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100-449: On 1 May 2019, Wintershall merged with DEA to form Wintershall Dea . BASF holds 67% of the shares in the joint venture. Wintershall was founded on 13 February 1894 by mining entrepreneur Carl Julius Winter , together with mining-industrialist Heinrich Grimberg. It was originally set up as a civil engineering company to mine potash in Kamen . The name Wintershall (pronounced: Winters·hall)

200-569: A referendum on whether to remain under Prussian rule or return to Danish rule. This condition, however, was never fulfilled by Prussia. During the decades of Prussian rule within the German Empire , authorities attempted a Germanisation policy in the northern part of Schleswig, which remained predominantly Danish. The period also meant increased industrialisation of Schleswig-Holstein and the use of Kiel and Flensburg as important Imperial German Navy locations. The northernmost part and west coast of

300-584: A 15.5 percent share in the pipeline. A binding agreement to merge DEA and Wintershall was published on 27 September 2018. The merger was carried out with official approval in May 2019. It created Europe's leading independent gas and oil company. BASF holds 67% of Wintershall Dea and LetterOne holds 33% of the ordinary shares in Wintershall Dea. To consider the value of the midstream business of Wintershall Dea, BASF further received preference shares which results in

400-570: A chance in such a scenario. Therefore, they pressured the Prime Minister to call for new elections , where the Liberal Party did not secure enough votes to form a government. The Social Democrats won the election with a minority government and could not gather a strong enough mandate for the incorporation of South Schleswig. This outcome created outrage within the Danish population and was considered

500-559: A current overall participation of BASF of 72.7% in the entire share capital of the company. The preference shares will convert into ordinary shares of the company on 1 May 2022 or upon an initial public offering, whichever comes earlier. Wintershall had production locations in Germany, in the North Sea, Argentina, North Africa, the Middle East and Russia. DEA AG DEA Deutsche Erdoel AG

600-476: A duke within the Holy Roman Empire. Both were ruled for several centuries by the kings of Denmark. In 1721, all of Schleswig was united into a single duchy under the king of Denmark, and the great powers of Europe confirmed in an international treaty that all future kings of Denmark should automatically become dukes of Schleswig: consequently, Schleswig would always follow the order of succession that applied in

700-837: A member of the German Confederation . These demands were rejected by the Danish government in 1848, and the Germans of Holstein and Southern Schleswig rebelled. This began the First Schleswig War (1848–51). Against unbelievable odds, Denmark emerged victorious, managing to politically outmaneuver the German alliance by garnering support from the British Empire , the Russian Empire and the Second French Empire while defeating

800-767: A natural decrease of −8,459. The region has been strongly Protestant since the time of the Protestant Reformation . It is proportionally the most Protestant of the sixteen modern states. In 2018, members of the Protestant Church in Germany make up 44.6% of the population, while members of the Catholic Church comprise 6.1%. 49.3% either adhere to other religions or disclaim any practising religious identity. Largest groups of foreign residents by 31 December 2023 Schleswig-Holstein combines Danish, Frisian and German aspects of culture. The castles and manors in

900-438: A result, Danish students, future administrators, clergy, and educators were taught in German and continued to use the language throughout their professional lives. In 1814, mandatory schooling was instituted, and was taught in German. This created generations of Danish children who learned German from an early age. Their schooling was conducted in German, they heard sermons in German, and when they grew up, their interactions with

1000-504: A scandal. Due to the forced migrations of Germans between 1944 and 1950 , Schleswig-Holstein took in almost a million refugees after the war, increasing its population by 33%. A pro-Danish political movement arose in Schleswig, with transfer of the area to Denmark as an ultimate goal. This was supported neither by the British occupation administration nor the Danish government. In 1955,

1100-458: A third zone covering a southern area, but zone III was cancelled again and never voted, as the Danish government asked the commission not to expand the plebiscite to this area. In zone I covering Northern Schleswig (10 February 1920), 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% voted for Germany. In zone II covering central Schleswig (14 March 1920), the results were reversed; 80% voted for Germany and just 20% for Denmark. Only minor areas on

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1200-510: A toll station. Danish chieftains would collect fees from traders, merchants, and peasants traveling along the Hærvejen (Heerweg/Armyway), the main trade route running through the peninsula. Saxons, Wagrians, and Danes alike used the Hærvejen to trade goods such as honey, furs, amber, glass, metalwork, and other commodities, such as livestock, with cattle and oxen being particularly important. Especially

1300-404: Is a major industry and the basis of its distinctive unique local cuisine. It is a popular tourist destination for Germans and visitors from across the globe. The term "Holstein" derives from Old Saxon Holseta Land, ( Holz means wood in modern Standardized German; holt is a now-archaic English word for woods.) Originally, the term referred to the central of the three Saxon tribes north of

1400-593: Is an annual event, except for 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID19-Pandemic . It took place again in June 2022. The annual Wacken Open Air festival is considered to be the largest heavy metal rock festival in the world. The coat of arms shows the symbols of the two duchies united in Schleswig-Holstein, i.e., the two lions for Schleswig and the leaf of nettle for Holstein. Supposedly, Otto von Bismarck decreed that

