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36-462: Womxn and womyn are alternative political spellings of the English word woman , used by some feminists . There are other spellings, including womban (a reference to the womb or uterus) or womon (singular), and wombyn or wimmin (plural). Some writers who use such alternative spellings, avoiding the suffix "-man" or "-men" , see them as an expression of female independence and

72-715: A K? [...] Klassified. [...] Oh, it's very good! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt !" A common satiric usage of the letters KKK is the spelling of America as Amerikkka , alluding to the Ku Klux Klan , referring to underlying racism in American society. The earliest known usage of Amerikkka recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary is in July 1970, in an African-American magazine called Black World . The spelling Amerikkka came into greater use after

108-637: A broader range of gender identities than 'woman'—or even older feminist terms such as 'womyn'   ... a nontraditional spelling for people whose gender identity doesn’t fit in the traditional boxes". In January 2018, Portland held the Indigenous Womxn's March, dedicated to missing and murdered indigenous girls, women, and transgender people. In 2018, student university groups in the US and UK used womxn in communications, such as advertising for "Womxn’s Basketball Session" and "Womxn of Color Network". In 2018,

144-678: A difference in spelling does not indicate a difference in pronunciation of a word. That is, it is dialect to the eye rather than to the ear. It suggests that a character "would use a vulgar pronunciation if there were one" and "is at the level of ignorance where one misspells in this fashion, hence mispronounces as well." The word womyn appeared as an Older Scots spelling of woman in the Scots poetry of James Hogg . The word wimmin appeared in 19th-century renderings of Black American English , without any feminist significance. Second wave feminism developed several alternative political spellings of

180-455: A long-standing theme of insulting the law firm Carter-Ruck by replacing the R with an F to read Carter-Fuck. The law firm once requested that Private Eye cease spelling its name like that; the magazine then started spelling it "Farter-Fuck". Likewise, Private Eye often refers to The Guardian as The Grauniad , due to the newspaper's early reputation for typographical errors . Plays on acronyms and initialisms are also common, when

216-553: A repudiation of traditions that define women by reference to a male norm . These re-spellings existed alongside the use of herstory , a feminist re-examination and re-telling of history. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines womyn as "in feminist use: women." The OED added womxn in 2021, and defines it as "adopted by some as a more inclusive alternative to womyn, which is perceived as marginalizing certain groups, especially ethnic minority and transgender women.". Dictionary.com added womxn to its dictionary in 2019 with

252-468: A specific negative attribute, real or perceived, of a product or service. This is especially effective if the misspelling is done by replacing part of the word with another that has identical phonetic qualities. Journalists may make a politicized editorial decision by choosing to differentially retain (or even create) misspellings, mispronunciations, ungrammaticisms, dialect variants, or interjections. The British political satire magazine Private Eye has

288-404: A system of grammatical gender , whereby every noun was treated as either masculine, feminine or neuter, similar to modern German. In Old English sources, the word man was grammatically masculine but gender-neutral in meaning. One of its meanings was similar to the modern English usage of " one " as a gender-neutral indefinite pronoun (compare with mankind ( man  + kind ), which means

324-463: Is a deliberate misspelling of dog . The internet slang of DoggoLingo , which appeared around the same time, spells dog as doggo and also includes respelled words for puppy ( pupper ) and other animals such as bird ( birb ) and snake ( snek ). Respellings in DoggoLingo usually alter the pronunciation of the word. Along the same lines, intentional misspellings can be used to promote

360-550: Is conceiving and in large part undertaking the six volume Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records edition (begun in 1931, and concluded by Krapp's collaborator Elliott Van Kirk Dobbie in 1953). Krapp is also noted for his books Modern English: Its Growth and Present Use (1909) in which he argued "that 'good English' was not determined by the conformity to grammatical laws, but by the common use of language", and The English Language in America (1925) described by Henry Blake Fuller as "detailing

396-502: Is formed from wīf (the source of wife ), then meaning 'woman', and mann (the source of man ), then meaning 'person, human', originally without connotations of gender. Man took on its additional masculine meaning in the Late Middle English period, replacing the now-obsolete word wer . This has created the present situation with man bearing a dual meaning—either masculine or nonspecific. Old English had

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432-510: Is often referred to as the "National Surveillance Agency" and sometimes " National Socialist Agency" by opponents of its PRISM program, who view it as dystopian encroachment on personal privacy. George Philip Krapp In 1897 Krapp joined the faculty of Columbia University , becoming professor of English at the University of Cincinnati (1908–1910) before gaining the same title at Columbia (1910–1934). His best known achievement

