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106-508: In the late 1960s, General Motors Company directed its GM R&D and Pontiac divisions to develop concept mini-cars for urban drivers. GM developed the XP-883 an experimental plug-in hybrid car demonstrated by General Motors in 1969. Primarily intended as a commuter vehicle, the very small car had a fiberglass body with a design resembling the future Chevrolet Chevette . The two-door hatchback had seating for two adults and two children, though

212-502: A series hybrid is propelled by electric motors only, a parallel hybrid is propelled both by its internal combustion engine and by electric motors operating concurrently, and a series-parallel hybrid operates in either mode. While a plain hybrid vehicle charges its battery from its engine only, a plug-in hybrid can obtain a significant amount of the energy required to recharge its battery from external sources. These contain two different energy recovery systems. The Mercedes-AMG ONE

318-471: A 9 million Euro funding to create 300 charging stations along with 900 electric vehicles until 2015. The project is expected to go fully operational by the end of 2012, with 300 points of charge installed and 400/450 electric vehicles circulating. Germany has four major transmission system operators ( 50Hertz , Amprion , TenneT , TransnetBW ). They try to set themselves into the position to sell electricity power to electric vehicle owners by becoming also

424-471: A PHEV's battery pack is smaller than that of all-electric vehicles of the same weight, as it must accommodate its combustion engine and hybrid drivetrain , it provides the added flexibility of reverting to the use of its gasoline / diesel engine , akin to a conventional HEV if the battery charge is depleted. This feature helps alleviate range anxiety , particularly in areas lacking sufficient charging infrastructure . Mass-produced PHEVs have been available to

530-564: A Type 3 ( EV Plug Alliance ) connector. In Strasbourg 100 Toyota Prius were tested with 135 recharging spots beginning Q1 2010 (Type 3 single-phase). In the suburbs of Paris there will be 300 recharging spots to be installed in Q1 2011. In the "Projet Klébér" the Strasbourg vehicle fleet may use the charging stations of EnBW in Mannheim , Karlsruhe , Stuttgart and vice versa. In Yvelines near Paris

636-679: A broader range by providing 60 all-electric vehicles – the Kangoo Express Z.E. and the Renault Fluence Z.E – to the new pilot project "E-Moving" in Italy. The project will start to install 270 charge points in the Lombardy region (including the cities of Milan and Brescia) up to June 2010. This "E-Moving" network will contain 150 public charging stations to be put up until the end of 2010. The Italian Enel company had an early agreement with Daimler to run

742-582: A central charging station while casual charging in parking lots of shops and company grounds is expected by a mere 6 and 4 percent respectively. The maximum travel distance shows mixed results – while 53 percent say that 300 km is enough there are also 31 percent who like to travel 450 to 1000 km until required to recharge. The interim report of the NPE partnership classifies electric vehicles in 3 categories, all-electric city cars, family cars and light trucks with an electric range for city transport. Development

848-472: A garage – the existence of a public network of charging stations is considered to be not (sic!) a prerequisite for market introduction in the first phases. Instead government funds should back the investments in privately owned charging stations for example with faster tax write off and cheap credits from the government KfW bank. A preliminary review of the Mercedes / RWE test drive in the smart ed project shows

954-462: A government-affiliated partner to set up battery changing stations at various locations" to service their Model S platform cars. The first Tesla Supercharger stations were unveiled 24 September 2012. As of Q4 2021, Tesla reported 3,476 supercharging stations and 31,498 supercharging connectors (about 9 connectors per station on average) in 44 countries worldwide. The AVERE / European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

1060-706: A joint electric car and charging test project called "MINI E" in the German capital, Berlin . They are in the process of erecting 50 charging stations and the project lends 50 BMW Mini cars to citizens. The project started in June 2009 and a second phase has been started in December 2009. Up to June 2011 there were 42 public charge points by Vattenfall in Berlin and the company is in the process of building 50 public charge points in Hamburg . While

1166-607: A low-capacity PHEV sized with an AER (all-electric range) of about 7 miles would be a robust choice for minimizing gasoline consumption, cost, and greenhouse gas emissions. For less frequent charging, every 20–100 miles, PHEVs release fewer GHGs, but HEVs are more cost effective." PHEVs typically require deeper battery charging and discharging cycles than conventional hybrids. Because the number of full cycles influences battery life, this may be less than in traditional HEVs, which do not deplete their batteries as fully. Nonetheless, some authors argue that PHEVs will soon become standard in

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1272-752: A market failure the EU will define the infrastructure side requirements by law in 2013. As expected from lobbying the European Commission has proposed in January 2013 to only use the Type 2 connector type as the single standard to end prior uncertainty about the charging station equipment in Europe. Common standards for electric charging points across Europe must be designed and implemented by December 2015. Power supplier ČEZ has announced to have 50 recharging stations to be ready by

1378-644: A new hybrid system, dubbed e-Power, which debuted with the Nissan Gripz concept crossover showcased at the 2015 Frankfurt Auto Show . In January 2016, Chrysler debuted its plug-in hybrid minivan, the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid , with an EPA rated electric-only range of 48 km (30 miles). This was the first hybrid minivan of any type. It was first sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 2017. In December 2017, Honda began retail deliveries of

