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World Deaf Athletics Championships

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The World Deaf Athletics Championships is a quadrennial global competitions in the sport of athletics for deaf people . It is organised by the International Committee of Sports for the Deaf and was first held in 2008.

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56-1706: 2nd World Deaf Indoor Athletics Championships in 2023 http://www.ciss.org/news/2nd-world-deaf-indoor-athletics-championships-in-2023 2nd World Deaf Indoor Athletics Championships Torun, Poland on 22-25 March 2023. 1st - [REDACTED]   Chinese Taipei 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240818054855/http://163.17.55.68/wdyac2024/score_query_adv.php?ItNo=21&ItNa=%A5%D0%AE%7C - 2024 Youth Results https://web.archive.org/web/20240818054900/http://210.59.162.39/wdac2024/score_query_adv.php?ItNo=21&ItNa=%A5%D0%AE%7C - 2024 Senior Results http://www.ciss.org/events/402 http://www.ciss.org/championships/taipei-2024 https://www.tokyoforward2025.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/en/ Events: Youth: 9 Men + 4 Women = 13 Senior: 13 Men + 9 Women + 1 Mixed = 23 Asia-Pacific Deaf Athletics Championships Source: European Deaf Athletics Championships Source: Results: https://www.edso.eu/2013/10/19/overview-european-championships/ https://www.edso.eu/2013/10/19/overview-junior-european-championships/ Athletics – Overview European Championships Place Country Date Year 1st Salerno [REDACTED]   Italy 02 - 05 October 1980 2nd München [REDACTED]   Germany 29 July - 01 August 1987 3rd Vladimir [REDACTED]   Russia 02 - 06 July 1991 4th Lausanne [REDACTED]   Switzerland 27 June - 01 July 1995 5th Piraeus [REDACTED]   Greece 05 - 10 July 1999 6th Tallinn [REDACTED]   Estonia 13 - 19 July 2003 7th Sofia [REDACTED]   Bulgaria 08 - 14 July 2007 8th Kayseri [REDACTED]   Turkey 10 - 16 July 2011 The 2021 World Deaf Athletics Championships

112-683: A Chinese-language region for the first time, forcing the need for an agreement. In 1989, the two Olympic committees signed a pact in Hong Kong where the PRC agreed to use the ROC's translation in international sports-related occasions hosted in China. Domestically, the PRC continues to use its own "Taipei, China" translation. During the 2008 Summer Olympics , Chinese state media used the agreed-upon Zhōnghuá Táiběi both internationally and in domestic press. However, during

168-528: A non- UN member after its expulsion in 1971 with ongoing dispute of its sovereignty , was prohibited from using or displaying any of its national symbols that would represent the statehood of Taiwan, such as its national name, anthem and flag , at international events. The term "Chinese Taipei" was first proposed in 1979 and was eventually approved in the Nagoya Resolution , whereby the ROC/Taiwan and

224-548: A re-appraisal and removal of "sinocentric" labels and figures established by the government during the period of Martial Law . For sporting events, the ROC team is abbreviated in Taiwan as the Team Zhonghua ( Chinese : 中華隊 ). Starting around the time of the 2004 Summer Olympics , there has been a movement in Taiwan to change media references to the team to "Taiwan". During the 2020 Summer Olympics , most TV channels referred to

280-603: A stance against de-Sinicization policies. It criticized former Kaohsiung mayor Chen Chu for inviting the Dalai Lama and Rebiya Kadeer , who were seen as "separatists". The newspaper's editorials have been critical of the Chinese Communist Party regularly, on issues such as those related to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo . United Daily News

336-511: Is a newspaper published in Taiwan . It is considered to support the pan-Blue Coalition in its editorials. UDN was founded in 1951 by Wang Tiwu as a merger of three newspapers, Popular Daily (全民日報), National (民族報), and the Economic Times (經濟時報). The three newspapers formally merged in 1953. The newspaper is owned by Wang Tiwu's daughter, Wang Shaw-lan . UDN is the flagship newspaper of

