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39-740: Human settlement dates back to prehistoric times . There are two archaeological sites from the Iron Age : a cemetery in the village, and a former settlement near the village. Wysin was a private church village of the Diocese of Włocławek , administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown . During the German occupation of Poland ( World War II ), in 1939, Wysin

78-439: Is often poorly recognized. Short of using a written language to any appreciable degree, many of them developed a relatively advanced material culture and social organization , as evidenced by the archeological record, for example by richly furnished, dynastic "princely" graves. Characteristic of this period were high rates of migration , often involving large groups of people. Celtic peoples established settlements beginning in

117-550: Is the Lusatian-culture Biskupin fortified settlement . As ancient civilizations began to appear in southern and western Europe , the cultures of the area of present-day Poland were influenced by them to various degrees. Among the peoples that inhabited various parts of Poland up to the Iron Age stage of development were Scythian , Celtic , Germanic , Sarmatian , Roman , Avar , Vlach and Baltic tribes . In

156-669: Is understood in Europe , Africa and Asia . The term Middle Stone Age is used as an equivalent or a synonym for the Middle Paleolithic in African archeology. The Middle Paleolithic broadly spanned from 300,000 to 50,000 years ago. There are considerable dating differences between regions. The Middle Paleolithic was succeeded by the Upper Paleolithic subdivision which first began between 50,000 and 40,000 years ago. Pettit and White date

195-733: The Atapuerca Mountains , the practice of intentional burial may have begun much earlier during the late Lower Paleolithic , but this theory is widely questioned in the scientific community. Cut-marks on Neandertal bones from various sites – such as Combe Grenal and the Moula rock shelter in France – may imply that Neanderthals, like some contemporary human cultures, may have practiced excarnation for presumably religious reasons (see Neanderthal behavior § Cannibalism or ritual defleshing? ). The earliest undisputed evidence of artistic expression during

234-507: The Early Middle Ages , the area came to be dominated by West Slavic tribes and finally became home to a number of Lechitic Polish tribes that formed small states in the region beginning in the 8th century. As with other early periods areas of human history , knowledge of these times is limited, since few written ancient and medieval sources are available; research therefore relies primarily on archeology . Written language came to

273-523: The General Government (German-occupied central Poland) or sent as forced labour to Germany or to new German colonists in the region. The J. Sobisz Primary School ( Szkoła Podstawowa im.Ks.J.Sobisza ) is located in Wysin. Prehistory and protohistory of Poland Timeline of Polish history The prehistory and protohistory of Poland can be traced from the first appearance of Homo species on

312-503: The Iron Age commenced c. 700-750 BC. By the beginning of the Common Era , the Iron Age archeological cultures described in the main article no longer existed. Given the absence of written records, the ethnicities and linguistic affiliations of the groups living in Central and Eastern Europe at that time are speculative; there is considerable disagreement about their identities. In Poland,

351-461: The La Tène culture is subdivided into La Tène A , c. 450–400 BC; La Tène B , c. 400–250 BC; La Tène C , c. 250–150 BC; and La Tène D , c. 150–0 BC. The period from 200 to 0 BC may also be considered a younger pre- Roman period. It was followed by a period of Roman influence whose early stage lasted from c. 0 to 150 AD and its later stage from c. 150 to 375 AD. The period from 375 to 500 AD constitutes

390-622: The Lusatian culture settlements dominated the landscape for nearly a thousand years, continuing into the Early Iron Age. A series of Scythian invasions beginning in the 6th century BC, precipitated their demise. The Hallstatt Period D was a time of expansion for the Pomeranian culture , while the Western Baltic Kurgan culture dominated Poland's Masuria - Warmia region. The period of

429-607: The Lusatian culture , which spanned the Bronze and Iron Ages, became particularly prominent. The most famous archeological discovery from that period is the Biskupin fortified settlement ( gród ) that represented early-Iron-Age Lusatian culture. Bronze objects were brought to Poland around 2300 BC from the Carpathian Basin . The native Early Bronze Age that followed was dominated by the innovative Unetice culture in western Poland and

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468-534: The Qafzeh and Es Skhul caves in Israel ( c. 100,000 BP) have led some anthropologists and archeologists (such as Philip Lieberman ) to believe that Middle Paleolithic cultures may have possessed a developing religious ideology which included concepts such as an afterlife ; other scholars suggest the bodies were buried for secular reasons. According to recent archeological findings from Homo heidelbergensis sites in

507-987: The Upper Paleolithic , c. 40,000 to 10,000 BC; and the Final Paleolithic, c. 10,000 to 8000 BC. The Mesolithic era lasted from c. 8000 to 5500 BC and the Neolithic from c. 5500 to 2300 BC. The Neolithic is subdivided into the Neolithic proper, c. 5500 – 2900 BC, and the Copper Age , c. 2900 – 2300 BC. Poland's Stone Age lasted approximately 500,000 years and saw the appearance of three distinct Homo species : Homo erectus , Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens ( humans ) . The Stone Age cultures ranged from early human groups with primitive tools to advanced agricultural and stratified societies that used sophisticated stone tools , built fortified settlements and developed copper metallurgy . As elsewhere in Central Europe ,

