Wittdün ( Öömrang : Witjdün , Danish : Vitdyn, also Hvidklit ) is a municipality on the island of Amrum in the district of Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein , Germany .
70-427: Unlike the other villages of Amrum, Wittdün is a relatively young settlement. It was founded in 1890 as a seaside resort next to a new ferry port connecting the island to mainland Nordfriesland. The reason for founding this new village was the fear of many islanders of a decline of their Frisian culture due to the influx of tourists from the south. So, many Amrumers thought that concentrating the emerging seaside tourism in
140-622: A Hauptschulabschluss of both type 10a or type 10b, the latter of which is the Realschulabschluss . The amount of extracurricular activity is determined individually by each school and varies greatly. With the 2015 school reform the German government has tried to push more of those pupils into other schools, which is known as Inklusion . A special system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung (the dual education system ) allows pupils in vocational courses to do in-service training in
210-487: A Kindergarten is neither mandatory nor free of charge, but can be partly or wholly funded, depending on the local authority and the income of the parents. All caretakers in Kita or Kindergarten must have a three-year qualified education, or be under special supervision during training. Kindergärten can be open from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. or longer and may also house a Kinderkrippe , meaning crèche, for children between
280-464: A Realschule ) or Abitur from a Gymnasium or a Gesamtschule , school leavers can start a career with an apprenticeship at a Berufsschule ( vocational school). Here the student is registered with certain bodies, e.g. associations such as the German Bar Association ( Deutsche Rechtsanwaltskammer , GBA) (board of directors). During the apprenticeship, the young person is
350-563: A company as well as at a state school. Students in Germany scored above the OECD average in reading (498 score points), mathematics (500) and science (503) in PISA 2018. Average reading performance in 2018 returned to levels that were last observed in 2009, reversing most gains up to 2012. In science, mean performance was below 2006 levels; while in mathematics PISA 2018 results lay significantly below those of
420-500: A knowledge of theory and practice. The company is obliged to accept the apprentice on its apprenticeship scheme. After this, the apprentice is registered on a list at the Industrie- und Handelskammer ( IHK ) (chamber of industry and commerce). During the apprenticeship, the apprentice is a part-time salaried employee of the company. After passing the Berufsschule and the exit exams of
490-466: A model for schools throughout Germany. German public schools generally have religious education provided by the churches in cooperation with the state ever since. During the 18th century, the Kingdom of Prussia was among the first countries in the world to introduce free and generally compulsory primary education, consisting of an eight-year course of basic education, Volksschule . It provided not only
560-558: A museum of local history which also features exhibitions of works by various artists during the summer months. It is a Dutch horizontal type mill which was in use until 1962. Pastor Erich Pörksen saved the building from being torn down by founding a society for the preservation of the Amrum windmill in 1963. The mill is still operable today. Opposite of the windmill, the Graveyard of the Homeless
630-417: A number of artifacts. Among them a Gothic wooden group of apostles called "The Divine Sacrament" which allegedly had been washed ashore during a storm surge . The baptismal font hails from Roman times. The narrow nave , which includes by a low gallery along its flank and over the entrance, communicates the vision of a ship's hull. Also worth a sight is the graveyard of this very church with its tombs from
700-457: A part-time salaried employee of the institution, bank, physician or attorney's office. After leaving the Berufsfachschule and passing the exit examinations set by the German Bar Association or other relevant associations, the apprentice receives a certificate and is ready for a career at all levels except in positions which require a specific higher degree, such as a doctorate. In some areas,
770-835: A recommendation stating that the student is likely to make a successful transition to that type of school; in other cases anyone may apply. In Berlin 30% – 35% of Gymnasium places are allocated by lottery. A student's performance at primary school is immaterial. While the entry year is depending on the last year in the Grundschule stepping back or skipping a grade is possible between 7th and 10th grade and only stepping back between 5th and 6th grade (so called Erprobungsstufe , meaning testing grade) and 11th and 12th grade. The eastern states Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia combine Hauptschule and Realschule into Sekundarschule, Mittelschule and Regelschule respectively. All German states have Gymnasium as one possibility for