1484-600: A plug-in Jeep Wrangler and a Chrysler Town and Country mini-van, both PHEV-40s with series powertrains, and an all-electric Dodge sports car, and said that one of the three vehicles would go into production. On October 3, the U.S. enacted the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 . The legislation provided tax credits for the purchase of plug-in electric vehicles of battery capacity over 4 kilowatt-hours. The federal tax credits were extended and modified by

1590-449: A rebate system for the introduction of electric cars but that it will reshape the legal provisions to quickly create a charging station network in Germany. Bernd Pischetsrieder (formerly Volkswagen) points to studies saying that most of the current buyers of electric cars did already own multiple cars so that a rebate plan would merely come out as a subvention of a consumer class that can afford

1696-590: A single point of reference, in a field of independent, conflicting charging data services. Zapmap is an electric vehicle charging mapping and payment service in the UK. They share their statistics with the Department for Transport , and many local councils direct their residents to the service for locating charging stations. OpenStreetMap is an open source map of the world which includes rich support of descriptions on charging stations. The map can be used by anyone under

1802-498: A standard outlet and recharged to 95% range in about 4 hours. After selling about 500 vehicles, primarily in France, Norway and the UK, the Elect'road was redesigned in 2007. With the availability of hybrid vehicles and the rising gas prices in the United States starting around 2002, interest in plug-in hybrids increased. Some plug-in hybrids were conversions of existing hybrids; for example,

1908-501: A test with their Smart line of cars. Enel has started the "emobility Italy" program in cooperation with Daimler in 2008 – this program will put up 400 public and private charging stations in Rome, Milan and Pisa with charging stations to be built since September 2010. The project was supposed to start in 2011 with a test run going for 48 months – since 5. April 2012 the Smart drive E-Mobility program

2014-757: A €5,000 discount on the tax. New conditions were also added to the SEAI EV Grant which reclassified private EV purchases via Hire Purchase or car loan as a commercial purchase, effectively reducing the EV grant to €3,500 for all non-cash buyers. As a result of these changes, EV sales fell in 2013 to only 58 units. ESB is providing the charging network, which will be made up of 46 fast-charging (50 kW DC) stations located at intervals on inter-urban national primary routes, 1,500 medium-speed(22 kW AC) public charging points distributed across all towns with population over 1500, and home chargers (3.6 kW 1Φ , 16A) at no cost to

2120-493: Is a plug-in dual hybrid . The Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206) and the Mercedes C254/X254 also have an electrically assisted turbocharger / MGU-H . The battery charger can be on-board or external to the vehicle. The process for an on-board charger is best explained as AC power being converted into DC power, resulting in the battery being charged. On-board chargers are limited in capacity by their weight and size, and by

2226-400: Is an infrastructure system of charging stations to recharge electric vehicles . The term electric vehicle infrastructure ( EVI ) may refer to charging stations in general or the network of charging stations across a nation or region. The proliferation of charging stations can be driven by charging station providers or government investment, and is a key influence on consumer behaviour in

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2332-474: Is an asked-for alternative to an earlier mandate to produce 25,000 pure zero-emissions vehicles , reducing that requirement to 5,000. On June 26, Volkswagen announced that they would be introducing production plug-ins based on the Golf compact. Volkswagen uses the term 'TwinDrive' to denote a PHEV. In September, Mazda was reported to be planning PHEVs. On September 23, Chrysler announced that they had prototyped

2438-428: Is automatically overridden (charge permitting) should full acceleration be required. Self Charge ; the electric motor's armature is engaged to the transmission, but is connected to the battery so that it runs as a generator and therefore recharges the battery whilst the car is in motion, although this comes at the expense of higher fuel consumption, as the combustion engine has to both power the vehicle itself and charge

2544-421: Is built with a 800 cc (49 cu in) TDI twin-cylinder, common-rail 35 kW (47 hp) turbo-diesel and a 20 kW (27 hp) electric motor. The model is unique in that it is one of the only mass produced plug-in diesel hybrid vehicles and one of the only mass produced diesel hybrid vehicles in general. PHEVs are based on the same three basic powertrain architectures of conventional hybrids;

2650-416: Is exhausted. The vehicle can revert to a charge sustaining-mode until the final destination is reached. This contrasts with a charge-depleting trip that would be driven within the limits of a PHEV's all-electric range. Most PHEV's also have two additional charge sustaining modes: Battery Hold ; the electric motor is locked out and the vehicle operates exclusively on combustion power, so that whatever charge

2756-489: Is expensive, and cells made with it can release oxygen if overcharged. If the cobalt is replaced with iron phosphates , the cells will not burn or release oxygen under any charge. At early 2007 gasoline and electricity prices, the break-even point is reached after six to ten years of operation. The payback period may be longer for plug-in hybrids, because of their larger, more expensive batteries. Electric vehicle charging network An electric vehicle charging network

2862-416: Is installing both fast and rapids in city centers. Both E.on and Clever is taking part in installing rapid chargers at freeway lay-bys, with Clever installing 4 of them and E.on a total of 20 at 10 different locations. Besides E.on and Clever, local energy companies are installing free-to-use charge points, often only consisting of a CEE plug, so the users have to bring their own EVSE box. Infrastructure

