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97-418: The WAGM is played on an adventure-style miniature golf course with miniature golf balls. Categories include a women's and men's category, as well as senior men and senior women (46 years and older), male and female youth (up to 19 years), and an overall category. In addition, there's a team competition where countries compete in teams of four and a mixed pairs' competition. For its first three years (2011–2013),

194-438: A comparative advantage (perceived or real) in the production of some trade-able goods – including the production of scarce or limited natural resources elsewhere. For example, different regions' sizes may encourage mass production . In such circumstances, trading at market price between locations can benefit both locations. Different types of traders may specialize in trading different kinds of goods; for example,

291-562: A market . Traders generally negotiate through a medium of credit or exchange, such as money. Though some economists characterize barter (i.e. trading things without the use of money ) as an early form of trade, money was invented before written history began. Consequently, any story of how money first developed is mostly based on conjecture and logical inference. Letters of credit , paper money , and non-physical money have greatly simplified and promoted trade as buying can be separated from selling , or earning . Trade between two traders

388-456: A Serb. Violence reached its pinnacle in 2004 when Kosovo Albanian extremists were moving from apartment block to apartment block attacking and ransacking the residences of remaining Serbs. A majority of the city's 45,000 Serb inhabitants fled from Kosovo and today only several dozen remain in the city. Pristina International Airport 's new terminal opened for operations in October 2013, which

485-433: A few circumstances tariffs might be beneficial to the host country; but never for the world at large. The Great Depression was a major economic recession that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. During this period, there was a great drop in trade and other economic indicators. The lack of free trade was considered by many as a principal cause of the depression causing stagnation and inflation. Only during World War II did

582-474: A first language. Other spoken languages in Pristina municipality were Turkish (1.04%), Serbian (0.25%) and Romani (0.03%). In 2011, by religion , there were 193,474 (97.27%) Muslims , 1,170 (0.59%) Roman Catholics , 480 (0.24%) Orthodox , 344 (0.17%) of other religions and 660 (0.33%) irreligious . Kosovo is a secular state with no state religion . The freedom of belief , conscience and religion

679-615: A near-collapse of the trade network in the western world. Trade, however, continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, the Middle East, India, China, and Southeast Asia. Some trade did occur in the west. For instance, Radhanites were a medieval guild or group (the precise meaning of the word is lost to history) of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of

776-458: A positive relationship between how well-connected a coastal location was and the local prevalence of archaeological sites from the Iron Age. This suggests that a location's trade potential was an important determinant of human settlements. The complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir , dated 1750 BCE, documents the tribulations of a copper merchant at the time. From the beginning of Greek civilization until

873-539: A rare and relatively late word formation process. According to Loma, the name of the city could be derived from the Proto-Slavic dialectal word * pryščina , meaning " spring (of water) ". The inhabitants of this city, which most of them are Albanians, call themselves Prishtinali in the local Gheg Albanian . The area of Pristina has been inhabited since the Neolithic era by Early European Farmers after 7,000 BCE in

970-399: A reference to the seething waters of the nearby river Gračanka . Marko Snoj proposes the derivation from a Slavic form * Prišьčь , a possessive adjective from the personal name * Prišьkъ , and the derivational suffix -ina 'belonging to X and his kin'. The name is most likely a patronymic of the personal name * Prišь . According to Aleksandar Loma , Snoj's etymology would presuppose

1067-647: A town was given a few years later by the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos , on his visit to Stefan Dušan at his royal court, describing Pristina as a 'unfortified village'. During the time of the Kingdom of Serbia in the early 14th century, the main route between the Western Balkans and Constantinople ran through Pristina. Following the Battle of Kosovo , Pristina fell within the realms of

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1164-436: Is called bilateral trade , while trade involving more than two traders is called multilateral trade . In one modern view, trade exists due to specialization and the division of labor , a predominant form of economic activity in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production, but use their output in trade for other products and needs. Trade exists between regions because different regions may have

