hardware documentation: in the slides for a December 2006 presentation, De Raadt explained that without it "developers often make mistakes writing drivers", and pointed out that "the [oh my god, I got it to work] rush is harder to achieve, and some developers just give up." He went on to say that vendor-supplied binary drivers are unacceptable for inclusion in OpenBSD, that they have "no trust of vendor binaries running in our kernel" and that there
5481-408: The main distribution: cwm , FVWM (part of the default configuration for Xenocara), and twm . OpenBSD features a full server suite and can be configured as a mail server , web server , FTP server , DNS server , router , firewall , NFS file server , or any combination of these. Since version 6.8, OpenBSD has also shipped with native in-kernel WireGuard support. Shortly after OpenBSD
5568-401: The most commonly used BSD-derived operating system. FreeBSD maintains a complete system, delivering a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities, and documentation, as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers, and relying on third-parties such as GNU for system software. The FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to
5655-588: The name FreeBSD was chosen for the project. The first version of FreeBSD was released in November 1993. In the early days of the project's inception, a company named Walnut Creek CDROM , upon the suggestion of the two FreeBSD developers, agreed to release the operating system on CD-ROM . In addition to that, the company employed Jordan Hubbard and David Greenman, ran FreeBSD on its servers, sponsored FreeBSD conferences and published FreeBSD-related books, including The Complete FreeBSD by Greg Lehey . By 1997, FreeBSD
5742-418: The name OpenBSD refers to the availability of the operating system source code on the Internet , although the word "open" in the name OpenSSH means "OpenBSD". It also refers to the wide range of hardware platforms the system supports. OpenBSD supports a variety of system architectures including x86-64 , IA-32 , ARM , PowerPC , and 64-bit RISC-V . In December 1994, Theo de Raadt , a founding member of
5829-477: The original BSD license . Work on replacing AT&T code began and, after 18 months, much of the AT&;T code was replaced. However, six files containing AT&T code remained in the kernel. The BSD developers decided to release the "Networking Release 2" (Net-2) without those six files. Net-2 was released in 1991. In 1992, several months after the release of Net-2, William and Lynne Jolitz wrote replacements for
5916-529: The project's preferred BSD license, which allows binary redistributions without the source code, many components are reused in proprietary and corporate-sponsored software projects. The firewall code in Apple 's macOS is based on OpenBSD's PF firewall code, Android 's Bionic C standard library is based on OpenBSD code, LLVM uses OpenBSD's regular expression library, and Windows 10 uses OpenSSH (OpenBSD Secure Shell) with LibreSSL . The word "open" in
6003-457: The project's servers. These servers were turned off immediately. More research demonstrated that the first unauthorized access by hackers occurred on 19 September. Apparently hackers gained access to these servers by stealing SSH keys from one of the developers, not by exploiting a bug in the operating system itself. These two hacked servers were part of the infrastructure used to build third-party software packages. The FreeBSD Security Team checked
6090-583: The same continuous auditing as the base system due to lack of manpower. Binary packages are built centrally from the ports tree for each architecture. This process is applied for the current version, for each supported release, and for each snapshot. Administrators are recommended to use the package mechanism rather than build the package from the ports tree, unless they need to perform their own source changes. OpenBSD's developers regularly meet at special events called hackathons , where they "sit down and code", emphasizing productivity. Most new releases include
6177-407: The same time, but the kernel is shared among all of them. Hence only software supported by the FreeBSD kernel can be run within a jail. bhyve , a new virtualization solution, was introduced in FreeBSD 10.0. bhyve allows a user to run a number of guest operating systems (FreeBSD, OpenBSD , Linux , and Microsoft Windows ) simultaneously. Other operating systems such as Illumos are planned. bhyve
6264-600: The security implications first. On 11 December 2010, Gregory Perry, a former technical consultant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), emailed De Raadt alleging that the FBI had paid some OpenBSD ex-developers 10 years prior to insert backdoors into the OpenBSD Cryptographic Framework . De Raadt made the email public on 14 December by forwarding it to the openbsd-tech mailing list and suggested an audit of
6351-436: The six AT&T files, ported BSD to Intel 80386 -based microprocessors, and called their new operating system 386BSD . They released 386BSD via an anonymous FTP server. The development flow of 386BSD was slow, and after a period of neglect, a group of 386BSD users including Nate Williams, Rod Grimes and Jordan Hubbard decided to branch out on their own so that they could keep the operating system up to date. On 19 June 1993,
6438-513: The source tree, nor does it include code requiring the signing of non-disclosure agreements . According to the GNU Project , OpenBSD includes small "blobs" of proprietary object code as device firmware. Since OpenBSD is based in Canada, no United States export restrictions on cryptography apply, allowing the distribution to make full use of modern algorithms for encryption. For example, the swap space