392-485: Is a country or that it is located in or governed by mainland China. Taiwanese Olympian Chi Cheng has described competing under the name as "aggravating, humiliating and depressing." Changing demographics and opinions in the country meant that more than 80% of citizens in 2016 saw themselves as Taiwanese, not Chinese, whereas in 1991, this figure was only 13.6%. This radical upswell in Taiwanese national identity has seen

448-445: Is ambiguous, and may refer to either the state or the culture. The ROC translates "Chinese Taipei" as Zhōnghuá Táiběi ( simplified Chinese : 中华台北 ; traditional Chinese : 中華臺北 ). The term " Zhonghua " is also used in the ROC's official name and state-owned enterprises. Meanwhile, the PRC translates the name as Zhōngguó Táiběi ( simplified Chinese : 中国台北 ; traditional Chinese : 中國臺北 ) or literally "Taipei, China", in

504-547: Is part of the UDN Group and is one of the two largest traditional news groups in Taiwan, along with China Times . The newspaper has also been a major platform for writers to publish fukan literature and it has hosted award competitions in this field. A 2022 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism survey found that compared to the major pan-Green outlets Apple Daily and Liberty Times , United Daily News had roughly

560-456: Is to keep Taipei isolated on the world stage and disagrees with any use of "Taiwan" as an official title, in order to prevent Taiwan from gaining international recognition for " independent statehood " separate from the PRC. The term "Taiwan, China" or "Taipei, China" was rejected by the ROC government because it could be construed as Taiwan being a subordinate region to the PRC. Popular opinion in Taiwan has changed drastically in regard to

616-815: Is used for labeling. Some wines from Kinmen are labeled "made in Kinmen", just as some perfume are labeled "made in Paris" and not "made in France". Therefore, the ROC government refused to accept the name of Taiwan during the period. In April 1979, the IOC recognized the Olympic Committee of the PRC and maintained recognition of the Olympic Committee located in Taipei at the 81st IOC Session held in Montevideo. The resolution left problems relating to

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672-479: The 2020 Summer Olympics , state media began using Zhōngguó Táiběi domestically 93% of the time. During the 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony , China's state media's broadcast cut away to a clip of General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping when Taiwan's delegation paraded as Zhōnghuá Táiběi . The broadcast in the stadium introduced the team as Zhōnghuá Táiběi , while

728-554: The Chinese Olympic Committee , with the PRC's anthem, flag and emblem. The Olympic Committee in Taipei was designated as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee , with a different anthem, flag and emblem from those the ROC used and which must be approved by the executive board. Lord Killanin , the president of the IOC , submitted the resolution to IOC members for a postal vote following the conclusion of

784-455: The Kuomintang . Before Taiwan democratized, it was an opponent of political reform; in the years since Taiwan has democratized, it has advocated policies encouraging cooperation with the mainland. The newspaper has consistently supported a Chinese identity in Taiwan and has taken an editorial stance that supports the pan-Blue Coalition . During the administration of Chen Shui-bian , UDN took

840-518: The Miss Universe pageant in Panama , the first official Miss China and Miss Taiwan competed alongside each other for the first time in history, prompting the PRC government to again demand that Miss Taiwan assume the title "Miss Chinese Taipei". Today, neither Miss Universe nor Miss World , the two largest pageant contests in the world, allow Taiwan's entrants to compete under the Taiwan label. In 2005,

896-809: The Olympic Games , including the World Trade Organization , the World Health Organization , the Metre Convention , APEC , and international pageants. "Chinese Taipei" is a deliberately ambiguous term, designed to be equivocal about the political status of the ROC/Taiwan . The meaning of "Chinese" ( Zhōnghuá , Chinese : 中華 ) is also ambiguous, so that either party is able to interpret it as national identity or cultural sphere (similar to ethnonyms as Anglo , Arab , Hispanic or Iranian ). The specific mention of " Taipei ",