546-516: The ǃKung and Mbuti peoples . Both Neanderthal and modern human societies took care of the elderly members of their societies during the Middle Paleolithic. Christopher Boehm (1999) has hypothesized that egalitarianism may have arisen in Middle Paleolithic societies because of a need to distribute resources such as food and meat equally to avoid famine and ensure a stable food supply. It has usually been assumed that women gathered plants and firewood and men hunted and scavenged dead animals through

585-405: The (pre- Slavic ) Migration Period . Peoples belonging to numerous archeological cultures identified with Celtic , Germanic , Baltic , and in some regions Slavic tribes inhabited parts of Poland during the era of classical antiquity , from about 400 BC to 450-500 AD. Other groups, difficult to identify, were most likely also present, as the ethnic composition of archeological cultures

624-659: The Early Middle Paleolithic in Great Britain to about 325,000 to 180,000 years ago (late Marine Isotope Stage 9 to late Marine Isotope Stage 7), and the Late Middle Paleolithic as about 60,000 to 35,000 years ago. The Middle Paleolithic was in the geological Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene ) and Late Pleistocene ages. According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans , anatomically modern humans began migrating out of Africa during

663-558: The Middle Paleolithic as early as 120,000 years ago. Inter-group trade may have appeared during the Middle Paleolithic because trade between bands would have helped ensure their survival by allowing them to exchange resources and commodities such as raw materials during times of relative scarcity (i.e., famine or drought). Evidence from archeology and comparative ethnography indicates that Middle Paleolithic people lived in small, egalitarian band societies similar to those of Upper Paleolithic societies and some modern hunter-gatherers such as

702-874: The Middle Stone Age inhabitants of the region now occupied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo hunted large 1.8-metre (6 ft) long catfish with specialized barbed fishing points as early as 90,000 years ago, and Neandertals and Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens in Africa began to catch shellfish for food as revealed by shellfish cooking in Neanderthal sites in Italy about 110,000 years ago and Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens sites at Pinnacle Point , in Africa. Anthropologists such as Tim D. White suggest that cannibalism

741-671: The Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic around 125,000 years ago and began to replace earlier pre-existent Homo species such as the Neanderthals and Homo erectus . The earliest evidence of behavioral modernity first appears during the Middle Paleolithic; undisputed evidence of behavioral modernity, however, only becomes common during the following Upper Paleolithic period. Middle Paleolithic burials at sites such as Krapina in Croatia (dated to c. 130,000 BP) and

780-481: The Neanderthals hunted large game animals mostly by ambushing them and attacking them with mêlée weapons such as thrusting spears rather than attacking them from a distance with projectile weapons. An ongoing controversy about the nature of Middle Paleolithic tools is whether there were a series of functionally specific and preconceived tool forms or whether there was a simple continuum of tool morphology that reflect

819-588: The Paleolithic period comes from Middle Paleolithic/ Middle Stone Age sites such as Blombos Cave in the form of bracelets, beads, art rock, ochre used as body paint and perhaps in ritual, though earlier examples of artistic expression such as the Venus of Tan-Tan and the patterns found on elephant bones from Bilzingsleben in Thuringia may have been produced by Acheulean tool-users such as Homo erectus prior to

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858-489: The Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic stages of Poland's Stone Age were each characterized by refinements in stone-tool-making techniques. Paleolithic human activities (whose earliest sites are 500,000 years old) were intermittent because of recurring glaciations . A general climate warming and a resulting increase in ecologic diversity were characteristic of the Mesolithic era (9000–8000 BC). The Neolithic era ushered in

897-598: The Paleolithic. However, Steven L. Kuhn and Mary Stiner from the University of Arizona suggest that this sex-based division of labor did not exist prior to the Upper Paleolithic . The sexual division of labor may have evolved after 45,000 years ago to allow humans to acquire food and other resources more efficiently. Although gathering and hunting comprised most of the food supply during the Middle Paleolithic, people began to supplement their diet with seafood and began smoking and drying meat to preserve and store it. For instance

936-713: The Poles only after 966 AD, when the ruler of the Polish lands, Duke Mieszko I , converted to Christianity and educated foreign clerics arrived. Poland's Stone Age is divided into the Paleolithic , Mesolithic and Neolithic eras. The Paleolithic era extended from c. 500,000 BC to 8,000 BC and is subdivided into four periods: the Lower Paleolithic , c. 500,000 to 350,000 BC; the Middle Paleolithic , c. 350,000 to 40,000 BC;

975-539: The Roman Empire. Slavic peoples may have lived in the southern and southeastern regions, some perhaps associated with the ancient Przeworsk and Zarubintsy cultures of the 3rd century BC (with the Przeworsk culture being considered likely of Slavic or of mixed Slavic and Germanic origin ). It has been suggested that the early Slavic peoples and languages may have originated in the region of Polesia , which includes