1261-564: Is deeply bound up in trade, as a system of clay tokens used for accounting – found in Upper Euphrates valley in Syria dated to the 10th millennium BCE – is one of the earliest versions of writing. Ebla was a prominent trading center during the third millennia BCE, with a network reaching into Anatolia and north Mesopotamia. Materials used for creating jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BCE. Long-range trade routes first appeared in

1358-525: Is derived from the Latin commercium , from cum "together" and merx , "merchandise." Trade originated from human communication in prehistoric times. Prehistoric peoples exchanged goods and services with each other in a gift economy before the innovation of modern-day currency. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce to c.  150,000 years ago. In the Mediterranean region,

1455-521: Is explicitly guaranteed in the Constitution of Kosovo . Islam is the most widely practiced religion among the people of Pristina, but the city has centers of worship for a multitude of faiths for its population. Pristina is the capital city of Kosovo and plays an instrumental role in shaping the political and economic life of the country. It is the location of the Parliament of Kosovo headquartered at

1552-515: Is one of the urban areas with the most severe water shortages in Kosovo. Its population have to cope with daily water curbs due to the lack of rain and snowfall, which has left Pristina's water supplies in a dreadful condition. The water supply comes from the two main reservoirs of Batllava Lake and Lake Badovc . However, there are many problems with the water supply that comes from these two reservoirs which supply 92% of Pristina's population. As such,

1649-515: Is situated on an alluvial plain in the regions of Llap and Kosovo across the Gollak Hills in central and eastern Kosovo. Bodies of water in Pristina municipality include Badovc and Batllava lakes as well as the Llapi , Prishtevka, and Vellusha rivers. The park of Germia lies in the east of Pristina and extends in the north of the villages of Llukar and Kolovica to the south at Badovc . Pristina

1746-649: Is the National Library of Kosovo . Pristina is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the National Theatre of Kosovo , National Archaeology, Ethnography and Natural science Museum , National Art Gallery and the Ethnological Museum . The National Library of Kosovo has more than 1.8 million books, periodicals, maps, atlases, microfilms and other library materials. There are many foreign cultural institutions in Pristina, including

1843-578: Is the capital and largest city of Kosovo . It is the administrative center of the eponymous municipality and district . In antiquity, the area of Pristina was part of the Dardanian Kingdom . The heritage of the classical era is represented by the settlement of Ulpiana . After the Roman Empire was divided into a western and an eastern half, the area remained within the Byzantine Empire between

1940-426: Is the third most densely populated municipality of Kosovo. The population of Pristina grew by 14.2% between 2011 and 2024, which shows the rapid rate of urbanization in both the city and Kosovo as a whole. In terms of ethnicity, Pristina's inhabitants were 97.77% Albanian , 1.08% Turkish , 0.28% Ashkali , 0.22% Serbian , 0.2% Bosniak , 0.1% Gorani and 0.03% Romani . By language, 98.09% spoke Albanian as

2037-672: The Bengal Sultanate was a major trading nation in the world and often referred to by Europeans as the wealthiest country with which to trade. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese gained an economic advantage in the Kingdom of Kongo due to different philosophies of trade. Whereas Portuguese traders concentrated on the accumulation of capital, in Kongo spiritual meaning was attached to many objects of trade. According to economic historian Toby Green , in Kongo "giving more than receiving

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2134-676: The Great Depression of the 1930s. Trade openness increased substantially again from the 1950s onward (albeit with a slowdown during the oil crisis of the 1970s ). Economists and economic historians contend that current levels of trade openness are the highest they have ever been. Trade is from Middle English trade ("path, course of conduct"), introduced into English by Hanseatic merchants, from Middle Low German trade ("track, course"), from Old Saxon trada ("spoor, track"), from Proto-Germanic *tradō ("track, way"), and cognate with Old English tredan ("to tread"). Commerce

2231-403: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia . On 17 April 1941, Yugoslavia surrendered unconditionally to axis forces. On 29 June, Benito Mussolini proclaimed a greater Albania, with most of Kosovo under Italian occupation united with Albania. There ensued mass killings of Serbs, in particular colonists, and an exodus of tens of thousands of Serbs. After the capitulation of Italy, Nazi Germany took control of