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#1733092389524840-427: A second foreign language. The list of available foreign languages as well as the hours of compulsory foreign language lessons differ from state to state, but the more common choices besides Latin are English, French, Spanish, and ancient Greek. Many schools also offer voluntary study groups for the purpose of learning other languages. At which stage students begin learning a foreign language differs from state to state and
910-647: A single village would protect the local community from malign influences. Until December 31, 2006, the Wittdün municipality, together with Nebel and Norddorf formed the Amt Amrum. Since the municipal elections of 2008, the Wittdüner Bürgerblock holds five seats of Wittdün's council, the CDU holds two. Wittdün is a seaside resort , tourism is the main source of income. In 2005, 374,000 lodgings were registered. There
980-481: A trend towards a less ideological discussion on how to develop schools. These are some of the new trends: Further outcomes: In Germany, education is the responsibility of the states ( Länder ) and part of their constitutional sovereignty ( Kulturhoheit der Länder ). Teachers are employed by the Ministry of Education for the state and usually have a job for life after a certain period ( verbeamtet ) (which, however,
1050-495: A year as the Schülerrat (students' council). A team of school presidents is also elected by the pupils each year, whose main purpose is organizing school parties, sports tournaments and the like for their fellow students. The local town is responsible for the school building and employs the janitorial and secretarial staff. For an average school of 600 – 800 students, there may be two janitors and one secretary. School administration
1120-581: Is a break of 15–20 minutes, including after the sixth lesson (the number of lessons changes from year to year, so it is possible that one could be in school until 16.00). Nebenfächer (minor fields of study) are taught twice a week; Hauptfächer (major subjects) are taught three times. In grades 11–13, 11–12, or 12–13 (depending on the school system), each student majors in two or three subjects ( Leistungskurse ), in which there are usually five lessons per week. The other subjects ( Grundkurse ) are usually taught three periods per week. + Seminarfach
1190-436: Is a compulsory class in which each student is prepared to turn in his/her own research paper at the end of the semester. The class is aimed at training students' scientific research skills that will later be necessary in university. There are significant differences between the 16 states' alternatives to this basic template, such as Waldorfschulen or other private schools. Adults can also go back to evening school and take
1260-468: Is a modern aluminium construction of 9.6 m height. Due to its location, this leading light for the Norderaue channel has a height of 16 m above mean high tide sea level and carries as far as 19.5 nautical miles (36.1 km). The Öömrang Hüs at Waaswai 1, Nebel, is a largely original ancient Frisian house from around 1751 which is owned by the folklore society Öömrang Ferian . The original owner
1330-491: Is a sea water swimming pool and a centre for thalassotherapy . Moreover, Amrum's youth hostel is located in Wittdün. The village hosts Amrum's only ferry terminal. Nebel, Germany Nebel ( German pronunciation: [ˈneːbl̩] ; Öömrang : Neebel , Danish : Nebel or Nybøl ) is a municipality on the island of Amrum in the district of Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein , Germany . Until
1400-404: Is a small harbour. Nebel was presumably founded in the early 16th century. It is thought that the name is derived from the words nei and bel , where the former means "new" and the latter is based on the ancient Danish term boli , "settlement" (confer Niebüll and Nieblum ). The church of St. Clement was built in 1236 and was standing between the villages of Norddorf and Süddorf prior to
1470-471: Is a small port for minor freight vessels and for yachts below 12 m of length. The oldest house on Amrum, the former inn Zum lustigen Seehund ("The Merry Seal") is located in Steenodde, it was constructed in 1720. Süddorf (Öömr.: Sössaarep , Dan.: Sydtorp ) was first recorded in 1446 and is therefore thought to be the oldest hamlet on the isle. The sailor Hark Olufs , a native of Süddorf, became famous in
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#17330923895241540-515: Is different from school to school; however, most German schools offer choirs or orchestras, and sometimes sports, theater or languages. Many of these are offered as semi-scholastic AGs ( Arbeitsgemeinschaften —literally "working groups"), which are noted in students' reports but not officially graded. Other common extracurricular activities are organized as private clubs, which are very popular in Germany. There are three blocks of lessons, with each lesson taking 45 minutes. After each block, there
1610-440: Is embedded into that of the elementary schools. Teachers give a so-called educational (path) recommendation ( Bildungs(gang)empfehlung ) based on scholastic achievements in the main subjects (mathematics, German, natural sciences, foreign language) and classroom behavior with details and legal implications differing from state to state: in some German states, those wishing to apply to a Gymnasium or Realschule require such