2968-407: Is left in the battery remains for when mixed mode or full electric operation are re-engaged, whilst regenerative braking will still be available to boost the battery charge. On some PHEVs, vehicle services that use the traction battery (such as heating and air conditioning) are placed in a low power consumption mode to further conserve the remaining battery charge. The lock-out of the electric motor

3074-570: Is needed from these vendors to use their stations. As of 2018 there are 31 stations from Orka náttúrunnar, as of 2020 there are 408 stations from Ísorka and as of 2019 there are 23 towns and hotels with independent public charging stations. In 2009–2010 the Irish Government , and electric utility Electricity Supply Board (ESB) entered into tripartite agreements with major electric vehicle manufacturers ( Renault–Nissan , Mitsubishi Motors , Toyota , and PSA Peugeot Citroën ) to promote

3180-411: Is needed to view private persons' charging locations, as these locations are at the homes or businesses of Plugshare members. Plugshare was acquired by EVgo in 2021. Plugshare is one of many leading sources of where charge stations exist, however plenty public and private stations are not updated in the app. Open Charge Map is a non-commercial EV charging data service. They state the aim of providing

3286-407: Is ready. The 100 public charging stations in Rome are built with a three-phase Type 2 Mennekes connector while the additional 50 home charging stations are built with a single-phase Type 3 Scame connector. The E-Move charging stations around Bolzano allow for a test drive of connecting solar panels directly to light vehicles for charging. The Zero Emission City Parma is a regional project with

General Motors XP-883 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3392-416: Is sketched in phases 2010–2013, 2014–2017, 2018–2020 and post-2020 with the government goal to get 1 million electric cars up to 2020 and 6 million electric cars up to 2030 (for comparison there are 44 million cars in Germany in 2010). Batteries are not expected to show great advancements in terms of capacity but the safety will increase and the prices will fall to 250-€300 /kWh in the 2018-2020 time frame. In

3498-606: Is the only country with such geographical coverage. The Estonian network has the highest concentration of DC chargers in Europe. The Estonian government and Kredex launched the charging station network project in 2011 in cooperation with ABB , funded partially by the Mitsubishi Corporation . The nationwide electric car charging network officially opened with 165 fast chargers on 20 February 2013. These chargers were installed in all urban settlements with more than 5,000 inhabitants. In addition, chargers are installed on

3604-442: Is the vehicle's all-electric range. This is the only mode that a battery electric vehicle can operate in, hence their limited range. Mixed mode describes a trip using a combination of multiple modes. For example, a car may begin a trip in low speed charge-depleting mode, then enter onto a freeway and operate in blended mode. The driver might exit the freeway and drive without the internal combustion engine until all-electric range

3710-549: Is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand. The new designation will be used first on the plug-in hybrid variants of the new BMW 7 Series , the BMW 740e iPerformance , and the 3 Series , the BMW 330e iPerformance . Hyundai Motor Company made the official debut of its three model Hyundai Ioniq line-up at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show . The Ioniq family of electric drive vehicles includes

3816-401: The "Move About" project will provide 60 new Think cars in a test including charging stations in 50 towns in the area until 2013. The MoveAbout concept is actually derived from a car sharing system where cars are not offered for purchase but for leasing. Estonia became the first country to complete the deployment of a nationwide electric car charging network, and as of December 2013 ,

3922-529: The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 , but now the battery capacity must be over 5 kWh and the credit phases out after the automaker has sold at least 200,000 vehicles in the U.S. On December 15, 2008, BYD Auto began selling its F3DM in China , becoming the first production plug-in hybrid sold in the world, though initially was available only for corporate and government customers. Sales to

4028-576: The Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (Germany) to support research and pilot projects in Germany. The ministry has created a dedicated coordination office in the "Gemeinsame Geschäftsstelle Elektromobilität der Bundesregierung (GGEMO)" ( Joint Agency for Electric Mobility (of the Federal Government) ) which was opened in February 2010. The GGEMO has coordinated a partnership program with

4134-580: The General Motors XP-883 plug-in hybrid. The concept commuter vehicle housed six 12-volt lead–acid batteries in the trunk area and a transverse-mounted DC electric motor turning a front-wheel drive. The car could be plugged into a standard North American 120 volt AC outlet for recharging. In 2003, Renault began selling the Elect'road , a plug-in series hybrid version of their popular Kangoo , in Europe. In addition to its engine, it could be plugged into

4240-564: The Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid in the United States and Canada, with an EPA rated electric-only range of 76 km (47 miles). In 2013, Volkswagen started production on the Volkswagen XL1 , a two-person limited production diesel-powered plug-in hybrid vehicle designed to be able to travel 100 km/L (280 mpg ‑imp ; 235 mpg ‑US ) on diesel, while still being both roadworthy and practical. The model