2328-473: The Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS), Pristina is home to 227,154 residents, making it the most populous city and municipality in Kosovo. In the 2011 census, there were 198,897 people residing in Pristina municipality. The urban population of Pristina municipality was approximately 160,000, while the rural population was around 37,000. With a population density of 380,3 people per square kilometre, Pristina

2425-706: The Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars , Pristina suffered many atrocities; the Serbian army entered Pristina on 22 October. Albanian and Turkish households were looted and destroyed, and women and children were killed. A Danish journalist based in Skopje reported that the Serbian campaign in Pristina "had taken on the character of a horrific massacring of the Albanian population". An estimated 5,000 people in Pristina were murdered in

2522-443: The Parliament of Kosovo . Pristina is also the most important transportation junction of Kosovo for air , rail , and roads . Pristina International Airport is the largest airport of the country and among the largest in the region. A range of expressways and motorways, such as the R 6 and R 7 , radiate out the city and connect it to Albania and North Macedonia . Pristina will host the 2030 Mediterranean Games . The origin of

2619-572: The Serbian Despotate under Prince Stefan Lazarević . A bitter feud between Lazarević and Đurađ Branković developed and led to open conflict, with Pristina being the scene of heavy fighting in 1409 and 1410. At the turn of the 15th century during the time of the Serbian Despotate, Pristina was a major trading post for silver , with many traders hailing from the Republic of Ragusa . Between

2716-625: The Venetian Republic and the Republic of Genoa were major trade centers. They dominated trade in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, having the monopoly between Europe and the Near East for centuries. From the 8th to the 11th century, the Vikings and Varangians traded as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while Varangians to Kyivan Rus' . The Hanseatic League

2813-490: The Yugoslav authorities began constructing a modern Pristina with the idea of "destroy the old, build the new". This modernization led to major changes in the structure of the buildings, their function and their surrounding environment. Trade Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as

2910-490: The market (which consists both of individuals and other companies) at the lowest production cost . A system of international trade has helped to develop the world economy but, in combination with bilateral or multilateral agreements to lower tariffs or to achieve free trade , has sometimes harmed third-world markets for local products. Free trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or exports by applying tariffs or subsidies. This policy

3007-401: The spice trade and grain trade have both historically been important in the development of a global, international economy. Retail trade consists of the sale of goods or merchandise from a very fixed location (such as a department store , boutique , or kiosk ), online or by mail , in small or individual lots for direct consumption or use by the purchaser. Wholesale trade is

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3104-405: The terms of trade through maintaining tariffs , and that the response to this might be reciprocity in trade policy. Ricardo and others had suggested this earlier. This was taken as evidence against the universal doctrine of free trade, as it was believed that more of the economic surplus of trade would accrue to a country following reciprocal , rather than completely free, trade policies. This

3201-457: The 11th French colonial division took over Pristina and returned Pristina back to what then became the 'First Yugoslavia ' on 1 December 1918. In September 1920, the decree of the colonization of the new southern lands' facilitated the takeover by Serb colonists of large Ottoman estates in Pristina and land seized from Albanians. From 1929 to 1941, Pristina was part of the Vardar Banovina of

3298-551: The 17th century mention the town as "situated in Albania". Austrian military archives from the years of 1689-90 mention "5,000 Muslim Albanians in Prishtina who had risen against the Turks". Gjergj Bogdani, a nephew of Pjeter Bogdani , wrote later: 'My uncle, being found already dead and buried, was dug up from his grave and put out as food for the dogs in the middle of Prishtina'. During

3395-510: The 18th century, the history of the city is less documented, though recent data show a regular life unfolding in the city after the Great Turkish War . While in the first few decades the city was rebuilding its infrastructure, in the second part of the century it is better known for the governing of the local feudal family, the Gjinollis. In May 1901, Albanians pillaged and partially burned

3492-686: The 3rd millennium BCE, when Sumerians in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley . The Phoenicians were noted sea traders, traveling across the Mediterranean Sea , and as far north as Britain for sources of tin to manufacture bronze . For this purpose they established trade colonies the Greeks called emporia . Along the coast of the Mediterranean, researchers have found

