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82-655: The term Xenddi also spelled Xendim or Xendy meant " hair tuft ", a term for the top-knot hair style of Hindus, was likely derived from the Konkani word for the same. The Xenddi tax on the Hindu artisans and merchants was higher than on the Hindu peasants in Portuguese colonies in India. The Xenddi tax was not payable by those who converted from Hinduism to Christianity. Over 90% of the Goans in

164-511: A British unwillingness to challenge long-held Indian traditions, no matter how detrimental they were to the country. British author Demetrius Charles Boulger in 1899 proposed that Britain form and head an alliance of "Philo-Chinese Powers" in setting up a new government for China based in Shanghai and Nanking as two capitals along the River Yangtze , to counter the interests of other powers in

246-568: A Teacup and is demonstrated by the fact that Chinese citizens in Hong Kong collectively changed to short haircuts. Cantonese outlaw bandit pirates in the Guangdong maritime frontier with Vietnam in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries wore their hair long in defiance of the Qing laws which mandated cutting. Many people were violating the Qing laws on hair at the end of the dynasty. Some Chinese chose to wear

328-457: A braid. With this hairstyle, the Han Chinese could not grow their hair naturally and freely to style them as they normally did in their own culture, and were hence denied their cultural right to grow their hair comfortably, experiencing suppression and limited agency in the rule of the Qing. Any Han Chinese man who did not wear the queue was executed by beheading. This rule of law was upheld with

410-404: A chic personality. A ponytail is a practical choice as it keeps hair out of the eyes when doing many jobs or hobbies. It is not uncommon to require long hair to be tied up for safety reasons in an environment like wood shops, laboratories, sporting activities, hospitals etc., even where hair nets are not mandatory. The ponytail, particularly a low ponytail, is often the most practical way to secure

492-451: A fiefdom. His men and Ming prince Zhu Shugui fiercely objected to shaving. In 1644, Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng , a minor Ming dynasty official turned leader of a peasant revolt. The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the Ming dynasty. The Han Chinese Ming general Wu Sangui and his army then defected to

574-408: A high Rapunzel number, hangs down, as the pull of gravity overwhelms the springiness. It is now also known why jogger's ponytails swing side to side. An up and down motion is too unstable: a ponytail cannot sway forward and backward because the jogger's head is in the way. Any slight jostling causes the up and down movement to become a side to side sway. The research on the shape of the ponytail won

656-527: A month, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. The third massacre left few survivors. The three massacres at Jiading District are some of the most infamous, with estimated death tolls in the tens or even hundreds of thousands. Jiangyin also held out against about 10,000 Qing troops for 83 days. When the city wall was finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Qing army, led by the Han Chinese Ming defector Liu Liangzuo (劉良佐), who had been ordered to "fill

738-596: A mutual armistice agreement. The Goan government refused, stating that the Xenddi tax was a matter of the Church, in which the Portuguese state cannot interfere. The Xenddi tax was finally abolished in 1840, with José Joaquim Lopes de Lima – the Governor General of Goa – declaring it to be "cruel, hateful tribute and ridiculous capitation tax". Ponytail A ponytail is a hairstyle in which some, most, or all of

820-520: A ponytail that is then styled in a fan shape. This hairstyle involving the ponytail continues in the culture of sumo wrestlers today. In the 1970s, many men wore their hair long and in ponytails. This look was popularized by 1970s-era rock musicians. In the late 1980s, a short ponytail was seen as an impudent, edgy look for men who wanted to individualize, but keep their hair flat and functional (see mullet ). Steven Seagal 's ponytail in Marked for Death

902-546: A queue identical to those worn by the Manchus. Qing Manchu prince Dorgon initially canceled the order for all men in Ming territories south of the Great wall (post 1644 additions to the Qing) to shave. It was a Han official from Shandong, Sun Zhixie and Li Ruolin who voluntarily shaved their foreheads and demanded Qing Prince Dorgon impose the queue hairstyle on the entire population which led to

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984-445: A scrunchie or tie; they are likely to choose more elaborate styles (such as braids and those involving accessories) for formal occasions. High and low ponytails are both common. Ponytails with a scrunchie are back in style and practicality as they are seen as better on the hair then traditional hair ties. The ponytail is popular with school-aged girls, partly because flowing hair is often associated with youth and because of its simplicity;