6525-889: The survey was spread mainly through mailing lists, forums and word of mouth. This combined with other factors, like the lack of a control group, a pre-screening process or significant outreach outside of the BSD community, makes the survey unreliable for judging BSD usage globally. OpenBSD features a robust TCP/IP networking stack, and can be used as a router or wireless access point . OpenBSD's security enhancements , built-in cryptography , and packet filter make it suitable for security purposes such as firewalls , intrusion-detection systems , and VPN gateways . Several proprietary systems are based on OpenBSD, including devices from Armorlogic (Profense web application firewall), Calyptix Security, GeNUA, RTMX, and .vantronix. Some versions of Microsoft 's Services for UNIX , an extension to
6612-419: The sysinstall program as its main installer. It was written in C by Jordan Hubbard . It uses a text user interface , and is divided into a number of menus and screens that can be used to configure and control the installation process. It can also be used to install Ports and Packages as an alternative to the command-line interface . The sysinstall utility is now considered deprecated in favor of bsdinstall,
6699-483: The system against the patch branch of the CVS source repository for that release. Alternatively, a system administrator may opt to upgrade to the next snapshot release using sysupgrade , or by using the -current branch of the CVS repository, in order to gain pre-release access to recently added features. The sysupgrade tool can also upgrade to the latest stable release version. The generic OpenBSD kernel provided by default
6786-469: The system is faithful to the Unix philosophy of small, simple tools that work together well: "Some base components are not as feature-rich, on purpose. Since 99% of the servers don't need the flexibility of Apache, OpenBSD's httpd will work fine, be more secure, and probably faster". He characterized the developer community's attitude to components as: "When the community decides that some module sucks, they develop
6873-756: The system software for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 game consoles. The other current BSD systems ( OpenBSD , NetBSD , and DragonFly BSD ) also contain a large amount of FreeBSD code, and vice-versa. In 1974, Professor Bob Fabry of the University of California, Berkeley , acquired a Unix source license from AT&T . Supported by funding from DARPA , the Computer Systems Research Group started to modify and improve AT&T Research Unix. The group called this modified version "Berkeley Unix" or " Berkeley Software Distribution " (BSD), implementing features such as TCP/IP , virtual memory , and
6960-501: The system. Most of the developers are volunteers and few developers are paid by some companies. There are several kinds of committers, including source committers (base operating system), doc committers (documentation and website authors) and ports (third-party application porting and infrastructure). Every two years the FreeBSD committers select a 9-member FreeBSD Core Team, which is responsible for overall project direction, setting and enforcing project rules and approving new committers, or
7047-451: Was Walnut Creek's "most successful product". The company later renamed itself to The FreeBSD Mall and later iXsystems . Today, FreeBSD is used by many IT companies such as IBM , Nokia , Juniper Networks , and NetApp to build their products. Certain parts of Apple 's Mac OS X operating system are based on FreeBSD. Both the PlayStation 3 and Nintendo Switch operating system also borrow certain components from FreeBSD, while
7134-438: Was created, De Raadt was contacted by a local security software company named Secure Networks (later acquired by McAfee ). The company was developing a network security auditing tool called Ballista, which was intended to find and exploit software security flaws. This coincided with De Raadt's interest in security, so the two cooperated leading up to the release of OpenBSD 2.3. This collaboration helped to define security as
7221-475: Was formed in 2012, in part to serve the needs of the OpenBSD project. In 2017, Isotop, a French project aiming to adapt OpenBSD to desktops and laptops, using xfce then dwm , started to be developed. OpenBSD includes a number of third-party components , many with OpenBSD-specific patches, such as X.Org , Clang (the default compiler on several architectures ), GCC , Perl , NSD , Unbound , ncurses , GNU binutils , GDB , and AWK . Development
7308-434: Was introduced in FreeBSD 5.0, using an M:N threading model . This model works well in theory, but it is hard to implement and few operating systems support it. Although FreeBSD's implementation of this model worked, it did not perform well, so from version 7.0 onward, FreeBSD started using a 1:1 threading model , called libthr. FreeBSD's documentation consists of its handbooks, manual pages, mailing list archives, FAQs and
7395-400: Was released in November 1994, was the first version of FreeBSD without any code from AT&T. FreeBSD contains a significant collection of server-related software in the base system and the ports collection, allowing FreeBSD to be configured and used as a mail server , web server , firewall , FTP server , DNS server and a router , among other applications. FreeBSD can be installed on
7482-520: Was shipped as part of FreeBSD 6.2. Other infrastructure work in FreeBSD performed as part of the TrustedBSD Project has included GEOM and OpenPAM. Most components of the TrustedBSD project are eventually folded into the main sources for FreeBSD. In addition, many features, once fully matured, find their way into other operating systems. For example, OpenPAM has been adopted by NetBSD . Moreover,
7569-602: Was written by Neel Natu and Peter Grehan and was announced in the 2011 BSDCan conference for the first time. The main difference between bhyve and FreeBSD jails is that jails are an operating system-level virtualization and therefore limited to only FreeBSD guests; but bhyve is a type 2 hypervisor and is not limited to only FreeBSD guests. For comparison, bhyve is a similar technology to KVM whereas jails are closer to LXC containers or Solaris Zones . Amazon EC2 AMI instances are also supported via amazon-ssm-agent Since FreeBSD 11.0, there has been support for running as
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