3589-584: The 5th and 9th centuries. In the middle of the 9th century, it was ceded to the First Bulgarian Empire , before falling again under Byzantine occupation in the early 11th century and then in the late 11th century to the Second Bulgarian Empire . The growing Kingdom of Serbia annexed the area in the 13th century and it remained under the Serbian Empire in the 14th century up to the start of

3686-458: The 8th century BCE at an elevation of 685 metres near the village Teneshdoll, around 16 kilometres north of the Pristina city center. Pottery finds suggests that the area may have been in use since the Bronze Age. The settlement seems to have maintained long-distance trade contacts as the finding of a skyphos vessel from Aegean Greece suggests. During the 4th century BC, the Kingdom of Dardania

3783-845: The Albanian Albanological Institute , the French Alliance Française , the British Council , and the German Goethe-Institut and Friedrich Ebert Foundation . The Information Office of the Council of Europe was also established in Pristina. Of 426 protected historical monuments in Kosovo , 21 are in Pristina. A large number of these monuments date back to the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Starting in 1945,

3880-565: The Albanian flag. Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in 1989, a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Yugoslav government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. The LDK's role meant, that when the Kosovo Liberation Army began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Pristina remained largely calm until

3977-791: The Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . It criticized Mercantilism , and argued that economic specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the division of labour was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and thereby become more productive . Smith said that he considered all rationalizations of import and export controls "dupery", which hurt

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4074-594: The Balkans: Starčevo followed by its successors Vinča , Baden and lastly Bubanj-Hum. The earliest recognized references were discovered in Gračanica , Matiçan and Ulpiana . By the early Iron Age, the distinctly Dardanian local variant of the Illyrian Glasinac-Mati culture appears in Kosovo with a particular spread in hilltop settlements. In the area of Pristina, a hilltop settlement appears since

4171-549: The Caribbean. During the Middle Ages , commerce developed in Europe by trading luxury goods at trade fairs. Wealth became converted into movable wealth or capital . Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries. Hand to hand markets became a feature of town life and were regulated by town authorities. Western Europe established a complex and expansive trade network with cargo ships being

4268-536: The Emerald Hotel, Sirius Hotel and Hotel Garden. Some of the most visited sights near the city include Batllava Lake and Marble Cave , which are also among the most visited places in country. Pristina has played a very important role during the World War II, being a shelter for Jews, whose cemeteries now can be visited. There is also a bear sanctuary located around 22 km (14 mi) away from Pristina in

4365-580: The Mother Teresa Square and the official residence and workplace of the President and Prime Minister of Kosovo . Pristina is also home to Kosovo's Constitutional Court , Supreme Court and Appeal Court as well as the Basic Court of Pristina . Pristina is a municipality governed by a mayor–council system with the mayor of Pristina and the members of the Pristina municipal council responsible for

4462-710: The Near East. The first true maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the Austronesian peoples of Island Southeast Asia . Initiated by the indigenous peoples of Taiwan and the Philippines , the Maritime Jade Road was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from Taiwan by Taiwanese indigenous peoples and processed mostly in

4559-554: The Ottoman era (1389–1455). The next centuries would be characterized by Ottoman rule. During this period, Pristina developed from a village to a major urban center of the region. Following the end of the First Balkan War in 1914, it became a part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbia . In 1948, it was chosen as the capital of the province SAP Kosovo under the statehood of Yugoslavia . Furthermore, Pristina would continue to serve as

4656-559: The Philippines by indigenous Filipinos, especially in Batanes , Luzon , and Palawan . Some were also processed in Vietnam , while the peoples of Malaysia , Brunei , Singapore , Thailand , Indonesia , and Cambodia also participated in the massive trading network. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It

4753-471: The Stone Age by excavations in 1901. The first clear archaeological evidence of trade in manufactured goods is found in south west Asia. Archaeological evidence of obsidian use provides data on how this material was increasingly the preferred choice rather than chert from the late Mesolithic to Neolithic, requiring exchange as deposits of obsidian are rare in the Mediterranean region. Obsidian provided