1066-627: A short queue (the French word for "tail") tied with a ribbon in the back, while the British military used the Ramillies wig, which featured a very long queue tied with two black ribbons, one at the neck and one at the tail end. The French army continued keeping queues until the French Consulate period, when Napoleon and other officers promoted close cropped hair, known as à la Titus . However, hair policy in

1148-425: A young girl is likely to be able to redo her own hair after a sports class, for example. Wearing a scrunchie with your ponytail is popular with school aged girls especially those with school uniforms as it is one piece of stylish item girls can wear as long as they conform to school colors or requirements. A ponytail can also be a fashion statement; sometimes meaning athletic; other times a low ponytail sends signals of

1230-441: Is a fourth order non linear differential equation. The Rapunzel number is a ratio used in this equation to calculate the effects of gravity on hair relative to its length. Ra ≡ ⁠ L / l ⁠ This number determines whether a ponytail looks like a fan or whether it arcs over and becomes nearly vertical at the bottom. A short ponytail of springy hair with a low Rapunzel number, fans outward. A long ponytail with

1312-467: Is also a Native American hairstyle, as described in the book House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday . In the 18th century, European soldiers styled their traditionally long hair into a queue called the "soldier's queue." The 18th century custom of tying periwigs (which normally reached down the back and chest) behind the neck began among soldiers and hunters, as seen as early as 1678 in a depiction of King Louis XIV hunting with his hair tied back. By

1394-515: Is also because the ponytail pulls at the nerves in the scalp around the face, resulting in light to serious headaches or migraines. Loosening the ponytail may relieve pain and the headache, though the extent of this varies for different individuals. Queue (hairstyle) A queue or cue is a hairstyle worn by the Jurchen and Manchu peoples of Manchuria , and was later required to be worn by male subjects of Qing China . Hair on top of

1476-496: Is an example. (Also see Man bun ). The first equation of state for hair was developed by C. F. van Wyk in 1946. Scientists in the UK have formulated a mathematical model that predicts the shape of a ponytail given the length and random curvature (or curliness) of a sample of individual hairs. The Ponytail Shape Equation provides an understanding of how a ponytail is swelled by the outward pressure which arises from interactions between

1558-404: Is highly associated with hair-pulling hairstyles, including the ponytail, and that hairstyles involving less tension are not associated with this condition. Sometimes it can cause a headache. Additionally, people who wear ponytails may experience extracranial headaches due to tension from prolonged tying of the hairs together in a bundle, pulling at the skin of the head. The pain that results

1640-470: Is likely that the ponytail hairstyle emerged in Ancient Greece before spreading to different cultures and regions, for Egyptian and Roman art also depict women wearing hair in a style that we now call the ponytail. In European and Western culture, it was unusual for women (as opposed to girls) to wear their hair in public in a ponytail until the mid-20th century. The expansion in the ponytail hairstyle

1722-501: The Aisin Gioro family in marriage. Once firmly in power, Nurhaci commanded all men in the areas he conquered to adopt the Manchu hairstyle. The Manchu hairstyle signified all ethnic groups submission to Qing rule, and also aided the Manchu identification of those Han who refused to accept Qing dynasty domination. The hairstyle was compulsory for all males and the penalty for non-compliance

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1804-450: The Classic of Filial Piety , Confucius said: We are given our body, skin and hair from our parents; which we ought not to damage. This idea is the quintessence of filial duty. ( 身體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也。 ) As a result of this ideology, both men and women wound their hair into a bun (a topknot ) or other various hairstyles. Han Chinese did not object to wearing the queue braid on the back of

1886-619: The Green Standard Army in Sichuan and Zhejiang . They adopted Qing clothing and adopt the queue hairstyle, effectively becoming naturalized subjects of the Qing dynasty affording them protection against Vietnamese demands for extradition. Some Lê loyalists were also sent to Central Asia in Urumqi . Modern descendants of the Lê monarch can be traced to southern Vietnam and Urumqi , Xinjiang. The queue

1968-553: The Han Chinese during the Qing dynasty . The hair on the front of the head was shaved off above the temples every ten days and the remainder of the hair was braided into a long braid. The Manchu hairstyle was forcefully introduced to Han Chinese and other ethnicities like the Nanai in the early 17th century during the transition from Ming to Qing . Nurhaci of the Aisin Gioro clan declared