4346-545: The Ioniq Plug-in , which is expected to achieve a fuel economy of 125 mpg‑e (27 kW⋅h/100 mi; 16.8 kW⋅h/100 km) in all-electric mode. The Ioniq Plug-in is scheduled to be released in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2017. The second generation Prius plug-in hybrid, called Prius Prime in the U.S. and Prius PHV in Japan, was unveiled at the 2016 New York International Auto Show . Retail deliveries of

General Motors XP-883 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4452-696: The Park & Charge network in Switzerland, Germany and Austria did encompass 500 charging locations, additionally there a few charging locations in the Netherlands and Italy. Plug’n Roll : the smart EV charging network in Switzerland. Iceland has two major operators of public electric charging stations, Ísorka and Orka náttúrunnar . At launch, both stations did not charge for electricity at their stations, but Orka náttúrunnar started charging on 1 February 2018 and Ísorka started charging on 18 August 2017. A payment card

4558-516: The "Green eMotion" initiative funded with €41.8 million under the Seventh Research and Development Framework Programme. The defined goal is to provide an interoperable electromobility framework to align the ongoing regional and national electromobility initiatives. At the same time the partners unveiled the "Transport 2050" plan which includes the aim to half the number of conventionally fuelled cars in cities by 2030 and phase them out by 2050. In

4664-406: The "Standardization Overview on E-Mobility" shows a wide range of efforts from electric grid management to the charging station infrastructure to the car charger electronics. The NPE partnership has published an interim report on 30 November 2010, showing a test fleet of 2800 electric vehicles and 2500 charging stations in 8 test regions. The German government has announced that it will not install

4770-474: The 100,000 unit milestone in October 2015. By the end of 2015, over 517,000 highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars have been sold worldwide since December 2008 out of total global sales of more than 1.25 million light-duty plug-in electric cars. In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which will be given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim

4876-452: The 2004 CalCars conversion of a Prius to add lead acid batteries and a range of up to 15 km (9 mi) using only electric power. In 2006, both Toyota and General Motors announced plans for plug-in hybrids. GM's Saturn Vue project was cancelled, but the Toyota plug-in was certified for road use in Japan in 2007. In 2007, Quantum Technologies and Fisker Coachbuild , LLC announced

4982-578: The Elektronauten project in 2010 which can use 13 charging stations in the Stuttgart region. EnBW has claimed to offer 250 charging stations for the Elektronauten 500 project in May 2011 although the map has not been updated. Bosch has developed a new charging station type for EnBW that is capable for 63A – the station was certified on 11. April 2011 by DEKRA and EnBW has announced to install 260 charge stations in

5088-593: The German car industry named " Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität (NPE)" inaugurated on 3 May 2010, in the German Chancellery . The NPE partnership is supposed to detail the plans for network evolution. The technical standardization part is mostly concentrated in the Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik (DKE) of the Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies (VDE) –

5194-638: The MINI E project providing the infrastructure in Munich which was started in Juli 2009. erecting an initial series of 11 charging stations (May 2010) enlarging it continuously (21 locations in December 2010). The region test in Munich has been extended by BMW i3 and BMW i8 prototypes (project i) as well as Audi e-tron models (project eflott) in 2011. E.ON has announced to provide the eflott project with 200 public charging stations

5300-570: The Munich region. Carmaker Daimler, the utility EnBW and the government of Baden-Württemberg have announced on 18. June 2010 to enlarge the "Landesinitiative Elektromobilität" program with the "e-mobility Baden-Württemberg" project that includes erecting 700 charging stations in the state until the end of 2011. Additionally there will be 200 electric vehicles added to the test including some electric trucks. The government of Baden-Württemberg has assigned 28.5 million Euros to support EV research up to 2014. Meanwhile, EnBW has sponsored 500 E-Bikes in

5406-569: The ODbL license. The Renault–Nissan Alliance made agreements by 2010 to promote emission-free mobility in France , Israel , Portugal , Denmark and the U.S. state of Tennessee . As of 2010, Nissan planned to install 200-volt level 2 charging stations at 2,200 Nissan dealers in Japan, and level 3 fast charging stations at 200 dealers. Tesla Motors , in March 2009, announced that they were "working with

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5512-634: The Prime runs entirely on electricity in EV mode. Global sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV passed the 100,000 unit milestone in March 2016. BYD Qin sales in China reached the 50,000 unit milestone in April 2016, becoming the fourth plug-in hybrid to pass that mark. In June 2016, Nissan announced it will introduce a compact range extender car in Japan before March 2017. The series plug-in hybrid will use

5618-552: The Prius Prime began in the U.S. in November 2016, and is scheduled to be released Japan by the end of 2016. The Prime has an EPA-rated all-electric range of 25 mi (40 km), over twice the range of the first generation model, and an EPA rated fuel economy of 133 mpg‑e (25.3 kW⋅h/100 mi) in all-electric mode (EV mode), the highest MPGe rating in EV mode of any vehicle rated by EPA. Unlike its predecessor,

5724-697: The RWE Mobility program in September 2009 whereby the project goals of erecting charging stations were enlarged to mid of 2011 Renault's partner Nissan has joined the RWE-mobility program on 21. June 2010 announcing that RWE will create a network of 1000 charging stations until the end of the year 2010 focusing on the Berlin and Rhein-Ruhr region . On 28. August a cooperation with fuel retailer PKN Orlen (owning 2700 gasoline stations in Poland , Czech Republic and Germany)