4850-649: The WAGM was played in Hastings, England. Participants were mostly from the UK and Germany, with a small number of participants from other countries in Europe, like Sweden and Finland. In 2014, the competition was held in Gullbergsbro, Gothenburg, Sweden and 50 competitors participated. In 2016, the competition was held in Pristina, Kosovo . The number of competing countries rose to 15, from 8

4947-436: The administration of Pristina municipality. The municipality is encompassed in Pristina district and consists of 43 adjacent settlements with Pristina as its seat. The mayor of Pristina is elected by the people to act as the chief executive officer of Pristina municipality. The Pristina municipal council is the legislative arm of the municipality and is also a democratically elected institution, comprising 51 councilors since

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5044-412: The agreement. In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to promote free trade. The European Union became the world's largest exporter of manufactured goods and services, the biggest export market for around 80 countries. Today, trade is merely a subset within a complex system of companies which try to maximize their profits by offering products and services to

5141-558: The airport. Apartments were occupied illegally and the Roma quarters behind the city park was torched. Several strategic targets in Pristina were attacked by NATO during the war, but serious physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighbourhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war the Serbs became victims of violence committed by Kosovo Albanian extremists. On numerous occasions Serbs were killed by mobs of Kosovo Albanian extremists for merely speaking Serbian in public or being identified as

5238-434: The authorities have increased their efforts to remedy the situation and to make sure that such crises do not hit the city again. According to the Köppen climate classification , Pristina falls under the periphery of the oceanic climate (Cfb) zone with an average annual temperature of 10.6 °C (51.1 °F). The warmest month in Pristina is August with an average temperature rising to 21.8 °C (71.2 °F), while

5335-457: The border of the Republic of Macedonia , where they were forced into exile. The majority Albanian population fled Pristina in large numbers to escape Serb policy and paramilitary units. The first NATO troops to enter the city in early June 1999 were Norwegian special forces from FSK Forsvarets Spesialkommando and soldiers from the British Special Air Service 22 S.A.S, although to NATO's diplomatic embarrassment Russian troops arrived first at

5432-451: The capital of Kosovo after its 2008 independence from Serbia. Pristina seems to have been a small village before the late 15th century. It is first recorded in 1342 as a village during the reign of Stefan Dušan , and about a century later in 1455 at the beginning of the Ottoman era it had a small population of 300 households. In the following century, Pristina became an important mining and trading center due to its strategic position near

5529-481: The cities of Novi Pazar, Sjenica and Pristina, and massacred Serbs in the area of Ibar Kolašin. However, The Kingdom of Serbia opposed the plan for a Greater Albania , preferring a partition of the European territory of the Ottoman Empire among the four Balkan allies . On 22 October 1912, Serb forces took Pristina. However, Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the first Balkan War, occupied Kosovo in 1915 and took Pristina under Bulgarian occupation. During

5626-469: The city. In May 1944, 281 local Jews were arrested by units of the 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian) , which was made up mostly of Muslim Albanians. The Jews were later deported to Germany, where many were killed. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of Belgrade University and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use

5723-408: The coldest month is January with an average temperature falling to −0.6 °C (30.9 °F). Pristina has a moderate climate with an average of 2909.69 hours of sunshine annually. July is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about 11.5 hours of sunshine a day and by contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than 4.5 hours per day in January. As per the 2024 census conducted by

5820-525: The direction of Gjilan that is a tourist destination for local and foreign tourists. Pristina is the center of education in the country and home to many public and private primary and secondary schools, colleges, academies and universities, located in different areas across the city. The University of Pristina is the largest and oldest university of the city and was established in the 20th century. Finance, arts, journalism, medicine, dentistry, pharmaceuticals, veterinary programs, and engineering are among

5917-410: The doctrine still considered the most counterintuitive in economics : The ascendancy of free trade was primarily based on national advantage in the mid 19th century. That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports. John Stuart Mill proved that a country with monopoly pricing power on the international market could manipulate