2050-570: The Qing was "Cut the hair and keep the head, (or) keep the hair and cut the head" ( Chinese : 留髮不留頭，留頭不留髮 ; pinyin : liú fà bù liú tóu, liú tóu bù liú fà ). People who resisted the order were met with deadly force. Han rebels in Shandong tortured the Qing official who suggested the queue order to Dorgon to death and killed his relatives. The imposition of this order was not uniform; it took up to 10 years of martial enforcement for all of China to be brought into compliance, and while it

2132-418: The Qing dynasty . From 1645 until 1910, Chinese men wore this waist-length pigtail . The queue was utilised as a symbol of dominance over the Han Chinese by the Manchu people. Being a Manchu hairstyle, it was imposed on the Han Chinese to force them into submission . The queue hairstyle involves shaving the rest of the hair on the front and sides of the head, leaving a meagre portion that is tightly tied into

2214-651: The Velhas Conquistas were Catholic in the early 1700s. In its initial formulation, the tax was introduced with the pretext that Hindus did not own any land in Goa and only the Catholics did. Land revenues were paid by the Goan Catholics in Goa, and the regional Church argued that Xenddi tax would make Hindus pay their fair share. The tax and the tax rate on Hindus evolved to be an abusive form of religious discrimination. The tax

2296-442: The hair on the head is pulled away from the face, gathered and secured at the back of the head with a hair tie , clip , or other similar accessory and allowed to hang freely from that point. It gets its name from its resemblance to the tail of a pony . Ponytails are most commonly gathered at the middle of the back of the head or the base of the neck but may also be worn at the side of the head (sometimes considered formal), or on

2378-568: The scalp is grown long and is often braided , while the front portion of the head is shaved. The distinctive hairstyle led to its wearers being targeted during anti-Chinese riots in Australia and the United States . The edict that Han Chinese men and others under Manchu rule give up their traditional hairstyles and wear the queue, the Tifayifu , was met with resistance, although opinions about

2460-752: The "privilege" of wearing a queue to show their steadfast loyalty to the Empire. High-ranking begs were granted this right. The purpose of the Queue Order was to demonstrate loyalty to the Qing, and refusing to shave one's hair came to symbolize revolutionary ideals, as seen during the White Lotus Rebellion . Because of this, the members of the Taiping Rebellion were sometimes called the Long hairs ( 長毛 ) or Hair rebels ( 髮逆 ). Han Chinese resistance to adopting

2542-450: The 1730s, the queue had spread from the military and became widespread among civilians. A 1697 depiction of a royal guard during the wedding of the Duke of Burgundy shows the sporting of this hairstyle, which came to influence civilian fashions due to the frequent wars France engaged in during Louis' reign. The queue, either curled or covered with a silk bag (known as a bag wig), gradually replaced

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2624-460: The 18th century also wore their hair in a queue. While not always braided, the hair was pulled back very tight into a single tail, wrapped around a piece of leather and tied down with a ribbon. The hair was often greased and powdered in a fashion similar to powdered wigs , or tarred in the case of sailors. It was said that the soldiers' hair was pulled back so tightly that they had difficulty closing their eyes afterwards. The use of white hair powder in

2706-627: The British Army was discontinued in 1796 and queues were ordered to be cut off four years later. They continued to be worn in the Royal Navy for a while longer, where they were known as " pigtails ". Officers wore pigtails until 1805 and other ranks continued to wear them until about 1820. In the Prussian Army and those of several other states within the Holy Roman Empire , the soldier's queue

2788-521: The French army was not uniform; some regiments such as the Imperial Guard foot grenadiers stuck to queues long afterwards, while the 2nd Line Infantry kept their queues as late as 1812. Short hair only became mandated at the end of the First Empire with the ordinance of 25 September 1815. Marshal Jean Lannes notably stood out due to his refusal to cut his queue. British soldiers and sailors during

2870-778: The Han Chinese of the Sui dynasty , the people of Turfan ( Gaochang ) undid their queues, as did the Göktürks upon surrendering to the Tang dynasty . Hairstyles showed affiliation to a tribal confederation or dynasty. In the Western Wei cave 285 at the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang , Xianbei people are depicted with small queues hanging from their necks. After overthrowing the Mongol Yuan dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang ,