952-529: The Taipei District Prosecutors' Office concluded that the minutes were forged but found no evidence of it being committed by the reporter himself. In addition, it criticized the reporter's unthorough verification with the Ministry of National Defense but noted that related reports covered responses from the government. The office decided not to press charges. On September 6, UDN said it apologizes to

1008-558: The World Health Organization (WHO) under the name of Chinese Taipei. The WHO is the only agency of the United Nations that the ROC is able, provided it is invited each year, to participate in since 1971. The terminology has spilled into apolitical arenas. The PRC has successfully pressured some international organizations and NGOs to refer to the ROC as Chinese Taipei. The International Society for Horticultural Science replaced "Taiwan" with "Chinese Taipei" in designation used for

1064-459: The capital city of the ROC, is to avoid disputes over the territorial extent of the ROC. Since the IOC has ruled out the use of the name "Republic of China", the neologism was considered as an expedient resolution and a more inclusive term than just "Taiwan" to both the Kuomintang , the ruling party of the ROC at the time during the Nagoya Resolution, and the PRC. The PRC's persistent policy

1120-594: The cross-strait relations and the nationalistic discourses since the democratization of Taiwan and the end of one-party rule by the Kuomintang. "Chinese Taipei" has since been viewed by many Taiwanese as an anachronistic, aggravating, and humiliating term. The Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign sought to alter the formal name from "Chinese Taipei" to "Taiwan" for representation in Olympic Games and further potential international events. A nationwide referendum

1176-708: The "T" group in IOC protocol order. Taiwan has competed under this name and flag exclusively at each Games since the 1984 Winter Olympics , as well as at the Paralympics and at other international events (with flags on which the Olympic rings are replaced by a symbol appropriate to the event). Both the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) agree to use the English name "Chinese Taipei". The English word "Chinese"

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1232-545: The 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The proposal influenced the East Asian Olympic Committee (EAOC) to revoke Taichung 's right to host the first East Asian Youth Games due to "political factors". An International Olympic Committee (IOC) representative reportedly said this was entirely the decision of the EAOC, and the IOC had no role in the ruling. The IOC also disapproved the altered name and sent three different warnings to

1288-562: The Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee ahead of the referendum vote, concerning the renaming issue which may disbar Taiwan from Olympic competitions. Taiwanese people voted during the 2018 referendum to reject the proposal to change their official Olympic-designated name from Chinese Taipei to Taiwan. The main argument for opposing the name change was worrying that Taiwan may lose its Olympic membership under Chinese pressure, which would result in athletes unable to compete in

1344-535: The Games could use delegation flags and anthems, instead of national ones. Juan Antonio Samaranch , the new president of the IOC , met Henry Hsu several times to discuss the ROC Olympic Committee's status in the IOC. In order for the youth to participate in the Olympic Games and counteract the PRC's strategy of isolating the ROC, the ROC government concluded that the ROC Olympic Committee should not withdraw from

1400-645: The IOC Executive Board meeting held in October 1979 in Nagoya . The resolution, known as the Nagoya Resolution , was approved in November 1979 by the IOC members, and later other international sports federations adopted the resolution. The Nagoya Resolution was welcomed by the PRC as the resolution followed the PRC's One China principle, whereas the ROC decided that the ROC Olympic Committee must strongly protest against

1456-633: The IOC. In 1981, the ROC government formally accepted the name "Chinese Taipei". A flag bearing the emblem of its Olympic Committee against a white background as the Chinese Taipei Olympic flag was confirmed in January. Based on the Olympic Charter amended at the 82nd IOC Session, an agreement was signed on 23 March in Lausanne by Juan Antonio Samaranch, the president of the IOC, and Shen Chia-ming,