468-636: The Russian and German spellings of the word and intended to be suggestive of fascism and authoritarianism . A similar usage in Italian , Spanish , Catalan and Portuguese is to write okupa rather than ocupa (often on a building or area occupied by squatters ), referring to the name adopted by okupación activist groups. It stems from a combination of English borrowings with k in them to those languages, and Spanish anarchist and punk movements which used "k" to signal rebellion. Replacing "c" with "k"

504-516: The Wellcome Collection , a museum and library in London, made an announcement through Twitter using the term womxn to demonstrate their goal of including diverse perspectives; after complaints from hundreds of followers, the museum later apologized and removed the term from its website. Labour Party politician Jess Phillips responded to the incident by saying, "I've never met a trans woman who

540-418: The streaming platform Twitch used the term womxn to promote events celebrating Women's History Month . The event was announced through Twitter, which led to immediate backlash from various users who considered the term transphobic for implying that trans women are not women but a separate category ( womxn ). Twitch removed the tweet and apologised, stating that they wanted to use the word to acknowledge

576-400: The 1990 release of the gangsta rap album AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted by Ice Cube . The letters KKK have been inserted into several other words and names, to indicate similar perceived racism, oppression or corruption. Examples include: Currency symbols like €, $ and £ can be inserted in place of the letters E , S and L respectively to indicate plutocracy , greed , corruption , or

612-695: The adventures of an old language in a new country" and a book that "contravenes many of our favorite notions about ourselves and our speech". He wrote six children's books about subjects such as "the Civil War, the Great Lakes, the frontier, and country life". In June 1924, Krapp wrote in The American Mercury several words in African American dialect were from common English usage that lingered in "Negro speech" while becoming archaic elsewhere. The article

648-415: The category of "woman", particularly the term womyn-born womyn . The term wombyn was also particularly criticized by trans advocates since it implies that a woman must have a womb to be a woman. Some trans-inclusionary feminists argue in favor of the word womxn as being more inclusive of transgender women , non-binary people, and intersex women , while other trans-inclusionary feminists criticize

684-570: The definition "used, especially in intersectional feminism , as an alternative spelling to avoid the suggestion of sexism perceived in the sequences m-a-n and m-e-n, and to be inclusive of trans and nonbinary people." See also: The terms womyn and womxn have been criticized for being unnecessary or confusing neologisms , due to the uncommonness of mxn to describe men . The word womyn has been criticized by transgender people due to its usage in trans-exclusionary radical feminist circles which exclude trans women from identifying into

720-489: The full name is spelled out but one of the component words is replaced by another. For example, Richard Stallman and other Free Software Foundation executives often refer to digital rights management as "digital restrictions management". a reference to the tendency for DRM to stifle the end user's ability to reshare music or write CDs more than a certain number of times. Likewise, the National Security Agency

756-411: The human race, and German man , which has retained the indefinite pronoun meaning to the modern day). The words wer and wīf were used, when necessary, to specify a man or woman, respectively. Combining them into werman or wīfman expressed the concept of "any man" or "any woman". Some feminist writers have suggested that this more symmetrical usage reflected more egalitarian notions of gender at

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792-649: The intentionally poor spelling and fractured grammar as "kitty pidgin ". The negative squared letter B (🅱️; originally used to represent blood type B) can be used to replace hard consonants as an internet meme . This originates from the practice of members of the Bloods replacing the letter C with the letter B , but has been extended to any consonant. Common examples are: Various different instances of intentional misspellings of animal names have been made as internet memes . The mid-2000s lolcat memes used spellings such as kitteh for kitty. The 2013 Doge meme

828-474: The mid 2010s, fourth-wave feminism focused on intersectionality and debated whether to use womxn as a term more inclusive of trans women, or whether to avoid womxn because it implied trans women are not women. In 2017, the Womxn's March on Seattle chose to use the term "womxn" to promote the march. Elizabeth Hunter-Keller, the event's communications chair, told The New York Times that they chose it based upon

864-613: The mid-to-late 19th century. The concept is continued today within the group. For something similar in the writing of groups opposed to the KKK, see §  KKK replacing c or k , below. In the 1960s and early 1970s in the United States , the Yippies sometimes used Amerika rather than America in referring to the United States. According to Oxford Dictionaries , it was an allusion to