5830-484: The U.S. and Canada in October 2015. In March 2015 Audi said they planned on making a plug-in hybrid version of every model series, and that they expect plug-in hybrids, together with natural gas vehicles and battery-electric drive systems, to have a key contribution in achieving the company's CO 2 targets. The Audi Q7 e-tron will follow the A3 e-tron already in the market. Also in March 2015, Mercedes-Benz announced that

5936-609: The U.S. in 2014. The first units of the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron and Volkswagen Golf GTE were registered in Germany in August 2014. In December 2014 BMW announced the group is planning to offer plug-in hybrid versions of all its core-brand models using eDrive technology developed for its BMW i brand plug-in vehicles ( BMW i3 and BMW i8). The goal of the company is to use plug-in technology to continue offering high performance vehicles while reducing CO 2 emissions below 100g/km. At

6042-536: The all major roads at intervals of no more than 60 kilometres (37 mi). That makes it possible to reach every point within the country without a supply interruption. All of the Terra 51 CHAdeMO -type DC chargers are fast-charging, only needing between 15 and 30 minutes to fully charge a car's battery. In France, Électricité de France (EDF) and Toyota are installing recharging points for PHEVs on roads, streets and parking lots . The Renault–Nissan Alliance and

6148-427: The automobile industry. Design issues and trade-offs against battery life, capacity, heat dissipation, weight, costs, and safety need to be solved. Advanced battery technology is under development, promising greater energy densities by both mass and volume, and battery life expectancy is expected to increase. The cathodes of some early 2007 lithium-ion batteries are made from lithium-cobalt metal oxide. This material

6254-490: The battery. This is useful for 'charging on the move' when there are limited places to plug the vehicle in. The optimum battery size varies depending on whether the aim is to reduce fuel consumption, running costs, or emissions, but a 2009 study concluded that "The best choice of PHEV battery capacity depends critically on the distance that the vehicle will be driven between charges. Our results suggest that for urban driving conditions and frequent charges every 10 miles or less,

6360-613: The car tailpipe exhaust to the power station . As opposed to conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), PHEVs generally have a larger battery pack that can be recharged (theoretically) from anywhere with access to the electrical grid , offering enhanced energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness when compared to relying solely on the on-board generator. Additionally, PHEVs can support longer and more frequent all-electric range driving, and their electric motors often have higher power output and torque , are more responsive in acceleration, and overall have lower operating costs . Although

6466-514: The car until it reached 10 miles per hour (16 km/h), at which point the gasoline engine would kick in when running in hybrid mode. At cruising speeds, the gasoline engine would normally provide all of the power. While the XP-883 was built using off-the-shelf technology, General Motors did not provide an electric car to consumers until about 25 years later, when the GM EV1 was made available for lease (at

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6572-566: The car, and are designed to handle any practical power capability, they can be used to create a very powerful form of on-board charger with no significant additional weight or size. AC Propulsion uses this charging method, referred to as "reductive charging". A plug-in hybrid operates in charge-depleting and charge-sustaining modes. Combinations of these two modes are termed blended mode or mixed-mode. These vehicles can be designed to drive for an extended range in all-electric mode , either at low speeds only or at all speeds. These modes manage

6678-462: The children sat in rear-facing seats and would enter and exit through the tailgate. It was powered by the combination of a two-cylinder engine and a DC electric motor plus batteries. Electricity was stored in six 12-volt batteries placed between the rear wheels. The related Pontiac concept was the Pontiac X-4 with a radical two stroke aircraft type radial engine. At 35 cubic inches (570 cm),

6784-642: The company's main emphasis regarding alternative drives in the next years will be on plug-in hybrids. The carmaker plans to introduce 10 new plug-in hybrid models by 2017, and its next release was the Mercedes-Benz C 350 e , Mercedes' second plug-in hybrid after the S 500 Plug-In Hybrid . Other plug-in hybrid released in 2015 are the BYD Tang , Volkswagen Passat GTE , Volvo XC90 T8 , and the Hyundai Sonata PHEV . Global combined Volt/Ampera family sales passed

6890-558: The earliest charging stations were using CEEplus sockets the newer charging stations are built to Type 2 Mode 3 sockets. Carmaker VW and utility E.ON run a joint electric car and charging station test project in the German capital, Berlin and in Wolfsburg . The "Electric Mobility Fleet Test" was started as a research project with mostly partners in German universities using the VW hybrid cars (to be tested in 2010). E.ON has later joined also in

6996-490: The end of 2011 and the full extent will be reached in 2013. The Environment Ministry of France , led by Jean-Louis Borloo has announced the goal to install 400,000 charging points in France by 2015. Jean-Louis Borloo has assigned 1.5 billion Euros in 2009 to support research and preparations for the first part of the electric vehicle network with 75,000 charging stations. Meanwhile, the pilot project in Paris has started with