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6014-476: The earliest contact between cultures involved members of the species Homo sapiens , principally using the Danube river, at a time beginning 35,000–30,000 BP . There is evidence of the exchange of obsidian and flint during the Stone Age . Trade in obsidian is believed to have taken place in New Guinea from 17,000 BCE. The earliest use of obsidian in the Near East dates to the Lower and Middle paleolithic. Robert Carr Bosanquet investigated trade in

6111-442: The early days of the Serbian occupation. The events have been interpreted as an early attempt to change the region's demographics . Serbian settlers were brought into the city, and Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić bought 491 hectares (1,214 acres) of land. Pristinans who wore a plis were targeted by the Serbian army; those who wore the Turkish fez were safe, and the price of a fez rose steeply. In late October 1918,

6208-417: The east–west trade route known as the Silk Road after the 4th century CE up to the 8th century CE, with Suyab and Talas ranking among their main centers in the north. They were the main caravan merchants of Central Asia. From the Middle Ages, the maritime republics , in particular Venice , Pisa and Genoa , played a key role in trade along the Mediterranean. From the 11th to the late 15th centuries,

6305-440: The end of the 14th and the middle of the 15th century, Ottoman rule was gradually imposed in the town. In 1477 Pristina had a small Muslim population. The settlement at the time had about 300 households. About 3/4 were Christian and 1/4 Muslim. In the 15th century the toponym Arnaut was recorded in the town, which indicates an Albanian presence. The 1487 defter recorded 412 Christian and 94 Muslim households in Pristina, which at

6402-438: The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable spice to Europe from the far east, including India and China. Roman commerce allowed its empire to flourish and endure. The latter Roman Republic and the Pax Romana of the Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation network that enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant piracy , as Rome had become

6499-418: The first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road. The emergence of exchange networks in the Pre-Columbian societies of and near to Mexico are known to have occurred within recent years before and after 1500 BCE. Trade networks reached north to Oasisamerica . There is evidence of established maritime trade with the cultures of northwestern South America and

6596-450: The latest municipal election. Pristina constitutes the heart of the economy of Kosovo and of vital importance to the country's stability. The tertiary sector is the most important for the economy of the city and employs more than 75% of work force of Pristina. 20% of the working population makes up the secondary sector followed by the primary sector with only 5%. Pristina is the primary tourist destination in Kosovo as well as

6693-411: The leadership of the Catholic Albanian priest Pjetër Bogdani pledged loyalty to the Austrian army and supplied troops. He contributed a force of 6,000 Albanian soldiers to the Austrian army which had arrived in Pristina. According to Noel Malcolm , the city in the 17th century was inhabited by a majority population of 15,000 Muslims, probably Albanian but very possibly including some Slavs. Sources from

6790-401: The main air gateway to the country. It is known as a university center of students from neighbouring countries as Albania , North Macedonia , Montenegro and Serbia. In 2012, tourism in Pristina attracted around 100,000 foreign visitors. which represents 74.2%. Most foreign tourists come from Albania , Turkey , Germany , United States , Slovenia , Montenegro , North Macedonia , with

6887-406: The main carrier of goods; Cogs and Hulks are two examples of such cargo ships. Many ports would develop their own extensive trade networks. The English port city of Bristol traded with peoples from what is modern day Iceland, all along the western coast of France, and down to what is now Spain. During the Middle Ages, Central Asia was the economic center of the world. The Sogdians dominated

6984-581: The material cultures of India and China. Indonesians , in particular were trading in spices (mainly cinnamon and cassia ) with East Africa using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the Westerlies in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and the Arabian Peninsula , resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar by the first half of

7081-404: The material to make cutting utensils or tools, although since other more easily obtainable materials were available, use was exclusive to the higher status of the tribe using "the rich man's flint". Obsidian has held its value relative to flint. Early traders traded Obsidian at distances of 900 kilometres within the Mediterranean region. Trade in the Mediterranean during the Neolithic of Europe

