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64-659: Windows on the World was a complex of dining, meeting, and entertainment venues on the top floors (106th and 107th) of the North Tower (Building One) of the original World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan , New York City, United States. It included a restaurant called Windows on the World, a smaller restaurant called Wild Blue (before 1999 was called "Cellar in the Sky"), a bar called The Greatest Bar on Earth (which had previously been

128-520: A $ 45 million plan to install sprinklers throughout the World Trade Center. The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives (planted by Ramzi Yousef ) detonated in the North Tower's underground garage. According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of

192-558: A book called Ground Zero about a boy named Brandon who is with his father in Windows on the World on the morning of September 11, 2001 . 1 World Trade Center (1971%E2%80%932001) The original One World Trade Center (also known as the North Tower , Tower 1 , Building One , or 1 WTC ) was one of the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center complex in New York City . It

256-408: A famous photograph of a man dressed in white falling headfirst on September 11, was an employee at Windows on the World. Although his identity has never been conclusively established, he was believed to be Jonathan Briley, an audio technician at the restaurant. Jonathan was the younger brother of Alex Briley , the original " G.I. " from the band Village People . In March 2005, the novel Windows on

320-467: A fire. Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common systemic toxicity after smoke inhalation, and can cause organ failure from lack of oxygen (often heart attack ). Carbon monoxide is a common byproduct of combusting substances in fires and is colorless and odorless. It has a much higher binding affinity for hemoglobin compared to oxygen and thus can block oxygen from binding to hemoglobin , causing hypoxia . Additionally, carbon monoxide decreases

384-477: A ribbon cutting ceremony took place on April 4 , 1973. On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the North Tower's 11th floor, spreading to the 9th and 14th floors. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems . A disgruntled custodian was discovered to have deliberately started the fire and was criminally charged. Following the fire, in 1981, the Port Authority announced

448-402: A tall communication antenna on top of each building. Only the North Tower actually had an antenna fitted, which was added in 1978. The framed-tube design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind. In designing the World Trade Center, Leslie Robertson considered

512-431: A tribute to their colleagues and whose menu reflects the diversity of the former Windows' staff. The original location closed in 2017 and reopened in 2019. Windows on the World was planned to reopen on the top floors of the new One World Trade Center , but that project was canceled in 2011. Instead, One World Observatory contains eateries named ONE Dine, ONE Mix and ONE Café. It has been speculated that The Falling Man ,

576-447: A tube-frame design, which required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs. The structures were inspired by the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies. Yamasaki was also inspired by Islamic architecture , elements of which he incorporated in the buildings' design, having previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with

640-786: Is a relatively delayed complication of smoke inhalation injury caused by chemical fumes inducing an inflammatory response in the lung tissue, especially the small air sacs known as alveoli where critical gas exchange occurs. Another potential complication is swelling of the upper airway from both heat and chemical damage, and can become profound enough to obstruct breathing. The onset of airway swelling can be relatively delayed making it difficult to intubate later on, thus endotracheal intubation should be considered early in certain patients. Other possible complications include pneumonia, vocal cord damage and/or dysfunction, and tracheal stenosis (usually delayed). Inhalation of chemical toxins produced by combusting materials can cause damage to tissues of both

704-446: Is initially treated with high flow 100% oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be considered but there are differing views on its clinical benefit in terms of outcomes. Products with systemic effects are mainly asphyxiating gases, such as carbon monoxide and cyanides. Carbon monoxide (СО), which is absorbed by the lungs, diffuses into the capillaries and dissolves in the plasma and erythrocytes, binding to haemoglobin. As its affinity

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768-489: Is more than 200 times that of oxygen, the amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin is reduced, leading to anoxia. In addition, carbon monoxide released at the tissue level binds to mitochondrial enzyme systems, resulting in the inability of cells to utilise oxygen. When exposed to excess CO, one of the body's natural reactions is to breathe faster. This further increases the CO level in the blood, eventually leading to cardiac arrest. Once

832-819: The Consulate of Paraguay was located in Suite 1609 of 1 World Trade Center. Home Lines once occupied Suite 3969 from 1974 until 1988. Smoke inhalation The U.S. Fire Administration reported almost 1.3 million fires in 2019 causing 3,704 deaths and almost 17,000 injuries. Residential fires were found to be most often cooking related and resulted in the highest amount of deaths when compared to other fire types such as vehicle and outdoor fires. It has been found that men have higher rates of fire-related death and injury than women do, and that African American and American Indian men have higher rates of fire-related death and injury than other ethnic and racial groups. The age group with