7102-643: The end of 2011. By June 2012 the company had 14 public and 6 private charging stations installed with more to come in Mlada Boleslav at the Skoda facilities. These charging stations use a combination of 230 V mains connector ( Type E ) at 16 A and a 400 V three-phase Mennekes connector ( Type 2 ) at 16 A or 32 A. There are 2 major charge point operators in Denmark, E.on are operating mostly fast chargers, only installing rapids at freeways, while Clever

7208-451: The engine was small enough to bypass laws of the day mandating emissions control devices. The batteries could be charged using a standard 115-volt wall outlet and could power the vehicle in all-electric mode during city driving. In hybrid mode, it had a maximum speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), which could be reached in 28 seconds. A speed of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) could be attained in twelve seconds. The electric motor powered

7314-574: The expense anyway. The VDE E-mobility congress on the subject was held in Leipzig on 8./9. November 2010. During the congress a large consumer study was presented that showed some 64 percent want to buy an electric car. The study did also look at the requirements to the charging process – 51 percent of consumers in Germany expect a car to be charged in less than 2 hours, up to 4 hours is acceptable to 60 percent of consumers. 64 percent of consumers expect to charge in their own garage, 21 percent want to frequent

7420-639: The first SUV plug-in hybrid in the market. Deliveries of the Ford Fusion Energi began in February 2013. BYD Auto stopped production of its BYD F3DM due to low sales, and its successor, the BYD Qin , began sales in Costa Rica in November 2013, with sales in other countries in Latin America scheduled to begin in 2014. Qin deliveries began in China in mid December 2013. Deliveries to retail customers of

7526-508: The first flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid SUV , which was delivered in June 2008. This demonstration fleet of plug-ins has been in field testing with utility company fleets in the U.S. and Canada, and during the first two years since the program began, the fleet has logged more than 75,000 miles. In August 2009 Ford delivered the first Escape Plug-in equipped with intelligent vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communications and control system technology, and Ford plans to equip all 21 plug-in hybrid Escapes with

7632-551: The first 2,000 grant qualifying electric car owners. The first station of the charger network was commissioned in August 2010. At the end of 2011 the charging station map shows 50 AC charging places plus 10 DC stations – the AC chargers will be built to Type 2 sockets however some older charging spots still need to be rebuilt. As of 2014 all 46 CHAdeMO fast chargers are operational and are slowly being replaced by tri-standard units capable of CHAdeMO, CCS and 44 kW AC power. Analysis of

7738-515: The fleet test SAVE (Seine Aval Véhicule Électrique) was started in April 2011 – until September 2011 a number of 200 charging stations will be built. The Monaco government has sketched a plan to run a fleet test in 2011 including 300 charging stations and 3 fast-charge stations. The Renault–Nissan group – including EDF – has enlarged its scope with partnering to the Italian utility Enel and Spanish utility Endesa in March 2010. Renault–Nissan offers

7844-472: The following weeks for MeRegioMobil project in Stuttgart and Karlsruhe . In November 2011 the car2go project announced to go to Stuttgart in 2012 – EnBW reassured to have 500 charging spots ready in time with the roll out of the car2go vehicles in the second half of 2012. The German government has announced to support a fleet of 1 million electric cars in Germany by 2020. There are 500 million Euros assigned to

7950-635: The general public began in Shenzhen in March 2010, but because the F3DM nearly doubles the price of cars that run on conventional fuel, BYD expects subsidies from the local government to make the plug-in affordable to personal buyers. Toyota tested 600 pre-production Prius Plug-ins in Europe and North America in 2009 and 2010. Volvo Cars built two demonstration versions of Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrids in 2009 but did not proceed with production. The V60 plug-in hybrid

8056-491: The global stock of PHEVs totalled 2.4 million units, representing one-third of the stock of plug-in electric passenger cars on the world's roads. As of December 2019 , China had the world's largest stock of PHEVs with 767,900 units, followed by the United States with 567,740, and the United Kingdom with 159,910. A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated by PHEV- [miles] or PHEV [kilometers] km in which

8162-539: The importance of vehicle-to-grid communications in charging stations as an incentive to charge at night times. While most US households own a garage even for small cars the situation is different in Central Europe where public charging stations are needed. The charging station network in Switzerland is derived from research in solar cars. In 1992 the government decided to support a charging station network. The network has since extended to neighbouring countries – in 2010

8268-461: The introduction of 100 Z.E. cars. The map of charging stations can be downloaded from the city website. There are 101 locations with 178 charging points across the town and its suburbs (May 2010). The charging points have either Schuko -like sockets (Type E / 2P+T) or a Marechal plug on spiral cord where both variants are rated at 230 V/16 A (mains). Schneider Electric supports test drives in France with its charging stations that include

8374-439: The largest French electric utility, Electricite de France (EDF) have signed an agreement to promote emission-free mobility in France. The move aims at offering all-electric volume vehicles from 2011 — including a countrywide network of battery charging stations. The partner Vinci Autoroutes has announced to rebuild 738 car parks along motorways with at least 5 parking lots for charging electric vehicles – construction will start at