1680-409: Is embedded into the program of the secondary schools. The decision for a secondary school influences the student's future, but during this phase changes can be made more easily. In practice this rarely comes to bear because teachers are afraid of sending pupils to more academic schools whereas parents are afraid of sending their children to less academic schools. In Berlin and Brandenburg, the orientation
1750-698: Is kept in the archives of the North Elbian Evangelical Church at Kiel and is infrequently displayed in the churchhouse. Tourism is the most important economical factor. In 2005, 35,470 guests were registered in the municipality of Nebel with 341,371 overnight stays. These numbers do not include patients and their company of the Satteldüne sanitorium. Nebel is the municipality with the highest proportion of secondary residences in Schleswig-Holstein. Grundschule Education in Germany
1820-533: Is known as a Kindergarten (plural Kindergärten ) or Kita , short for Ki nder ta gesstätte (meaning "children's daycare center"). Children between the ages of 2 and 6 attend Kindergärten , which are not part of the school system. They are often run by city or town administrations, churches, or registered societies, many of which follow a certain educational approach as represented, e.g., by Montessori or Reggio Emilia or Berliner Bildungsprogramm . Forest kindergartens are well established. Attending
1890-428: Is located, where unidentified drowned persons are buried. Most graves date back to the early 20th century, the youngest being from 1969. Since then, all bodies washed ashore on Amrum's beaches could reliably be identified due to improved forensic techniques. Each tomb is decorated with a simple wooden cross into which the date of the body's retrieval from the sea is carved. The navigational light "Nebel", erected in 1981,
1960-463: Is not comparable in timeframe nor competitiveness to the typical tenure track, e.g. at universities in the US). This practice depends on the state and is currently changing. A parents' council is elected to voice the parents' views to the school's administration. Each class elects one or two Klassensprecher (class presidents; if two are elected usually one is male and the other female), who meet several times
2030-404: Is primarily the responsibility of individual German states ( Länder ), with the federal government only playing a minor role. While kindergarten (nursery school) is optional, formal education is compulsory for all children ages 6 to 15. Students can complete three types of school leaving qualifications , ranging from the more vocational Hauptschulabschluss and Mittlere Reife over to
2100-484: Is professional, while it is more accurately described as vocational. The German secondary education is then partitioned into five subtypes of schools: Gymnasium, Realschule, Hauptschule, Gesamtschule and Sonderschule. One, the Gymnasium , is designed to prepare pupils for higher education and finishes with the final examination, Abitur , after grade 12 or 13. From 2005 to 2018 a school reform known as G8 provided
2170-643: Is still one 45-minute lesson each day, mostly between the first two blocks; at other schools those subjects are taught in weekly or term rotations. There are about 12 compulsory subjects: up to three foreign languages (the first is often begun in primary school, the second one in 6th or 7th grade, and the third somewhere between 7th and 11th grade), physics, biology, chemistry, civics/social/political studies, history, geography (starting between 5th and 7th grade), mathematics, music, visual arts, German, physical education, and religious education/ethics (to be taken from primary school on). The range of offered afternoon activities
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2240-469: Is tailored to the cultural and socio-economical dynamics of each state. In some states, foreign language education starts in Grundschule (primary school). For example, in North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony , English starts in the third year of elementary school. Baden-Württemberg starts with English or French in the first year. The Saarland , which borders France, begins with French in
2310-476: Is the responsibility of the teachers, who receive a reduction in their teaching hours if they participate. Church and state are separated in Germany. Compulsory school prayers and compulsory attendance at religious services at state schools are against the constitution. (It is expected, though, to stand politely for the school prayer even if one does not pray along.) Over 99% of Germans aged 15 and above are estimated to be able to read and write. German preschool
2380-474: Is the so-called Gesamtschule , i.e. comprehensive school. There are two main types of Gesamtschule , namely integriert (≈integrated) or kooperativ (≈collaborative ). There are also Förder- or Sonderschulen , schools for students with special educational needs. One in 21 pupils attends a Förderschule . Nevertheless, the Förder- or Sonderschulen can also lead, in special circumstances, to
2450-631: Is used both for educational efforts in Kindergärten and for a mandatory class that is usually connected to a primary school. Both systems are handled differently in each German state. The Schulkindergarten is a type of Vorschule. During the German Empire, children were able to pass directly into secondary education after attending a privately run, fee-based Vorschule which then was another sort of primary school. The Weimar Constitution banned these, feeling them to be an unjustified privilege, and