1512-501: The Olympic Games or Asian Games. Meanwhile, Vietnam mostly follows ROC's translation and adapts the Sino-Vietnamese transcription to call Chinese Taipei as Đài Bắc Trung Hoa (alternatively Đài Bắc, Trung Hoa with a comma or Đài Bắc (Trung Hoa) with the brackets used; chữ Hán : 臺北中華 , lit.   ' Taipei, Zhonghua ' ) likely due to the cosmetic and grammatical inconvenience when using direct English transliteration or

1568-656: The Olympics. Another proposal for the 2024 Summer Olympics was submitted to the Taiwan's CEC in 2021. The proposal was ultimately rejected by the CEC due to concerns that it might fall outside the scope of the Referendum Act of Taiwan , potentially rendering the Act inapplicable to the matter at hand. United Daily News United Daily News ( UDN ; Chinese : 聯合報 ; pinyin : Liánhé Bào ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Liân-ha̍p-pò )

1624-657: The PRC/China had their right of participation and would remain as separate teams in any activities of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and its correlates. This term came into official use in 1981 following a name change of the Republic of China Olympic Committee (ROCOC) to the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee . This arrangement later became a model for the ROC/Taiwan to continue participating in various international organizations and diplomatic affairs other than

1680-523: The Parade of Nations, the French and English announcers both repeat the identical name "Chinese Taipei" in English. In East Asian languages that would normally transcribe directly from Chinese, an English transliteration is used instead to sidestep the issue. Thus Japan uses Chainīzu Taipei ( チャイニーズ・タイペイ ) while South Korea uses Chainiseu Taibei (차이니스 타이베이) for their respective-language announcements during

1736-474: The ROC as Team Zhonghua while some channels preferred Team Taiwan ( Chinese : 台灣隊 ). Use of the label came under vigorous renewed criticism during the run-up to the 2017 Summer Universiade , hosted in Taiwan. An English-language guide to the Universiade was lambasted for its "absurd" use of the label. The guide was rendered nonsensically by completely avoiding the name "Taiwan" not only when referring to

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1792-414: The ROC from the PRC. "Formosa" was used at the 1960 Summer Olympics , and "Taiwan" was used in 1964 and 1968 . In 1975, the PRC applied to rejoin the IOC as the sole sports organization representing the whole China. The Taiwanese team, competing under the name of Republic of China at the previous Olympics, was refused the right to represent itself as the "Republic of China" or use "China" in its name by

1848-544: The United Daily News Group which is chaired by Duncan Wang. The evening edition of the paper, the United Evening News , was first published on February 22, 1968. By August 2014, the circulation of United Daily News had passed 1 million copies. The evening paper shut down after publishing its final issue on June 1, 2020. The United Daily News has traditionally been close to the conservative wing of

1904-550: The United Nations Chinese unification Taiwan independence movement Taiwanese nationalism Tangwai movement " Chinese Taipei " is the term used in various international organizations and tournaments for groups or delegations representing the Republic of China (ROC), a country commonly known as Taiwan . Due to the One-China principle stipulated by the People's Republic of China (PRC, China), Taiwan, being

1960-538: The athletes in Taiwan having an opportunity to compete in the Olympic Games, the sports constitution in Taiwan could function as a local organization of China and still remain in the Olympic Movement in the name of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. However, its anthem, flag and constitutions should be changed correspondingly. After the 81st Session, the IOC Executive Board designated the Olympic Committee in Beijing as

2016-537: The decisions. From November 1979, the ROC Olympic Committee and Taiwan's IOC member, Henry Hsu , filed a series of lawsuits in Lausanne against the IOC for annulment of the Nagoya Resolution. Taiwanese officials also boycotted the 1980 Winter and Summer Games in protest of not being allowed to use the ROC's official name, flag and national anthem. In 1980, the IOC amended the Olympic Charter so that all National Olympic Committees (NOCs) when participating in