7178-755: The most popular fields for foreigners to undertake in the city. This brings a many of young students from other cities and countries to Pristina. It is known for its many educational institutions such as University of Pristina, University of Pristina Faculty of Arts and the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo . Among the first schools known in the city were those opened during the Ottoman period. Albanians were allowed to attend these schools, most of which were religious, with only few of them being secular. The city has numerous libraries , many of which contain vast collections of historic and cultural documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections

7275-456: The movement of gold and other resources sent out by Muslim traders on the Trans-Saharan trading network. Beginning in the 16th century, European merchants would purchase gold, spices, cloth, timber and slaves from West African states as part of the triangular trade . This was often in exchange for cloth , iron , or cowrie shells which were used locally as currency. Founded in 1352,

7372-569: The name of the city is unknown. Eric P. Hamp connected the word with an Indo-European derivative *pṛ-tu- (ford) + *stein (cognate to English stone ) which in Proto-Albanian , spoken in the region before the reign of Roman Emperor Trajan (1st–2nd century CE) produced Pristina . Thus the name in the pre-Slavic migrations era would mean in the local Albanian variety "ford-stone" (compare Stanford ). Prišt in Serbian means "boil" and this may be

7469-542: The number of visitors from elsewhere growing every year. The city has a large number of luxury hotels, modern restaurants, bars, pubs and very large nightclubs. Coffee bars are a representative icon of Pristina and they can be found almost everywhere. The largest hotels of the city are the Swiss Diamond and the Grand Hotel Prishtina situated in the heart of the city. Other major hotels present in Pristina include

7566-511: The outbreak of the Kosovo War in March 1999. Pristina was spared large scale destruction compared to towns like Gjakova or Peja that suffered heavily at the hands of Serbian forces. For their strategic importance, however, a number of military targets were hit in Pristina during NATO's aerial campaign, including the post office, police headquarters and army barracks, today's Adem Jashari garrison on

7663-824: The recession end in the United States. Also during the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the Bretton Woods Agreement , intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. It set up rules and institutions to regulate the international political economy : the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later divided into the World Bank $ Bank for International Settlements). These organizations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified

7760-479: The rich mining town of Novo Brdo . The city was known for its trade fairs and items, such as goatskin and goat hair as well as gunpowder. Pristina is the capital and the economic , financial , political and trade center of Kosovo, due to its location in the center of the country. It is the seat of power of the Government of Kosovo , the residences for work of the President and Prime Minister of Kosovo , and

7857-435: The road to Kosovo Polje . Widespread violence broke out in Pristina. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting and destruction of Albanian properties. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Pristina's main station for the express purpose of deporting them to

7954-461: The sole effective sea power in the Mediterranean with the conquest of Egypt and the near east. In ancient Greece Hermes was the god of trade (commerce) and weights and measures. In ancient Rome, Mercurius was the god of merchants, whose festival was celebrated by traders on the 25th day of the fifth month. The concept of free trade was an antithesis to the will and economic direction of

8051-476: The sovereigns of the ancient Greek states. Free trade between states was stifled by the need for strict internal controls (via taxation) to maintain security within the treasury of the sovereign, which nevertheless enabled the maintenance of a modicum of civility within the structures of functional community life. The fall of the Roman empire and the succeeding Dark Ages brought instability to Western Europe and

8148-607: The time was administratively part of the Sanjak of Viçitrina . According to Ottoman defters from the 16th century, Prishtina had been significantly Islamised, with more than half of the population having Muslim names. Islamised Albanian names appear among the inhabitants while the Christian neighborhoods had Orthodox Slavic, Christian and Albanian names. During the Austro-Turkish War in the late 17th century, citizens of Pristina under

8245-545: The trading nation as a whole for the benefit of specific industries. In 1799, the Dutch East India Company , formerly the world's largest company, became bankrupt , partly due to the rise of competitive free trade. In 1817, David Ricardo , James Mill and Robert Torrens showed that free trade would benefit the industrially weak as well as the strong, in the famous theory of comparative advantage . In Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Ricardo advanced

8342-448: The traffic in goods that are sold as merchandise to retailers , industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional business users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services. Historically, openness to free trade substantially increased in some areas from 1815 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Trade openness increased again during the 1920s but collapsed (in particular in Europe and North America) during