2952-629: The Han Chinese who wore the queue, with Lindley calling the shaved part "a disfigurement". After Nguyễn Huệ defeated the Later Lê dynasty , high ranking Lê loyalists and the last Lê emperor Lê Chiêu Thống fled Vietnam for asylum in Qing China. They went to Beijing where Lê Chiêu Thống was appointed a Chinese mandarin of the fourth rank in the Han Yellow Bordered Banner , while lower ranking loyalists were sent to cultivate government land and join

3034-531: The Jurchen ordered male Han within their conquered territories to adopt the Jurchen hairstyle by shaving the front of their heads and to adopt Jurchen dress, but the order was lifted. Some Han rebels impersonated Jurchen by wearing their hair in the Jurchen "pigtail" to strike fear within the Jurchen population. The queue was a specifically male hairstyle worn by the Manchu from central Manchuria and later imposed on

3116-514: The Liao emperor switched between Han and Khitan clothing. Khitan officials used gold ornamented ribbons to found their hair locks around their foreheads, covering their heads with felt hats according to the Ye Longli's (Yeh Lung-li) Qidan Guozhi (Ch'i-tan kuo-chih). Khitan wore the long side fringes and shaved pates. Tomb murals of Khitan hairstyle show only some hair remaining near the neck and forehead with

3198-457: The Manchu hairstyle within ten days would be executed. The intellectual Lu Xun summed up the Chinese reaction to the implementation of the mandatory Manchu hairstyle by stating, "In fact, the Chinese people in those days revolted not because the country was on the verge of ruin, but because they had to wear queues." In 1683 Zheng Keshuang surrendered and wore a queue. The queue became a symbol of

3280-598: The Ming, what can be their true intentions?" In the edict, Dorgon specifically emphasized the fact that Manchus and the Qing Emperor himself all wore the queue and shaved their foreheads, so that by following the queue order, Han Chinese would look like the Manchus and the Emperor. This invoked the Confucian notion that the people were like the sons of the emperor, and should be similar in their appearance. The slogan adopted by

3362-402: The Qing and allowed them through Shanhai pass. They then seized control of Beijing, overthrowing Li's short-lived Shun dynasty . They then forced Han Chinese to adopt the queue as a sign of submission. A year later, after the Qing armies reached South China , on 21 July 1645, the regent Dorgon issued an edict ordering all Han men to shave their foreheads and braid the rest of their hair into

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3444-501: The Qing dynasty and a custom except among Buddhist monastics . Some revolutionists, supporters of the Hundred Days' Reform or students who studied abroad cut their braids. The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 led to a complete change in hairstyle almost overnight. The queue became unpopular as it became associated with a fallen government ; this is depicted in Lu Xun 's short story Storm in

3526-410: The Qing forced on the common Han population. The Qing required people serving as officials to wear Manchu clothing , but allowed other Han civilians to continue wearing Hanfu (Han clothing). Nevertheless, most Han civilian men voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing like Changshan of their own free will. Throughout the Qing dynasty Han women continued to wear Han clothing. However, the shaving policy

3608-579: The Qing. The queue ended in 1910 after revolutions against the law through queue-cutting demonstrations, law revisions to make it more lax, and further queue-cutting demonstrations by Chinese influenced by Western democracy, all of which pressured reform of China's law. Not long after, the Qing dynasty ended in 1911 or 1912. Apart from origins in China, men in the Edo period (1683–1868) of Japan also wore short ponytails. Sumo wrestlers of Japan also wore their hair in

3690-650: The Xiongnu. Jurchen people wore a queue like the Manchu, the Khitan people wore theirs in Tartar style and during the Tang dynasty , tribes in the west wore braids. The Xianbei and Wuhuan were said to shave their heads, while Xiongnu had queues. Other evidence from Chinese histories indicate that the Tuoba or Tabgach groups of the Xianbei wore braids, since they were called "braided" by

3772-470: The Yangtze valley and it would have no allegiance to the Qing, and as such they in his idea would forgo the queue and be made to grow their hair long as a symbolic measure to "increasing the confidence of the Chinese in the advent of a new era". Boulger stated he could not discern from the Chinese he spoke to on whether the queue was invented by Nurhaci to impose on the Chinese as a symbol of loyalty or whether it

3854-453: The authors the Ig Nobel for Physics in 2012. The Rapunzel number is important for the computer graphics and animation industry, as it helps animators resolve challenges relating to the realistic digital representation of hair and hair movement. It is common for those who wear tight ponytails to experience traction alopecia , a form of hair loss. It has been proven that traction alopecia