896-502: The Hudson Terminal in Lower Manhattan , New York City. On September 20 , 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects. Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall, but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m ) of office space,

960-509: The Saudi Binladin Group . When completed, the North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall. It featured a 362 foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1979 (upgraded in 1999 to accommodate DTV broadcasts). With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m). Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000 m ) of

1024-503: The 19 hijackers ). More than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact. In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed when the building eventually collapsed. One stairwell in the South Tower, Stairwell A , somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike

1088-423: The 92nd floor after the water pipes burst. Multiple calls were recorded from people trapped on the floor, the workers reporting that although the stairs on the 92nd floor had not been destroyed, they were walled off by fallen debris from Flight 11's impact zone immediately above. In addition to the stairs being rendered impassable, the centralized impact into the North Tower's core also interrupted elevator service in

1152-466: The Hors d'Oeuvrerie) as well as a wine school and conference and banquet rooms for private functions located on the 106th floor. Developed by restaurateur Joe Baum and designed initially by Warren Platner , Windows on the World occupied 50,000 square feet (4,600 m) of space in the North Tower. The Skydive Restaurant, which was a 180 seat cafeteria on the 44th floor of 1 WTC conceived for office workers,

1216-421: The North Tower between floors 93 and 99 at 8:46   a.m. Everyone present in the restaurant died that day, as all means of escape (including the stairwells and elevators leading down from the impact zones) were instantly severed by the impact. Victims trapped in Windows on the World either died from smoke inhalation from the ensuing fire, jumping or falling to their deaths from the restaurant, or being killed in

1280-542: The North Tower distinguishable from its twin was a canopy connected to the North Tower's west facade on street level as well as two pedestrian walkways that extended from the west and south promenades of Three and Six World Trade Center to the North Tower's north and south facades on plaza level, all of which the South Tower lacked. The building's address was 1 World Trade Center , and the WTC complex had its own ZIP code ( 10048 ) due to its large size. The original World Trade Center

1344-553: The U.S. Fire Administration, the deaths in the United States that were caused by a fire fluctuated over the past 10 years. The administration recorded the increase of deaths between 2012 and 2021, and concluded an increase of 18% per million. Smoke inhalation injury is the most common cause of death in fire victims. Fire victims with both burns to their body and smoke inhalation injury have increased mortality rate and length of hospital stay compared to those with burns alone. Some of

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1408-464: The World , by French novelist Frédéric Beigbeder , was released; the novel focuses on two brothers who are in the restaurant on September 11 with their father. Kenneth Womack 's 2012 novel The Restaurant at the End of the World is a fictive recreation of the lives of the staff and visitors at the Windows on the World complex on the morning of September 11. In 2021 young adult novelist Alan Gratz published

1472-532: The World Trade Center took place on August 5 , 1966. In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $ 74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers. Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 . The topping out ceremony for 1 WTC (the North Tower) took place on December 23 , 1970. The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15, 1970 , while it was still under construction, and

1536-557: The World received mixed reviews. Ruth Reichl , a New York Times food critic, said in December 1996 that "nobody will ever go to Windows on the World just to eat, but even the fussiest food person can now be content dining at one of New York's favorite tourist destinations." She gave the restaurant two out of four stars, signifying a "very good" quality rather than "excellent" (three stars) or "extraordinary" (four stars). In his 2009 book Appetite , William Grimes wrote that "At Windows, New York

1600-462: The ability of oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin to diffuse into tissues, thus causing hypoxia. According to the New York Times , a recent study claims that smoke inhalation can also cause lung cancer . While cigarettes are proven to cause cancer, as well as inhaling second hand smoke from a cigarette, the article notes that a cigarette is filtered. In contrast, inhaling wild fire smoke due to

1664-751: The airways ( pulmonary hygiene ), and other supportive measures. Intravenous fluids are a mainstay in treatment of fire victims with extensive burns to the body, however, there are differing perspectives on the risks/benefits of IV fluids in fire victims with both burns and smoke inhalation injury due to the potential worsening of pulmonary edema with large amounts of IV fluids typically given in burn victims. Other treatments with differing perspectives and study findings on utility in smoke inhalation injury include nebulized bronchodilators (such as beta-2-agonists ), IV corticosteroids , nebulized corticosteroids , nebulized epinephrine , nebulized heparin , and nebulized N-acetylcysteine . Carbon monoxide poisoning