2520-573: Is well-known internationally for its vocational training model, the Ausbildung (apprenticeship), with about 50 per cent of all school leavers entering vocational training. Germany's secondary education is separated into two parts, lower and upper. Germany's Lower-secondary education provides individuals with "basic general education", and gets them ready to enter upper-secondary education, which in turn usually allows vocational training. It's common to find mistranslations that say that this education
2590-639: The Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education and finishes with the final examination Hauptschulabschluss , after grade 9 and the Realschulabschluss after grade 10. There are two types of grade 10: one is the higher level called type 10b and the lower level is called type 10a; only the higher-level type 10b can lead to the Realschule and this finishes with the final examination Mittlere Reife after grade 10b. This new path of achieving
2660-492: The Abitur in 8 school years. The reform failed due to high demands on learning levels for the children and were turned to G9 in 2019. Only a few Gymnasiums stay with the G8 model. Children usually attend Gymnasium from 10 to 18 years. The Realschule has a range of emphasis for intermediate pupils and finishes with the final examination Mittlere Reife , after grade 10;
2730-429: The Realschulabschluss at a vocationally oriented secondary school was changed by the statutory school regulations in 1981—with a one-year qualifying period. During the one-year qualifying period of the change to the new regulations, pupils could continue with class 10 to fulfil the statutory period of education. After 1982, the new path was compulsory, as explained above. A less common secondary school alternative
2800-401: The Realschulabschluss . Stepping up is always provided by the school system. Adults who did not achieve a Realschulabschluss or Abitur , or reached its equivalent, have the option of attending evening classes at an Abendgymnasium or Abendrealschule . A few organizational central points are listed below. It should however be noted that due to the decentralized nature of
2870-594: The Basic Law still contains the constitutional rule (Art. 7 Sect. VI) that: Pre-schools shall remain abolished. Homeschooling is – between Schulpflicht (compulsory schooling) beginning with elementary school to 18 years – illegal in Germany. The illegality has to do with the prioritization of children's rights over the rights of parents: children have the right to the company of other children and adults who are not their parents. For similar reasons, parents cannot opt their children out of sexual education classes because
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2940-461: The Weimar Republic established a free, universal four-year elementary school ( Grundschule ). Most pupils continued at these schools for another four-year course. Those who were able to pay a small fee went on to a Mittelschule that provided a more challenging curriculum for an additional one or two years. Upon passing a rigorous entrance exam after year four, pupils could also enter one of
3010-520: The respiratory system of children and adolescents. Moreover, Amrum's school house, the Öömrang Skuul with elementary and secondary divisions, is located in this part of Nebel. South of Süddorf, still within the municipality's limits, the Amrum lighthouse is located. It took up service on January 1, 1875 and it has got the second-highest navigational light along the German North Sea shores next to
3080-462: The 18th century while serving the Bey of Constantine, Algeria . In the late 19th century, a windmill was erected on an old grave mound. It had already been built in 1775 on the neighbouring island of Sylt but was later relocated to Süddorf. Today it is used as a dwelling house. On the southwestern edge of Süddorf, there is the Satteldüne sanitorium , which specialises in the treatment of diseases of
3150-520: The 2012 study. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Germany is achieving 75.4% of what should be possible for the right to education, at their level of income. Historically, Lutheranism had a strong influence on German culture, including its education. Martin Luther advocated compulsory schooling so that all people would independently be able to read and interpret the Bible. This concept became
3220-483: The IHK, a certificate is awarded and the young person is ready for a career up to a low management level. In some areas, the schemes teach certain skills that are a legal requirement (special positions in a bank, legal assistants). Some special areas provide different paths. After attending any of the above schools and gaining a leaving certificate like Hauptschulabschluss , Mittlere Reife (or Realschulabschuss , from
3290-417: The above schools, pupils can start a career with an apprenticeship in a Berufsschule ( vocational school). And the passing system is different from other countries. German secondary schools follow points system (punkte). Berufsschule is normally attended twice a week during a two, three, or three-and-a-half-year apprenticeship; the other days are spent working at a company. This is intended to provide