3936-476: The back of his hair. It was only later that westernized revolutionaries began to view the braid as backwards and advocated adopting short-haired western styles. Han rebels against the Qing like the Taiping retained their queue braids on the back but rebelled by growing hair on the front of their heads. This caused the Qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty rather than wearing

4018-618: The borders for exile. This helped eradicate the partially shaved Mongol hairstyles. The Tangut people of the Western Xia may have inherited hairstyle influences from the Tuoba. It resembled a monk's hairstyle but was not exactly like their tonsure, it left the face to be framed on the sides and forehead by a fringe of hair by shaving the head top and leaving it bald. This made sure the Tibetans and Song Chinese could be told apart from shaved Tanguts. It

4100-406: The braid on the back, which did not violate Han customs and traditional Han did not object to. Koxinga criticized the Qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate looking like a fly. Koxinga and his men objected to shaving when the Qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing Koxinga as a feudatory. The Qing demanded that Zheng Jing and his men on Taiwan shave to receive recognition as

4182-399: The braids occasionally with a forehead fringe with some shaving off all the forehead. Some Han men adopted and mixed or combined Han clothing with Khitan clothing with Khitan boots and Han clothes or wearing Khitan clothes. Han women on the other hand did not adopt Khitan dress and continued wearing Han dress. Jurchen men, like their Manchu descendants, wore their hair in queues. In 1126,

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4264-766: The braids on the back unless they wore wigs with fake queues. According to Jonathan Neaman Lipman the Qing dynasty required Salars to wear the queue. During the Qing Salar men shaved their hair bald while when they went to journey in public they put on artificial queues. Uyghur men shaved their hair bald during the Qing. Uyghur males at the present still shave their heads bald in the summer. Chen Cheng observed that Muslim Turks in 14th–15th century Turfan and Kumul shaved their heads while non-Muslim Turks grew long hair. However, after Jahangir Khoja invaded Kashgar , Turkistani Muslim begs and officials in Xinjiang eagerly fought for

4346-453: The city with corpses before you sheathe your swords," massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people. Han Chinese soldiers in 1645 under Han General Hong Chengchou forced the queue on the people of Jiangnan , while Han people were initially paid silver to wear the queue in Fuzhou when it was first implemented. The queue was the only aspect of Manchu culture that

4428-466: The component hairs. The researchers developed a general continuum theory for a bundle of hairs, treating each hair as an elastic filament with random intrinsic curvature. From this they created a differential equation for the shape of the bundle relating the elasticity, gravity, and orientational disorder and extracted a simple equation of state to relate the swelling pressure to the measured random curvatures of individual hairs. The equation itself

4510-520: The crown of their heads. The Han Chinese men living in the Liao dynasty were not required to wear the shaved Khitan hairstyle which Khitan men wore to distinguish their ethnicity, unlike the Qing dynasty which mandated wearing of the Manchu hairstyle for men. Khitan men left only two separate patches of hair on each of the forehead's sides in front of each ear in tresses while they shaved the top of their head. Khitan wore felt hats, fur clothes and woolen cloth and

4592-569: The establishment of the Later Jin dynasty, later becoming the Qing dynasty of China, after Ming dynasty forces in Liaodong defected to his side. The Ming general of Fushun , Li Yongfang, defected to Nurhaci after Nurhaci promised him rewards, titles, and Nurhaci's own granddaughter in marriage. Other Han Chinese generals in Liaodong proceeded to defect with their armies to Nurhaci and were given women from

4674-422: The exception of monks, who attended monasteries and shaved their entire heads. For this reason alone, many Han Chinese left their homes for monasteries to protect their freedom from this symbol of domination. Otherwise, those who opposed the queue were perceived as threats to Qing culture and power and were purged. Many of the officials who contributed to the enforcement of this law were Han Chinese who defected to

4756-454: The first Ming emperor passed a law on mandatory hairstyle on 24 September 1392 mandating that all males grow their hair long and making it illegal for them to shave part of their foreheads while leaving strands of hair, which was the Mongol hairstyle. The penalty for both the barber and the person who was shaved and his sons was castration if they cut their hair and their families were to be sent to