1728-456: The attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers. Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured in the attacks. Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore structural support. In February 2001, the Port Authority leased the entire World Trade Center complex to Vornado Realty Trust . However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to

1792-436: The attack. World Trade Center lessor Larry Silverstein regularly held breakfast meetings in Windows on the World with tenants, as part of his recent acquisition of the Twin Towers from the Port Authority, and was scheduled to be in the restaurant on the morning of the attacks. However, his wife insisted that he had to go to a dermatologist's appointment that morning, whereby he avoided death. In its last iteration, Windows on

1856-495: The attacks to provide support and services to the families of those in the food, beverage, and hospitality industries who had been killed on September 11 in the World Trade Center. Windows on the World executive chef Michael Lomonaco and owner-operator David Emil were among the founders of that fund. On January 4, 2006, a number of former Windows on the World staff opened Colors , a co-operative restaurant in Manhattan that serves as

1920-578: The building's structural integrity. Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21 p.m. ( EDT ). Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia , and a passenger revolt that resulted in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania , the attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters , 72 law enforcement officers , 55 military personnel , and

1984-416: The buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall. Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18 , 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side. In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site. Demolition work began on March 21 , 1966, and groundbreaking for the construction of

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2048-441: The contract to run the restaurants after Windows's former operator, Inhilco , gave up its lease. It underwent a US$ 25 million renovation and reopened on June 26, 1996. Cellar in the Sky, a 60-seat space within the restaurant, reopened after Labor Day . In 1999, Cellar in the Sky was changed into an American steakhouse and renamed "Wild Blue". In 2000, its final full year of operation, it reported revenues of US$ 37 million, making it

2112-477: The deal, and the next-highest bidder, Silverstein Properties , signed a lease for the complex on July 24 , 2001. At 8:46 a.m. ( EDT ) on September 11, 2001 , five hijackers affiliated with al-Qaeda crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower between the 93rd and 99th floors. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m. ( EDT ), a second group of five terrorists crashed

2176-497: The eventual collapse of the North Tower. At least five Windows occupants were witnessed jumping or falling to their deaths from the restaurant. There were 72 restaurant staff present in the restaurant, including assistant general manager Christine Olender, whose desperate calls to Port Authority police represented the restaurant's final communications. Sixteen Incisive Media -Risk Waters Group employees, as well as 76 other guests/contractors, were also present. Among those also present

2240-518: The first floor below Flight 11's impact zone, did not have any survivors. Sixty-nine people reported to work that morning, including 67 employees of Carr Futures , a tenant on the 92nd floor. The impact itself spared every single person on Floor 92 and did no damage to the floor directly. However, the force of the crash collapsed walls and inflicted nonstructural damage such as smashed windows, broken ceiling tiles and severed electrical wires, as well as causing knee-deep flooding throughout various rooms on

2304-437: The floor was engulfed in flames by the time McGinnis called, with extremely limited space for the group to avoid being burned. Despite his wife's attempts to reassure him, McGinnis did not believe they would survive. The South Tower had already collapsed, and McGinnis revealed to her that he could see people jumping from the floors above. The line went dead at 10:26, two minutes before the tower collapsed. Between 1978 and 1995,

2368-412: The floor, making conditions there unsurvivable. The last phone call from the North Tower came from Thomas McGinnis, a trader on the 92nd floor, when he got through to his wife Iliana at 10:18. McGinnis and a number of others had been confined to a conference room the entire time after the door jammed shut from the building buckling as the plane hit, separating them from everyone else on the floor. Most of

2432-427: The harmful substances found in the air. For example, smoke from burning trees and gardens will present different dangers than smoke from burning houses, cars or electronics. A study published in 2019 recorded firefighters who worked for 25 years, an average of 7 weeks per year, increase their risk of lung cancer by 8 to 26 percent due to the amount of smoke they have been exposed to on duty. First responders often take

2496-432: The highest rate of death from smoke inhalation is people over 85, while the age group with the highest injury rate is people of ages 50–54. Some reports also show increased rates of death and injury in children, due to their lower physical and mental capabilities. In 2019, the overall U.S. national fire death rate was 10.7 people per million population and the injury rate was 50.6 people per million population. According to

2560-679: The highest-grossing restaurant in the United States . The executive chefs of Windows on the World included Philippe Feret of Brasserie Julien while the last chef was Michael Lomonaco . Windows on the World was destroyed when the North Tower collapsed during the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. While the restaurant was hosting regular breakfast patrons and the Risk Waters Financial Technology Congress, Egyptian terrorist Mohamed Atta and four other Al-Qaeda hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into