2072-441: The designation "Taiwan" reinstated. Despite these corrections, hundreds of Taiwanese demonstrated in Taipei, demanding that Taiwan cease using "Chinese Taipei" at sporting events. In February 2018, an alliance of civic organizations submitted a proposal to Taiwan's Central Election Commission (CEC). The proposed referendum asks if the nation should apply under the name of "Taiwan" for all international sports events, including

2128-404: The end of World War II in 1945. As time went on, the increased official recognition of the PRC in international activities, such as when accorded recognition in 1971 by the United Nations , instead of that accorded previously to the ROC saw existing diplomatic relations transfer from Taipei to Beijing . The ROC needed to come to a beneficial conclusion to how it would be referred when there

2184-524: The future IOC official documents. To this day, Chinese Taipei's page on the French-language IOC's website internally uses both "Taipei de Chine" and "Taipei chinois" (with a lowercase "c"; capitalization is not used by default for geographic origin adjectives in French) for some image alt text , but the title of the page itself simply uses the English name "Chinese Taipei". When the name is announced during

2240-444: The government of the host country, Canada, at the 1976 Summer Olympics . The IOC then voted to change the name of the ROC team to "Taiwan", which was rejected by the ROC, and the ROC announced their withdrawal from the 1976 Summer Olympics a day before the opening ceremony. The top ROC leadership at the time asserted Chinese nationalism , contending both parts of divided China are Chinese territories and Taiwan did not represent all

2296-450: The label under which Taiwanese athletes compete, but even when referring to geographical features such as the island of Taiwan itself. These statements included "Introduction of our Island: ... Chinese Taipei is long and narrow that lies north to south", and "Chinese Taipei is a special island and its Capital Taipei is a great place to experience Taipei's culture." In response, the guide was withdrawn and shortly thereafter re-issued with

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2352-655: The membership. In a similar case, two Taiwanese medical groups were forced to change the word "Taiwan" in their membership names of ISRRT due to a request by the WHO . In the Miss World 1998 , the government of the PRC pressured the Miss World Organization to rename Miss Republic of China 1998 to "Miss Chinese Taipei". The same happened in 2000 , but with the Miss Universe Organization . Three years later at

2408-451: The name as "Taipei Chinois", which has an ambiguous meaning. The text of the IOC 's Nagoya Resolution in 1979 used the name "Taipei de Chine" suggesting the state meaning of "Chinese". Before signing the agreement between the IOC and the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee in 1981, representatives of two committees decided that the French name need not be stated. Only the English name would be used in

2464-506: The names, anthems and flags of both committees unsolved. The PRC showed a willingness to allow Taiwan to be included in the IOC but objected to the resolution, reaffirming sports organizations in Taiwan must not use any of the emblems of the Republic of China. He Zhenliang , a representative of the PRC, stated in Montevideo: According to the Olympic Charter, only one Chinese Olympic Committee should be recognized. In consideration of

2520-491: The original English designation in Vietnamese context . Besides the International Olympic Committee and sports organizations, Taiwan is a member economy of APEC and its official name in the organization is "Chinese Taipei". Taiwan's name in the World Trade Organization , "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", is frequently abbreviated as Chinese Taipei. It also participated as an invited guest in

2576-640: The president of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee (CTOC). The 1981 agreement, also known as the Lausanne Agreement, specified the name, flag and emblem of the CTOC. The CTOC is therefore entitled to be treated on the equal footing as other NOCs. In 1983, the National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China was chosen as the anthem of the Chinese Taipei delegation, and Chinese Taipei has been listed under

2632-416: The regions of the ROC. What people refer to as Taiwan is one of several areas or islands ( Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu in addition to Taiwan ) and Taiwan alone did not reflect the "territorial extent" of the ROC. Furthermore, although it is true that most products from the area controlled by the ROC are labeled "made in Taiwan", the trade practices of the ROC are such that the regional area of production