4838-541: The front of all male heads was imposed on Amur peoples like the Nanai people who were conquered by the Qing. The Amur peoples already wore the queue on the back of their heads but did not shave the front until the Qing subjected them and ordered them to shave. The term "shaved-head people" was used to describe the Nanai people by Ulch people . The Queue Order ( simplified Chinese : 剃发令 ; traditional Chinese : 剃髮令 ; pinyin : tìfàlìng ), or tonsure decree ,

4920-452: The hair. In Europe, in the second half of the 18th century (1751-1800), most men wore their hair long and tied back with a ribbon into what we would now describe as a ponytail, although it was sometimes gathered into a silk bag rather than allowed to hang freely. At that time, it was commonly known as queue , the French word for "tail". The queue lost favor amongst civilians, but continued as

5002-435: The head as they traditionally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the Qing government exclusively focused on forcing people to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. Han rebels in the first half of the Qing who objected to Qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shave the front of the head. One person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braided

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5084-405: The mandatory hairstyle for men in all European armies until the early 19th century. The British Army was the first to dispense with it, and by the end of the Napoleonic Wars most armies had changed their regulations to make short hair compulsory. In Asia, the queue was a specifically male hairstyle worn by the Manchu people from central Manchuria and later imposed on the Han Chinese during

5166-418: The queue but not to shave their crown, while those people who cut the queue off and did not shave were considered revolutionary and others maintained the state-mandated combination of the queue and shaved crown. Neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in

5248-416: The queue did change over time. Han women were never required to wear their hair in the traditional women's Manchu style, liangbatou , although that too was a symbol of Manchu identity. The queue hairstyle predates the Manchus. The Chinese word for queue, bian , meant plaited hair or a cord. The term bian , when used to describe the braid in the Manchu hairstyle, was originally applied by the Han dynasty to

5330-422: The queue order. The Han Chinese were given 10 days to comply or face death. Though Dorgon admitted that followers of Confucianism might have grounds for objection, most Han officials cited the Ming dynasty's traditional System of Rites and Music as their reason for resistance. This led Dorgon to question their motives: "If officials say that people should not respect our Rites and Music, but rather follow those of

5412-440: The queue was widespread and bloody. The Chinese in the Liaodong Peninsula rebelled in 1622 and 1625 in response to the implementation of the mandatory hairstyle. The Manchus responded swiftly by killing the educated elite and instituting a stricter separation between Han Chinese and Manchus. In 1645, the enforcement of the queue order was taken a step further by the ruling Manchus when it was decreed that any man who did not adopt

5494-441: The region like the Russians due to what he believed was the imminent collapse of the Qing dynasty. The Yangtze valley was controlled by Qing officials such as Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong , who were not under Beijing's influence and whom Boulger believed Britain could work with to stabilize China. He proposed that at Nanjing and Hankou a force of Chinese soldiers trained by the British be deployed and in Hong Kong , Weihaiwei and

5576-402: The rest of the head shaved. Only at the temples were hair left while the crown was shaven. The absence of Khitan clothes and hairstyles on a painting of riders previously identified as Khitan has led to experts questioning their purported identity. Khitan men might have differentiate between classes by wearing different patterns on their small braids hanging off their shaved foreheads. They wore

5658-447: The southern Chinese. However, their hairstyle is hidden in depictions due to a hood they wore. The Liu Song dynasty 's records called them "braided caitiff", suolu , while Southern Qi 's history said they wore their "hair hanging down the back" ( pifa ), and called them suotou , "braided". A braid of hair was found at Zhalairuoer in a Tuoba grave. Han Chinese also made the peoples they conquered undo their queues. To show submission to

5740-503: The traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests. The Manchus' willingness to impose the queue and their dress style on the men of China was viewed as an example to emulate by some foreign observers. H. E. M. James , a British civil servant in India , wrote in 1887 that the British ought to act in a similarly decisive way when imposing their will in India. In his view, the British administration should have outlawed practises such as Sati much earlier than 1829, which James ascribed to

5822-451: The unwieldy big wigs and remained important to men's fashion until the French Revolution . For civilian men, the tyewig (a wig tied into a queue) and the bag wig became widespread after the death of Louis XIV; wigs that did not feature a queue such as the bob wig were favoured by those who could not afford a long wig. The type of wig became an indicator of one's rank, occupation and political leanings. The French army plaited their wigs into