2624-501: The hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors. By 9:59 a.m. ( EDT ), the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. After burning for 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28 a.m. ( EDT ). When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center , damaging it and starting fires. The fires burned for hours, compromising

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2688-481: The impact, the first known fatalities from the floor occurred over a three-minute period when eight workers were forced to jump from the northern end of the tower's east side to escape a rapidly advancing wall of flames. Those who remained made their way to an unoccupied area on the west side of the floor that was initially free of smoke and fire. However, images show that the blaze on the tower’s north face eventually spread westward to their safe haven in that section of

2752-550: The interiors. More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975, but after the 1993 bombing , inspections found fireproofing to be deficient. The 1968 New York City building codes did not require sprinklers for high-rise buildings, except for underground spaces, but the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001. The tenant list below was compiled from the original list provided by CoStar Group (a provider of electronic commercial real estate information), quoted by CNN , and

2816-577: The lungs), bronchoconstriction , activation of the coagulation cascade , and impaired function of the mucociliary escalator . Inhalation of hot fumes can cause thermal damage to tissues, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract (above larynx). Damage in this location can result in sloughing of the damaged tissue and swelling, both of which can cause obstruction of the respiratory tract, ulceration, increased secretions, and redness ( erythema ). Systemic toxicity can occur from inhalation of chemical compounds produced as byproducts of combustion in

2880-428: The perimeter walls measured 210 feet (64 m) long on each side, and the corners were beveled . The perimeter structure was constructed of prefabricated modular pieces connected by spandrel plates. From the 7th floor to the ground level, and down to the foundation, the columns were spaced 10 feet (3.0 m) apart to accommodate doorways. All columns were placed on bedrock 65–85 feet (20–26 m) below

2944-628: The rest of the building. When Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the North Tower's impact zone were destroyed, making it impossible for anyone above the 91st floor to escape. 107 people below the point of impact also died. Minoru Yamasaki was the lead architect for the tower, and Emery Roth & Sons were the associate architects. During the World Trade Center's construction, the structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's 1968 building codes , which incorporated "advanced techniques" in building design . The Twin Towers used

3008-563: The restaurant were located on the 106th floor. Windows on the World closed after the 1993 bombing , in which employee Wilfredo Mercado was killed while checking in deliveries in the building's underground garage. The explosion also damaged receiving areas, storage and parking spots used by the restaurant complex. On May 12, 1994, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that the Joseph Baum & Michael Whiteman Company had won

3072-501: The scenario of the impact of a jet airliner crashing into the building. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) found a three-page white paper that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis, involving impact of a jet at 600 mph (970 km/h), was indeed considered, but NIST could not locate the documentary evidence of the aircraft impact analysis. Sprayed-fire resistant materials (SFRMs), gypsum wallboard, and vermiculite were used to provide fireproofing to

3136-618: The signs and symptoms of smoke inhalation injury include recent fire exposure followed by cough, wheezing, stridor, confusion, difficulty breathing, low oxygen saturation, smoke debris (especially on face and/or in saliva), burns (especially of the face), singed facial or nose hairs, and/or hoarse voice. A careful history can be helpful in determining where the fire occurred and therefore, what chemical fumes could have been inhaled with accompanying systemic toxicities. Smoke inhalation injury can lead to respiratory complications ranging from minor to major. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

3200-430: The skyscraper from its 50th floor and higher, severing all escape routes for anyone above the 91st floor. Initially, conditions on the 92nd floor were likely not dissimilar to what they were on the 91st, from which everyone survived and escaped. The situation changed very quickly when flammable aviation fuel spilled down into the 92nd floor, igniting fires that rapidly began consuming its east side; within 12 minutes of

3264-600: The south side of 1 World Trade Center as well as the corner over part of the east side. Looking out from the bar through the full length windows, one could see views of the southern tip of Manhattan, where the Hudson and East Rivers meet. In addition, one could see the Liberty State Park with Ellis Island and Staten Island with the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge . The kitchens, utility spaces, and conference center in

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3328-416: The surface. The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m), and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower. The North Tower's structural core was oriented with the long axis east to west. The core columns supported about half