3360-541: The ages of 6 to 16. At the end of the 10th year, an exit examination was set. Depending upon the results, a pupil could choose to come out of education or undertake an apprenticeship for an additional two years, followed by an Abitur . Those who performed very well and displayed loyalty to the ruling party could change to the Erweiterte Oberschule (extended high school), where they could take their Abitur examinations after 12 school years. Although this system
3430-629: The ages of eight weeks and three years, and possibly an afternoon Hort (often associated with a primary school) for school-age children aged 6 to 10 who spend the time after their lessons there. Alongside nurseries, there are day-care nurses (called Tagesmutter , plural Tagesmütter —the formal, gender-neutral form is Tagespflegeperson(en) ) working independently from any pre-school institution in individual homes and looking after only three to five children typically up to three years of age. These nurses are supported and supervised by local authorities. The term Vorschule , meaning 'pre-school',
3500-415: The apprenticeship scheme teaches skills that are required by law, including certain positions in a bank or those as legal assistants. The 16 states have exclusive responsibility in the field of education and professional education. The federal parliament and the federal government can influence the educational system only by financial aid to the states. There are many different school systems, but in each state
3570-497: The case of exceptionally good (or exceptionally poor) ability. Graduation certificates from one state are recognized by all the other states. Qualified teachers are able to apply for posts in any of the states. Since the 1990s, a few changes have been taking place in many schools: In 2000 after much public debate about Germany's perceived low international ranking in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), there has been
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#17330923895243640-472: The education system there are many more additional differences across the 16 states of Germany. The school year starts after the summer break (different from state to state, usually end/mid of August) and is divided into two terms. There are typically 12 weeks of holidays in addition to public holidays. Exact dates differ between states, but there are generally six weeks of summer and two weeks of Christmas holiday. The other holiday periods occur in spring (during
3710-424: The end of 2006, Nebel was the seat of the Amt Amrum and as such it was the administrative centre of the island of Amrum. Süddorf (Öömrang: Sössaarep ) and Steenodde ( Stianood ) are minor districts of Nebel. The western part of the village is called Westerheide. Nebel is situated on the bus line from Wittdün to Norddorf . Until 1939 Nebel had a rail head station of Amrum's island railway. In Steenodde, there
3780-465: The first separate secondary schools for females. As learned professions demanded well-educated young people, more secondary schools were established, and the state claimed the sole right to set standards and to supervise the newly established schools. Four different types of secondary schools developed: By the turn of the 20th century, the four types of schools had achieved equal rank and privilege, although they did not have equal prestige. After 1919,
3850-487: The foundation of Nebel. Steenodde (Öömrang: Stianood , Danish: Stenodde ) is the smallest hamlet on Amrum. It is directly located on the shore of the tidal flats of the Wadden Sea east of Amrum. Notable attractions include dolmens and grave mounds which are a common sight in the area. Steenodde has its own trafficable dock . The hamlet used to be a port for the ferry line Amrum- Halligen - Schlüttsiel , today there
3920-619: The four types of secondary school. During the Nazi era (1933–1945), though the curriculum was reshaped to teach the beliefs of the regime, the basic structure of the education system remained unchanged. The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) started its own standardized education system in the 1960s. The East German equivalent of both primary and secondary schools was the Polytechnic Secondary School ( Polytechnische Oberschule ), which all students attended for 10 years, from
3990-556: The light of Heligoland . The tower is built on a 27 m high dune . The fire itself is located at 63 m above sea level and carries as far as 23.3 nautical miles (43.2 km). The lighthouse is Amrum's most prominent building. Since the municipal elections of 2008, the Nebeler Bürgerblock holds seven seats, the CDU holds three and the SPD holds one seat of Nebel's municipality council. Another mill, built in 1771 by Erk Knudten, hosts
4060-499: The more able children, and all states—except Saxony —have some Gesamtschulen , but in different forms. The states of Berlin and Hamburg have only two types of schools: comprehensive schools and Gymnasium. Learning a foreign language is compulsory throughout Germany in secondary schools and English is one of the more popular choices. Students at certain Gymnasium are required to learn Latin as their first foreign language and choose
4130-415: The more academic Abitur . The latter permits students to apply to study at university level. A bachelor's degree is commonly followed up with a master's degree , with 45% of all undergraduates proceeding to postgraduate studies within 1.5 years of graduating. While rules vary (see → § Tuition fees ) from Land (state) to Land, German public universities generally don't charge tuition fees. Germany