5904-504: The very top of the head. If the hair is divided so that it hangs in two sections, they are called ponytails , twintails , pigtails , or bunches if left loose and pigtails , plaits or braids if plaited. The ponytail can be traced back to Ancient Greece , from records of images depicting women with ponytails in ancient Greek artefacts and artworks , such as the frescoes painted millennia ago in Cretes (2000–1500 BC). Hence, it

5986-586: Was a series of laws violently imposed by the Qing dynasty during the seventeenth century. It was also imposed on Taiwanese indigenous peoples in 1753, and Koreans who settled in northeast China in the late 19th century, though the Ryukyuan people of the Ryukyu Kingdom , a tributary of China , requested and were granted an exemption from the mandate. Traditionally, adult Han Chinese did not cut their hair for philosophical and cultural reasons. According to

6068-464: Was an already established Manchu custom as no one seemed to know the origin of it from his or other sinologists' inquiries. English adventurer Augustus Frederick Lindley wrote that the beardless, youthful long haired Han Chinese rebels from Hunan in the Taiping armies who grew all their hair long while fighting against the Qing dynasty were among the most beautiful men in the world unlike, in his mind,

6150-502: Was execution for treason . After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the Chinese no longer had to wear the Manchu queue. While some, such as Zhang Xun , still did so as a tradition, most of them abandoned it after the last Emperor of China , Puyi , cut his queue in 1922. The Nanais at first fought against the Nurhaci and the Manchus, led by their own Nanai Hurka chief Sosoku before surrendering to Hongtaiji in 1631. Mandatory shaving of

6232-576: Was imposed by the Tangut emperor, Jingzong , threatening that their throats would be cut if they did not shave within three days. The emperor was the first one to shave. Unlike the tonsure of the Tangut Western Xia, the Jurchen hairstyle of wearing the queue combined with shaving the crown was not the invention of an emperor of the dynasty but was an established Jurchen hairstyle which showed who submitted to Jin rule. This Jurchen queue and shaving hairstyle

6314-511: Was in large part due to the arrival of the first Barbie doll by Mattel , which popularized the hairstyle, and movie stars like Sandra Dee who wore it in movies such as Gidget . In the mid-1980s and through the mid-1990s it was common to see women of all ages from girls, tweens, teens, college and beyond wearing high ponytails or high side ponytails held with a scrunchie . Today, both women and girls commonly wear their hair in ponytails in informal and office settings or when exercising with

6396-626: Was mandatory under the reign of Frederick William I of Prussia . An artificial or "patent" queue was issued to recruits whose hair was too short to plait. The style was abolished in the Prussian Army in 1807. In the United States Army , the order to remove all queues was issued on 30 April 1801 by Major General James Wilkinson . The order was highly unpopular with both officers and men, leading to several desertions and threats of resignation. One senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Butler ,

6478-684: Was not enforced in the Tusi autonomous chiefdoms in Southwestern China where many minorities lived. There was one Han Chinese Tusi, the Chiefdom of Kokang populated by Han Kokang people . The Qing dynasty required all subjects of all ethnicities to shave their foreheads and wear the queue braid including Muslims like Hui people and Salar people but some Turkic Muslim ethnicities like Uyghur and Salar people already shaved their entire heads as part of their culture and were bald so they were not able to wear

6560-597: Was not enforced on the Han Chinese in the Jin after an initial attempt to do so which was a rebuke to Jurchen values. The Jin at first attempted to impose Jurchen hairstyle and clothes on the Han population during the Jin but the order was taken back. They also banned intermarriage. Manchu Jurchen men had queues, while Mongol men swept their hair behind their ears and plaited them, Turk men wore loose hair and Xiongnu men braided their hair. Khitan males grew hair from their temples but shaved

6642-459: Was oppressive and arbitrary, its collection by the mahajans based on severe extortions and abuses, according to Teotonio de Souza . According to Rene Berendse, the Xenddi tax was considered to be an example of religious intolerance by the neighboring Maratha Empire , and its local military leader Govind Das Pant requested the abolition of the discriminatory tax against the Hindus as a condition for

6724-408: Was the Qing who imposed the queue hairstyle on the general population, they did not always personally execute those who did not obey. It was Han Chinese defectors who carried out massacres against people refusing to wear the queue. Li Chengdong , a Han Chinese general who had served the Ming but defected to the Qing, ordered troops to carry out three separate massacres in the city of Jiading within

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