3392-404: The total 16 acres (65,000 m ) of the site's land. The Twin Towers' facades were made of high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses . Although the columns themselves were lightweight, they were spaced closely together, forming a strong, rigid wall structure. There were 59 perimeter columns, narrowly spaced, on each side of the building. In all,

3456-480: The towers' weight. All elevators were located in the core. Each building had three stairwells, also in the core, except on the mechanical floors . The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses, which connected to the perimeter columns. Hat trusses (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the North and South towers were designed to support

3520-429: The upper (above larynx) and lower respiratory tract (below larynx). Damage to lower airways, air sacs, and lung tissue is due to an inflammatory cascade in response to the noxious chemicals which causes a variety of downstream effects such as increased secretions and exudative material thus clogging the airways and/or air sacs, collapse of air sacs ( atelectasis ), vascular permeability leading to pulmonary edema (fluid in

3584-634: The victim away from the fire and smoke, give 100% oxygen at high flow through a face mask (non-rebreather if available), assess level of consciousness, and check the victim for burns and/or injuries to the body for initial care. Upper respiratory tract injury due to heat exposure often results in swelling. Intubation should be considered early given that the swelling can have a slow, delayed onset but once present, will make intubation very difficult. Lower respiratory tract injury due to exposure to noxious fumes often consists of supportive measures such as intubation and ventilator support if indicated, suctioning of

3648-504: Was also operated by Windows on the World. The restaurants opened on April 19, 1976, and were destroyed in the September 11 attacks . All of the staff members who were present in the restaurant on the day of the attacks perished; the plane's impact severed all means of escape from the 92nd floor up. The main dining room faced north and east, allowing guests to look out onto the skyline of Manhattan . The dress code required jackets for men and

3712-566: Was completed in 1972, stood at a height of 1,368 feet (417 m), and was the tallest building in the world until 1973, when surpassed by the Willis Tower in Chicago . It was distinguishable from its twin, the original 2 World Trade Center , also known as the South Tower, by the 360-foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna on its roof. Including the antenna, the building stood at a total height of 1,728 feet (527 m). Other things that made

3776-426: Was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 . Struck by American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:46 a.m., the North Tower was the first of the Twin Towers to be hit by a hijacked aircraft, and the second to collapse , at 10:28 a.m. The North Tower stood for 102 minutes after the aircraft impact. Of the 2,977 victims killed in the attacks, around 1,700 were in the North Tower or on the ground. The North Tower

3840-870: Was sourced from UnBlinking.com. Cantor Fitzgerald's corporate headquarters were located in 1 World Trade Center. Note: Floor numbers in  red  were part of American Airlines Flight 11 's impact area on September 11, 2001, with floors trapped by its impact numbered in   dark gray   . SOURCES: CoStar Group, CNN, and Unblinking. Floor unknown: Alliance Global Finance , Associated Charter Marine , Carreden Group , CIF Agency, Dimetol International Trade , Eastern Capital Corporation , Falcon International Freight , First Pacific Rim , GAC Shipping , Garwood Financial , Globe Shipping Company , GSI Cargo Service , Hachijuni Bank , Hanil Securities , Lin Brothers International , Pluto Commodities , Port Newark The 92nd floor, though technically

3904-436: Was strictly enforced; a man who arrived with a reservation but without a jacket was seated at the bar. The restaurant offered jackets that were loaned to the patrons so they could eat in the main dining room. The dinnerware, rugs, lighting fixtures, menus and the communication equipment were designed by Milton Glaser . A more intimate dining room, Wild Blue, was located on the south side of the restaurant. The bar extended along

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3968-574: Was succeeded by the present-day One World Trade Center tower, which was opened in November 2014 as the lead building of the redeveloped World Trade Center site . At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum , the northern pool marks the spot where the North Tower once stood. In 1961, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to build the World Trade Center on the site of

4032-440: Was the executive director of the Port Authority, Neil Levin , who was having breakfast. After about 9:40   a.m., no further distress calls from the restaurant were made. The last people to leave the restaurant before Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower at 8:46   a.m. were Michael Nestor, Liz Thompson, Geoffrey Wharton, and Richard Tierney, who all shared an elevator together. They departed at 8:44   a.m. and survived

4096-419: Was the main course." In 2014, Ryan Sutton of Eater.com compared the now-destroyed restaurant's cuisine to that of its replacement, One World Observatory . He stated, "Windows helped usher in a new era of captive audience dining in that the restaurant was a destination in itself, rather than a lazy byproduct of the vital institution it resided in." Windows of Hope Family Relief Fund was organized soon after

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