1500-504: Is believed to have been used only for the inner Slien (the Great and Little Bay near the city of Schleswig). The word is thought to be related to Slæ, which means reeds and aquatic plants found in this area. The Duchy of Schleswig , or Southern Jutland, was originally an integral part of Denmark, but in medieval times was established as a fief under the control of the Kingdom of Denmark, having

1600-591: Is commonly known in German history as the “Miracle of Lengede” ( Wunder von Lengede ). By 1965, the DEA Group was generating revenue of DM 2.01 billion and had 26,400 employees. Texaco took over more than 90% of the shares in DEA in 1966. DEA became Deutsche Texaco AG in 1970. The mines it owned were contributed to Ruhrkohle AG (RAG) around 1970. The takeover of Deutsche Texaco by RWE AG in 1988 created RWE-DEA Aktiengesellschaft für Mineraloel und Chemie . From then on,

1700-612: Is derived from the surname of Carl Julius Winter and the Old High German word for salt (Hall, see halite , halurgy). Ground was first broken on 23 April 1900 to drill the Grimberg shaft at Widdershausen, and the first Wintershall potash works were built in Heringen . Wintershall drilled further shafts in the Werra potash fields, building and acquiring other works in the region. From 1895 to 1913,

1800-653: Is elected by the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein . State elections were held on 8 May 2022 . The current government is a coalition of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and The Greens , led by Minister-President Daniel Günther . Schleswig-Holstein has an aging population. Since 1972 there has been a decrease in the natural rate of population change. In 2016 the total fertility rate reached 1.61, highest value in 40 years (the average value being 1.4). In 2016 there were 25,420 births and 33,879 deaths, resulting in

1900-511: Is in Denmark ( South Jutland County , Region of Southern Denmark ). The state of Schleswig-Holstein further consists of Holstein, as well as Lauenburg and the formerly independent city of Lübeck. Schleswig-Holstein borders Denmark ( Southern Denmark ) to the north, the North Sea to the west, the Baltic Sea to the east, and the German states of Lower Saxony , Hamburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern to

2000-548: Is officially declared the new main business. Since 1907 the companies headquarters were again moved to Berlin. In 1911, DTA and its subsidiary Vereinigte Norddeutsche Mineralölwerke AG were merged with Deutsche Mineralölindustrie AG to create Deutsche Erdoel-Actiengesellschaft (DEA) , based in Berlin. DEA had stakes in oil fields in Alsace , Austria-Hungary and Romania from 1905/1906, but lost most of its foreign production when

2100-404: Is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany , comprising most of the historical Duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig . Its capital city is Kiel ; other notable cities are Lübeck and Flensburg . It covers an area of 15,763 km (6,086 sq mi), making it the 5th smallest German federal state by area (including the city-states). Historically,

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2200-774: Is the Bungsberg at 168 metres or 551 feet) and many lakes are found, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holstein Switzerland and the former Duchy of Lauenburg ( Herzogtum Lauenburg ). The longest river besides the Elbe is the Eider . Schleswig-Holstein has the lowest quota of forest covered area, it is only 11.0% (national average 32.0%), which is even lower than in the city-states of Hamburg and Bremen . The German Islands of Sylt , Föhr , Pellworm , Amrum , Heligoland and Fehmarn are part of Schleswig-Holstein, with

2300-542: The BASF Group took over Wintershall as it was an important supplier of raw materials and hence enabled BASF to secure the resources it needed. The potash mining operations were integrated into Kali und Salz AG in 1970. Since then, the company has focused on gas and oil. Wintershall's subsidiary Gasolin was merged with its sister company Aral in 1971. In 1987, Wintershall began operating the Mittelplate drilling platform on

2400-605: The German Confederation , invoking the Treaty of Ribe stating that the two duchies should stay "Forever Undivided". The Danes on the other hand, furthered the Eider Policy ( da:Ejderpolitikken ), stating that the natural Danish border was the Eider (river) as first recognised in the Treaty of Heiligen . Therefore, the Danes sought to reintegrate Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark , reversing

2500-633: The Limes Saxoniae as a border with the Obotrites. This agreement established firm boundaries between the Franks, Obotrites, and Danes, securing peace in the region. Between 500 and 1200, Schleswig was an integral part of Denmark, but during the 12th century, Duke Abel of Schlewig came into conflict with his brother King Eric IV . Abel managed to gain autonomy from his brother, making Schleswig an autonomous duchy. Later, Abel had Eric assassinated and seized

2600-747: The NSDAP elite and met the commander of the SS , Heinrich Himmler , personally on several occasions. The American military government considered Rosterg, as a member of “Himmler’s circle”, to be a “captain of industry under the National Socialist regime”. Under his management, Wintershall was fully integrated in the NS system and acted in accordance with its goals. In the 1930s, Wintershall took over Naphthaindustrie und Tankanlagen AG (NITAG) , renaming it NITAG Deutsche Treibstoffe AG in 1938. NITAG had already been " Aryanised " by