8480-550: The launch of a joint venture in Fisker Automotive . Fisker intended to build a US$ 80,000 luxury PHEV-50, the Fisker Karma , initially scheduled for late 2009. In 2007, Aptera Motors announced their Typ-1 two seater. That company folded in December 2011. In 2007, Chinese car manufacturer BYD Auto, owned by China's largest mobile phone battery maker, announced it would be introducing a production PHEV-60 sedan in China in

8586-481: The limited capacity of general-purpose AC outlets. Dedicated off-board chargers can be as large and powerful as the user can afford, but require returning to the charger; high-speed chargers may be shared by multiple vehicles. Using the electric motor's inverter allows the motor windings to act as the transformer coils, and the existing high-power inverter as the AC-to-DC charger. As these components are already required on

8692-536: The limited edition McLaren P1 supercar began in the UK in October 2013, and the Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid began deliveries in the U.S. in November 2013. The first retail deliveries of the Cadillac ELR took place in the U.S. in December 2013. The BMW i8 and the limited edition Volkswagen XL1 were released to retail customers in Germany in June 2014. The Porsche 918 Spyder was also released in Europe and

8798-540: The network had consisted of 700 public charging spots, 18 battery switch stations and 8 fast charger stations. In 2013 E.on bought the charge points from Better Place and restarted the network, without the battery swap system. Norway has a tradition in building electric vehicles based on the Think Car . It is popular in Southern Norway (Oslo), Southern Sweden (Gothenburg) and Eastern Denmark (Copenhagen). The concept of

8904-787: The number represents the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20 can travel 32 km (20 miles) without using its combustion engine, so it may also be designated as a PHEV32km. For these cars to be battery operated, they go through charging processes that use different currents. These currents are known as Alternating Current (AC) used for on board chargers and Direct Current (DC) used for external charging. Other popular terms sometimes used for plug-in hybrids are "grid-connected hybrids", "Gas-Optional Hybrid Electric Vehicle" (GO-HEV) or simply "gas-optional hybrids". GM calls its Chevrolet Volt series plug-in hybrid an "Extended-Range Electric Vehicle". The Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid , produced as early as 1899,

9010-430: The operators of the upcoming electric vehicle networks. To that avail, they offered partnerships to the German car makers, where they provided charging stations for field tests. Carmaker Daimler AG and utility RWE AG are running a joint electric car and charging station test project in the German capital, Berlin , called "E-Mobility Berlin.". They have set up 60 charging stations in Berlin (September 2009) and are in

9116-503: The original generation of the Chevrolet Volt , calling such a vehicle technology related to the pioneer XP-883 an EREV (Extended Range Electric Vehicle). Plug-in hybrid Similar to battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrids can use centralized generators of renewable energy (e.g. solar , wind or hydroelectric ) to be largely emission-free, or a fossil plant in which case they displace greenhouse gas emissions from

9222-473: The post-2020 time frame new battery types are expected – instead of lithium-ion the fourth generation batteries will be introduced to the mobility market including lithium-air , lithium-sulfur and zinc-air batteries. As for charging stations a wide network of fast-charging points is considered possible with 22 kW (400 V 32 A) stations to be introduced in 2010-2013 and 44 kW (400 V 63 A) stations to be introduced in 2014–2017. For

9328-539: The price and live availability of stations. Large charging networks provide maps of their own stations for customers. PlugShare is a crowdsourced map of public, private and residential charging locations. The site uses Google Maps to provide a map of charging locations and their own database to filter by charging type. Public chargers, private chargers, and residential charging locations are listed. The service provides an app for iOS and Android which allows users to locate chargers near their current location. An account

9434-419: The process of extending the system to include 500 charging stations. Daimler has provided for 100 Smart electric drive cars to the project. The second phase started in November 2010. The RWE subsidiary "RWE Mobility" has created cooperations with the automobilist club ADAC , car rental service Sixt and car park provider APCOA to equip all locations with charging stations. since mid of 2009. Renault joined

9540-690: The public in China and the United States since 2010, with the introduction of the Chevrolet Volt , which was the best selling PHEV until it was surpassed by the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV at the Volt's end of production in 2019. By 2021, BYD Auto emerged as the largest plug-in hybrid vehicle manufacturer in the world. As of May 2024 , BYD plug-in hybrid cumulative sales surpassed 3.6 million units. The BYD Song DM line of SUVs contributed over 1.05 million units. As of December 2019 ,

9646-650: The range to more than 500 kilometres (310 mi). GM officially launched the Chevrolet Volt in the U.S. on November 30, 2010, and retail deliveries began in December 2010. Its sibling the Opel/Vauxhall Ampera was launched in Europe between late 2011 and early 2012. The first deliveries of the Fisker Karma took place in July 2011, and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011. The Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid

9752-484: The same time the factory Chevrolet S-10 EV was manufactured for sale as opposed to strictly for lease). GM's full hybrid system appeared first in their city buses and their first "mild" hybrid light vehicles, called BAS Hybrid , appeared in 2006 as a MY2007 Saturn Vue Green Line. A non-bus light vehicle version of GM's "Two-Mode" full hybrid system entered the market in 2008 in various MY2009 vehicles, for details see Global Hybrid Cooperation . In late 2010, GM introduced