1014-485: The Upper Paleolithic. Nonetheless it remains possible that Middle Paleolithic societies never practiced cannibalism and that the damage to recovered human bones was either the result of excarnation or predation by carnivores such as saber-toothed cats , lions and hyenas . Around 200,000 BP Middle Paleolithic Stone tool manufacturing spawned a tool-making technique known as the prepared-core technique , that

1053-484: The area around the Belarus–Ukraine border, parts of Western Russia, and parts of far Eastern Poland. More of Poland would be settled by Slavic tribes in later periods, in the early centuries of the common era. Middle Paleolithic Fertile Crescent : Europe : Africa : Siberia : The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic ) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it

1092-507: The conservative Mierzanowice culture in eastern Poland. These were replaced in their respective territories for the duration of the subsequent Older Bronze Period by the (pre-Lusatian) Tumulus culture and the Trzciniec culture . Characteristic of the remaining bronze periods were the Urnfield cultures , in which skeletal burials were replaced by cremation throughout much of Europe . In Poland,

1131-465: The earliest composite tools, by hafting sharp, pointy stone flakes onto wooden shafts. Paleolithic groups such as the Neanderthals who possessed a Middle Paleolithic level of technology appear to have hunted large game just as well as Upper Paleolithic modern humans and the Neanderthals in particular may have likewise hunted with projectile weapons. Nonetheless Neanderthal usage of projectile weapons in hunting occurred very rarely (or perhaps never) and

1170-444: The early 4th century BC, mostly in southern Poland, the outer limit of their expansion, as representatives of the La Tène culture . With their developed economy and crafts, they exerted a lasting cultural influence disproportionate to their small numbers in the region. Germanic peoples lived in what is now Poland for several centuries, during which many of their tribes also migrated southward and eastward (see Wielbark culture ). With

1209-527: The expansion of the Roman Empire , the Germanic tribes came under Roman cultural influence. Some written remarks by Roman authors that are relevant to developments on Polish lands have been preserved; they provide additional insights in conjunction with the archeological record. In the end, as the Roman Empire was nearing its collapse and the nomadic peoples invading from the east destroyed, damaged or destabilized

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1248-401: The extent of edge maintenance, as Harold L. Dibble has suggested. The use of fire became widespread for the first time in human prehistory during the Middle Paleolithic, and humans began to cook their food c. 250,000 years ago. Some scientists have hypothesized that hominids began cooking food to defrost frozen meat which would help ensure their survival in cold regions. Robert K. Wayne ,

1287-767: The first settled agricultural communities, whose founders had migrated from the Danube River area beginning about 5500 BC. Later, the native post-Mesolithic populations would also adopt and further develop the agricultural way of life (between 4400 and about 2000 BC). Poland's Bronze Age comprised Period I, c. 2300–1600 BC; Period II, c. 1600–1350 BC; Period III, c. 1350–1100 BC; Period IV, c. 1100–900 BC; and Period V, c. 900–700 BC. The Early Iron Age included Hallstatt Period C, c. 700–600 BC, and Hallstatt Period D, c. 600–450 BC. Poland's Bronze- and Iron-Age cultures are known mainly from archeological research. Poland's Early Bronze Age cultures began around 2300-2400 BC, whereas

1326-478: The start of the Middle Paleolithic period. Activities such as catching large fish and hunting large game animals with specialized tools indicate increased group-wide cooperation and more elaborate social organization. In addition to developing advanced cultural traits, humans also first began to take part in long-distance trade between groups for rare commodities (such as ochre (which was often used for religious purposes such as ritual )) and raw materials during

1365-455: The territory of modern-day Poland , to the establishment of the Polish state in the 10th century AD, a span of roughly 500,000 years. The area of present-day Poland went through the stages of socio-technical development known as the Stone , Bronze and Iron Ages after experiencing the climatic shifts of the glacial periods . The best known archeological discovery from the prehistoric period

1404-550: The various Germanic cultures and societies, the Germanic peoples left Eastern and Central Europe for the safer and wealthier southern and western parts of the European continent . According to Tacitus and Ptolemy , the Goths left the lower Vistula region in the mid-2nd century AD. The northeast corner of what is now Poland remained populated by Baltic tribes . They were at the outer limits of any substantial cultural influence from

1443-519: Was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, based on the large amount of "butchered human" bones found in Neandertal and other Middle Paleolithic sites. Cannibalism in the Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages. However it is also possible that Middle Paleolithic cannibalism occurred for religious reasons which would coincide with the development of religious practices thought to have occurred during

1482-505: Was more elaborate than previous Acheulean techniques. Wallace and Shea split the core artifacts into two different types: formal cores and expedient cores. Formal cores are designed to extract the maximum amount from the raw material while expedient cores are based more upon functional need. This method increased efficiency by permitting the creation of more controlled and consistent flakes. This method allowed Middle Paleolithic humans correspondingly to create stone-tipped spears, which were

1521-562: Was one of the sites of executions of Poles , carried out by the Germans as part of the Intelligenzaktion , and Poles from Wysin were also executed in the forest between Skarszewy and Więckowy . The Germans also expelled the majority of the local Polish population, and established a transit camp for Poles expelled from the region in Wysin. In the camp, the Germans segregated the expellees, who were then either deported in freight trains to

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