900-456: The perceived immoral, unethical, or pathological accumulation of money . For example: Occasionally a word written in its orthodox spelling is altered with internal capital letters, hyphens, italics, or other devices so as to highlight a fortuitous pun. Some examples: In the mid-2000s, lolcat image macros were captioned with deliberate misspellings, known as "lolspeak", such as a cat asking "I can haz cheezburger?" Blogger Anil Dash described

936-402: The recommendation of a core organizer, who was a nonbinary person, and to reflect the organizing group's diversity. Nita Harker, a sociologist and organizer of the march praised the term womxn for its ambiguity in pronunciation, saying that it forces users to "stop and think".. The Boston Globe , reporting on the march, called womxn term "a powerful, increasingly popular label, encompassing

972-404: The shortcomings of gender-binary language and that they would use the term "women" moving forward. Alternative political spelling A satiric misspelling is an intentional misspelling of a word, phrase or name for a rhetorical purpose. This can be achieved with intentional malapropism (e.g. replacing erection for election ), enallage (giving a sentence the wrong form, eg. "we

1008-467: The singular form) first appeared in print in 1976 referring to the first Michigan Womyn's Music Festival . This is just after the founding of the Mountain Moving Coffeehouse for Womyn and Children , a lesbian feminist social event centred around women's music . Both the annual "MichFest" and the weekly coffeehouse operated a womyn-born womyn (cisgender women-only) policy. Womyn's land

1044-476: The term womxn for the implication that trans women are not women but are a separate category, or for the implication that non-binary people are women. Jennie Kermode, chair of Trans Media Watch , stated in 2018 that the organization would not use the term womxn , considering that women already includes trans women. The word woman is derived from the Old English word wīfmann ('woman-person'), which

1080-419: The time. The term wimmin was considered by George P. Krapp (1872–1934), an American scholar of English, to be eye dialect , the literary technique of using nonstandard spelling that implies a pronunciation of the given word that is actually standard. The spelling indicates that the character's speech overall is dialectal , foreign, or uneducated. This form of nonstandard spelling differs from others in that

1116-424: The word woman , especially womyn . Keridwen Luis, a sociologist at Brandeis University , states that feminists have experimented for decades to devise a suitable alternative for the term identifying the female gender. Such terms have included wimmin (in the 1990s), based upon the original Old English term, and womyn (since at least 1975). The usage of "womyn" as a feminist spelling of women (with womon as

Alternative spellings of woman - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-484: Was another usage of the term, associated with separatist feminism . Z. Budapest promoted the use of the word wimmin (singular womon ) in the 1970s as part of her Dianic Wicca movement, which claims that present-day patriarchy represents a fall from a matriarchal golden age . Millie Tant , a fictional character in the British satirical comic Viz , often used the term wimmin when discussing women's rights. In

1188-459: Was at the center of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle 's character has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in "blassified" instead of "classified". Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K; Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies: "what, you mean, pronounce 'blassified' with

1224-741: Was noted in Monroe Work 's Negro Yearbook 1925-1926 (page 45) and elsewhere. Following his death, his widow donated 500 of his books to Columbia University. His wife, Elisabeth Christina von Saltza, was the daughter of Swedish painter Carl Frederick von Saltza , and his brother-in-law was painter Philip von Saltza . His son was literary scholar Robert M. Adams . A. G. K. (March 1926). "Reviewed: The English Language in America by George Philip Krapp" . American Speech . 1 (6): 340–346. doi : 10.2307/451269 . hdl : 2027/mdp.39015002735499 . JSTOR   451269 . Retrieved September 25, 2021 . This biography of an American English academic

1260-506: Was offended by the word woman being used, so I'm not sure why this keeps happening". Clara Bradbury-Rance of King's College London conjectured that the push-back was because the use of the term was seen as too simplistic and a "fix-all". In a 2019 Styles article published in The New York Times , journalist Breena Kerr stated that while womxn was difficult to pronounce, it was "perhaps the most inclusive word yet". On March 1, 2021,

1296-491: Was robbed!"), or simply replacing a letter with another letter (for example, in English, k replacing c ), or symbol ( $ replacing s ). Satiric misspelling is found widely today in informal writing on the Internet , but is also made in some serious political writing that opposes the status quo . Replacing the letter c with k in the first letter of a word was used by the Ku Klux Klan during its early years in

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