4200-571: The period around Easter Sunday ) and autumn (during the former harvest, where farmers used to need their children for field work). In some states schools can also schedule two or three special days off per term. Students have about 30–40 periods of 45 minutes each per week (depending on year and state), but secondary schools in particular have switched to 90-minute lessons ( Block ) which count as two 'traditional' lessons. To manage classes that are taught three or five lessons per week there are two common ways. At some schools with 90-minute periods there
4270-550: The skills needed in an early industrialized world (reading, writing, and arithmetic) but also a strict education in ethics, duty, discipline and obedience. Children of affluent parents often went on to attend preparatory private schools for an additional four years, but the general population had virtually no access to secondary education and universities. In 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars , Prussia introduced state certification requirements for teachers, which significantly raised
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#17330923895244340-476: The soil, so bacteria could decompose the moss and lichen. The 36 m high church tower, tiled with copper plates, was only built in 1908. St. Clement's parish owns a rare copy of the Missale Slesvicense , a liturgical book printed in 1486 by Steffen Arndes. Only four exemplars of this book are preserved at all and it is thought to be the oldest book ever printed in Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark . The book
4410-466: The standard of teaching. The final examination, Abitur , was introduced in 1788, implemented in all Prussian secondary schools by 1812 and extended to all of Germany in 1871. The state also established teacher training colleges for prospective teachers in the common or elementary grades. When the German Empire was formed in 1871, the school system became more centralized. In 1872, Prussia recognized
4480-441: The starting point is always the Grundschule (elementary school) for a period of four years; or six years in the case of Berlin and Brandenburg. Grades 5 and 6 form an orientation or testing phase ( Orientierungs- or Erprobungsstufe ) during which students, their parents and teachers decide which of the above-mentioned paths the students should follow. In all states except Berlin and Brandenburg , this orientation phase
4550-429: The state ( Länder ) governments. This led to widely varying school systems, often making it difficult for children to continue schooling whilst moving between states. Multi-state agreements ensure that basic requirements are universally met by all state school systems. Thus, all children are required to attend one type of school (five or six days a week) from the age of 6 to the age of 16. A pupil may change schools in
4620-561: The state considers a child's right to information to be more important than a parent's desire to withhold it. Parents looking for a suitable school for their child have a wide choice of elementary schools: The entry year can vary between 5 and 7, while stepping back or skipping a grade is also possible. After children complete their primary education (at 10 years of age/grade 4, 12 year of age in Berlin and Brandenburg), there are four options for secondary schooling: After passing through any of
4690-400: The third year of primary school and French is taught in high school as the main foreign language. It may cause problems in terms of education for families that plan to move from one German state to another as there are partially completely different curricula for nearly every subject. Realschule students gain the chance to take their Abitur at a Gymnasium with a good degree in
4760-430: The times between 1670 and 1830. Not only do those tombstones depict ships, but they also contain a short narration on the life of the deceased. As of July 2008, the parish is facing conservational problems though. Especially lichen as well as moss are continuously destroying the ancient headstones. A professional cleansing is required but will be very costly. Thus ideas have been uttered to bury endangered tombstones into
4830-455: Was a sea captain who had his ship depicted on a tile mural in the house's living room. The home decor of former times is presented in the rooms of the Öömrang Hüs , which is opened to the public. In the attic, various exhibitions are held and one can celebrate official wedding ceremonies in the living room. The centre of Nebel is distinguished by further thatched 18th and 19th century homes. The equally thatched church of St. Clement hosts
4900-558: Was abolished in the early 1990s after reunification, it continues to influence school life in the eastern German states. After World War II , the Allied powers (Soviet Union, France, United Kingdom, and the U.S.) ensured that Nazi ideology was eliminated from the curriculum. They installed educational systems in their respective occupation zones that reflected their own ideas. When West Germany gained partial independence in 1949, its new constitution ( Grundgesetz ) granted educational autonomy to
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