8439-848: The year before. In 2023 (June 16–18), the World Adventure Golf Masters were played in Gumpoldskirchen, outside of Vienna, Austria. In 2024 WAGM championship played in Brno, Czech Republic, June 14-16 2024. One of the new features of the next WAGM is that it, for the first time ever, played on two different 18-hole courses. This article about a sporting event is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pristina, Kosovo Pristina or Prishtina ( UK : / ˈ p r iː ʃ t ɪ n ə , p r ɪ ʃ ˈ t iː n ə / PREE -shtin-ə, prish- TEE -nə , US : / ˈ p r ɪ ʃ t ɪ n ə / PRISHT -in-ə )

8536-655: Was a symbol of spiritual and political power and privilege." In the 16th century, the Seventeen Provinces were the center of free trade, imposing no exchange controls , and advocating the free movement of goods. Trade in the East Indies was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the Dutch Republic in the 17th century, and the British in the 18th century. The Spanish Empire developed regular trade links across both

8633-605: Was an alliance of trading cities that maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic , between the 13th and 17th centuries. Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama pioneered the European spice trade in 1498 when he reached Calicut after sailing around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of the African continent. Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India

8730-644: Was built in response to a growing demand for air travel in Kosovo. In November of the same year, the R7 motorway as part of the Albania-Kosovo motorway, linking Pristina and the Albanian city of Durrës on the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast , was completed. Another extensive development for the city has been the completion of the R6 motorway in 2019, connecting Pristina to North Macedonia's capital, Skopje . Pristina

8827-459: Was ceded several times to the Second Bulgarian Empire . In 1315, the nearby Gračanica monastery was founded by King Stefan Milutin . Stefan Dušan used a location in the area of Pristina as his court before moving eventually to the vicinity of Skopje as he moved his rule southwards. The first historical record mentioning Pristina by its name dates back to 1315–1318, in a chrysobull of Banjska near Mitrovica. A first brief description of it as

8924-556: Was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped spur the Age of Discovery in Europe. Spices brought to Europe from the Eastern world were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling gold . From 1070 onward, kingdoms in West Africa became significant members of global trade . This came initially through

9021-476: Was established in the region. Ulpiana was an important Roman city on the Balkan Peninsula and in the 2nd century BC it was declared a municipium . In the middle of the 9th century, it was ceded to the First Bulgarian Empire . In the early 11th century, Pristina fell under Byzantine rule and the area was included into a province called Bulgaria . Between the late 11th and middle of the 13th century it

9118-416: Was followed within a few years by the infant industry scenario developed by Mill promoting the theory that the government had the duty to protect young industries, although only for a time necessary for them to develop full capacity. This became the policy in many countries attempting to industrialize and out-compete English exporters. Milton Friedman later continued this vein of thought, showing that in

9215-494: Was greatest in this material. Networks were in existence at around 12,000 BCE Anatolia was the source primarily for trade with the Levant, Iran and Egypt according to Zarins study of 1990. Melos and Lipari sources produced among the most widespread trading in the Mediterranean region as known to archaeology. The Sari-i-Sang mine in the mountains of Afghanistan was the largest source for trade of lapis lazuli . The material

9312-743: Was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the Silk Road in mainland Eurasia and the later Maritime Silk Road . The Maritime Jade Road began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse societies of the region. Sea-faring Southeast Asians also established trade routes with Southern India and Sri Lanka as early as 1500 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like catamarans , outrigger boats , sewn-plank boats, and paan) and cultigens (like coconuts , sandalwood , bananas , and sugarcane ); as well as connecting

9409-555: Was most largely traded during the Kassite period of Babylonia beginning 1595 BCE. Adam Smith traces the origins of commerce to the very start of transactions in prehistoric times. Apart from traditional self-sufficiency , trading became a principal faculty for prehistoric people, who bartered what they had for goods and services from each other. Anthropologists have found no evidence of barter systems that did not exist alongside systems of credit. The earliest evidence of writing in

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