2688-488: The report. The minutes' format differed from what the Executive Yuan uses. Taiwanese officials and a U.S. think tank believed that it could be or was likely part of a Chinese government disinformation campaign, generating concerns from commentators. Democratic Progressive Party members filed a legal case against the author on the grounds of forgery and making false claims. After checking with government agencies,

2744-469: The same manner as Zhōngguó Xiānggǎng ( simplified Chinese : 中国香港 ; traditional Chinese : 中國香港 ) (" Hong Kong , China"), explicitly connoting that Taipei is a part of the Chinese state . The disagreement was left unresolved, with both governments using their own translation domestically, until just before the 1990 Asian Games where Taiwan would officially participate under the Chinese Taipei name in

2800-507: The same online reach while it had less reach than Sanlih E-Television . United Daily received a trust rating of 46% from Taiwanese respondents which was higher than the percentage the other three outlets received. In July 2023, UDN published alleged meeting minutes of top officials in Taiwan purportedly discussing requests from the United States to develop bioweapons. The Taiwanese government and United States Department of State denied

2856-531: The television broadcast commentator of China Central Television announced the delegation's name as Zhōngguó Táiběi . The World Health Organization , the international organization to both have Chinese as one of its official languages and have the ROC officially participate, uses Zhōnghuá Táiběi in meeting minutes when the ROC is officially invited, but uses Zhōngguó Táiběi in all other contexts. In French, multiple different names have been officially used. The World Trade Organization officially translates

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2912-562: The third-largest pageant contest, Miss Earth , initially allowed Taiwanese contestant to compete as "Miss Taiwan"; a week into the pageant, however, the contestant's sash was updated to "Taiwan ROC". In 2008, Miss Earth changed the country's label to Chinese Taipei. The name is controversial in modern Taiwan; many Taiwanese see it as a result of shameful but necessary compromise, and a symbol of oppression that mainland China forced upon them. The title "Chinese Taipei" has been described as confusing, as it leads some people to believe that "Taipei"

2968-399: Was held in 2018 , in which a proposal for the name change was rejected. The main argument against such a move was the uncertain consequences of such a renaming; at worst, the renaming dispute could be used by China as an excuse to pressure the IOC to exclude Taiwan from participating in the Olympic Games completely and force its existing membership to be revoked. This was the case when Taiwan

3024-1480: Was originally scheduled from 18 to 25 July 2020 and was going to be held in Radom , but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and moved to Lublin. Chinese Taipei Lai Ching-te ( DPP ) Hsiao Bi-khim ( DPP ) Cho Jung-tai ( DPP ) 11th Legislative Yuan Han Kuo-yu ( KMT ) Shieh Ming-yan acting Vacant Vacant Vacant Control Yuan Chen Chu Lee Hung-chun Local government Central Election Commission Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party Taiwan People's Party Others New Power Party Taiwan Statebuilding Party People First Party Taiwan Solidarity Union New Party Non-Partisan Solidarity Union Newspapers United Daily News Liberty Times China Times Taipei Times Propaganda Censorship Film censorship Lin Chia-lung Cross-Strait relations Special state-to-state relations One Country on Each Side 1992 Consensus Taiwan consensus Chinese Taipei Australia–Taiwan relations Canada–Taiwan relations France–Taiwan relations Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwan–United Kingdom relations Taiwan–United States relations Republic of China (1912–1949) Chinese Civil War One-China policy China and

3080-497: Was participation by the PRC in the same forum. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) recognized both the PRC and the ROC Olympic Committees in 1954. In 1958, the PRC withdrew its membership from the IOC and nine other international sports organizations in protest against the two-Chinas policy. After the withdrawal of the PRC, the IOC had been using a number of names in international Olympic activities to differentiate

3136-474: Was stripped of the right to host the 2019 East Asian Youth Games amid its renaming issue with China during that year. In the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was established and the nationalist Republic of China (ROC) government retreated to Taiwan , previously a Qing territory that was ceded to Japanese rule from 1895 until its surrender at

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