9858-614: The second half of 2008. BYD exhibited it in January 2008 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Based on BYD's midsize F6 sedan, it uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 )-based batteries instead of lithium-ion, and can be recharged to 70% of capacity in 10 minutes. In 2007 Ford delivered the first Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid of a fleet of 20 demonstration PHEVs to Southern California Edison . As part of this demonstration program Ford also developed

9964-561: The second position paper (March 2011) of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association it is recommended to equip public charging stations with IEC 62196 Type 2 Mode 3 connectors with transitional solutions to be allowed up to 2017. Nevertheless, multiple socket types (IEC 60309-2 Mode 2 types, IEC 62196 Mode 3 types, Chademo and standard home socket outlets Mode 2) have been deployed already. Politics have called for single European-wide standard and in case of

10070-447: The time beyond 2020 there is an expectation of charging stations at 60 kW (400 V DC 150 A) allowing to charge the standard 20kWh battery pack to 80% in less than 10 minutes whereas this station type requires integration with smart grid technology and a strict worldwide standard (including SAE procedures). The "early adoptors" of electric vehicles are identified to be from the middle class owning multiple cars as well as owning

10176-401: The time of the announcement the carmaker was already testing a BMW 3 Series plug-in hybrid prototype. The first model available for retail sales will be the 2016 BMW X5 eDrive , with the production version unveiled at the 2015 Shanghai Motor Show . The second generation Chevrolet Volt was unveiled at the January 2015 North American International Auto Show , and retail deliveries began in

10282-466: The transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles. While charging network vendors have in the past offered proprietary solutions limited to specific manufacturers (ex. Tesla ), vendors now usually supply energy to electric vehicles regardless of manufacturer. Charging station mapping services typically give the location, power, network, and connector type of publicly available charging stations, while more advanced services give

10388-498: The uptake of electric vehicles in Ireland. The Irish government has instituted a package of measures, including a €5,000 grant (US$ 7,158) to assist with purchasing the vehicle, exemption from vehicle registration tax , and accelerated capital allowances to promote electric vehicle purchase. In 2013, the Irish government withdrew the EV vehicle registration tax exemption and replaced it with

10494-467: The vehicle's battery discharge strategy, and their use has a direct effect on the size and type of battery required: Charge-depleting mode allows a fully charged PHEV to operate exclusively (or depending on the vehicle, almost exclusively, except during hard acceleration) on electric power until its battery state of charge is depleted to a predetermined level, at which time the vehicle's internal combustion engine or fuel cell will be engaged . This period

10600-619: The vehicle-to-grid communications technology. Sales of the Escape PHEV were scheduled for 2012. On January 14, 2008, Toyota announced they would start sales of lithium-ion battery PHEVs by 2010, but later in the year Toyota indicated they would be offered to commercial fleets in 2009. On March 27, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) modified their regulations, requiring automobile manufacturers to produce 58,000 plug-in hybrids during 2012 through 2014. This requirement

10706-495: Was announced – they are starting to equip 30 gasoline stations in Hamburg with charging points for electric vehicles. The current list of RWE-mobility charging stations contains 500 locations in Germany, 50 locations in the Netherlands , 11 in Poland and Austria plus a few stations in other neighbouring countries – also RWE has switched all of its charging stations to Type 2 sockets. Carmaker BMW and utility Vattenfall run

10812-639: Was founded in 1978 and is a member of the World Electric Vehicle Association . AVERE is also the parent organization of CITELEC / Association of European Cities interested in Electric Vehicles and Eurelectric. The European Commission has funded the "Green Cars Initiative" since November 2008. In March 2011, the European Commission along with forty two partners from the industries, utilities, electric car manufacturers, municipalities, universities and technology and research institutions founded

10918-463: Was planned by Better Place and has been installed by Coulomb Technologies for Copenhagen. Denmark has enacted policies that create a tax differential between zero-emission vehicles and traditional cars to accelerate the transition to electric cars . Better Place had announced the network to be complete in December 2012, however the stations and chargers have been switched off due to the bankruptcy of Better Place Danmark A/S in June 2013. By April 2013

11024-455: Was released in 2011 and was available for sale. In October 2010 Lotus Engineering unveiled the Lotus CityCar , a plug-in series hybrid concept car designed for flex-fuel operation on ethanol , or methanol as well as regular gasoline. The lithium battery pack provides an all-electric range of 60 kilometres (37 mi), and the 1.2-liter flex-fuel engine kicks in to allow to extend

11130-674: Was released in Japan in January 2012, followed by the United States in February 2012. Deliveries of the Prius PHV in Europe began in late June 2012. The Ford C-Max Energi was released in the U.S. in October 2012, the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid in Sweden by late 2012. The Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid was released in selected U.S. markets in January 2013, and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV in Japan in January 2013, becoming

11236-458: Was the first hybrid electric car. Early hybrids could be charged from an external source before operation. The term "plug-in hybrid" has come to mean a hybrid vehicle that can be charged from a standard electrical wall socket. The term "plug-in hybrid electric vehicle" was coined by UC Davis Professor Andrew Frank , who has been called the "father of the modern plug-in hybrid". The July 1969 issue of Popular Science featured an article on

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