2700-697: The River Elbe : Tedmarsgoi ( Dithmarschen ), Holstein and Sturmarii ( Stormarn ). The area inhabited by the tribe of the Holsts lay between the Stör River and Hamburg ; after Christianization , their main church was in Schenefeld . Saxon Holstein became a part of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne 's Saxon campaigns in the late eighth century. Beginning in 811, the northern border of Holstein (and thus of

2800-631: The Saxon Wars . In retaliation for the raid on the church in Deventer, Charlemagne ordered his troops to destroy the holy pillar Irminsul , near Paderborn in either 772 or 773—a notorious act that sent shockwaves throughout the Germanic pagan world. It has been postulated that Irminsul symbolised Yggdrasil Ash - the world tree. Charlemagne then destroyed all Saxon settlements up to the Wesser river. After defeating

2900-601: The Treene River and extending to the Schlei Bay . This fortification served to deter Saxon and Wagrian raids while enabling the Danes to launch their own raids into southern territories. It would remain in use until 1864, being expanded and adapted to the changing military needs of the Danes multiple times. The establishment of the Danevirke not only helped to prevent Saxon and Wagrian raids into Danish territory but also served as

3000-559: The World War I broke out. However, DEA drilled the world's first oil shaft – in Pechelbronn in Alsace – in 1917. Unlike extraction close to the surface or by means of wells, this involved the first-ever application of the complex shaft construction method, in which oil is “mined”. However, domestic oil production was not able to secure the company's survival and so DEA focused on coal mining until

3100-772: The ordinary shares in Wintershall Dea. To consider the value of the midstream business of Wintershall Dea, BASF further received preference shares which results in a current overall participation of BASF of 72.7% in the entire share capital of the company. The preference shares will convert into ordinary shares of the Company on May 1, 2022, or upon an initial public offering, whichever comes earlier. Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein ( German: [ˌʃleːsvɪç ˈhɔlʃtaɪn] ; Danish : Slesvig-Holsten [ˌsle̝ːsvi ˈhʌlˌste̝ˀn] ; Low German : Sleswig-Holsteen ; North Frisian : Slaswik-Holstiinj )

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3200-641: The post-war era , Wintershall lost a large oil refinery in Lützkendorf, some of its NITAG service stations and the potash shafts and works in Thuringia due to expropriation in the Soviet Occupation Zone . In 1951, Wintershall made its first natural gas discovery in Northern Germany. In 1951, Wintershall made its first natural gas discovery in northern Germany. In 1952, Wintershall and DEA AG acquired

3300-691: The 1852 London Protocol. This left Denmark politically isolated and led to the Second Schleswig War , with Prussia and Austria invading once again. This was the Second War of Schleswig . Denmark achieved some initial victories at the Battles of Mysunde , and Sankelmark , but these successes were short-lived. The Austrians defeated the Danes at the Königshügel and Vejle . However, it was the Prussians who decided

3400-623: The 1950s. In 1956, Wintershall and DEA contributed Deutsche Gasolin to Aral . However, DEA left the Aral Group in 1960 in order to build its own service station network. In 1963 an employee of DEA, Rudolf Dittrich, and his team in Wieze were instrumental in rescuing 14 miners who were trapped for many days in a collapsed coal mine in Lengede , Lower Saxony . They did so, together with others, by applying very innovative drilling techniques. The successful effort

3500-581: The 4th and early 5th centuries, a significant migration saw the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons depart from their homelands to settle in the British Isles . This mass exodus left much of the Jutland Peninsula sparsely populated, allowing the Danes from southern Scandinavia and the islands of Zealand , Funen , and other smaller Danish isles to migrate into the peninsula. They gradually settled the region, integrating

3600-683: The Borna branch in the administrative district of Leipzig and consisted of various lignite works, briquette factories, an earthenware factory and a brick factory in the region. The company was relocated to Hamburg in 1948. NITAG's headquarters at Mittelweg in the Hamburg district of Rotherbaum were closed as a result of the merger between Gasolin and Wintershall's subsidiary NITAG. DEA then moved into them. Its headquarters were then moved to Hamburg City Nord around 1970. DEA developed various new fields in Germany as part of expansion of domestic oil production in

3700-421: The Danes developed a thriving livestock breeding industry, driving large herds along the Hærvejen to sell on the continent. This trade gave the route its alternative names, such as "Studevejen" (Cattle Way) in Danish and "Ochsenweg" (Oxen Way) in German. Therefore control of the Danevirke, through which the Hærvejen ran, was of immense financial significance. Whoever controlled the gates of Danevirke also controlled

3800-531: The Danish South Schleswig Association had sent the government a formal request for incorporation. However, the dominating Social Liberal Party feared that Denmark might again face destructive wars like the two Schleswig Wars once Germany recovered from World War II. Given that the Germans had conquered Denmark in six hours during the German invasion of Denmark , they believed Denmark would not stand

3900-625: The Danish language in Schleswig (the dominant language in almost a quarter of Schleswig had changed from Danish to German since the beginning of the 19th century). A liberal constitution for Holstein was not seriously considered in Copenhagen , since it was well known that the political élite of Holstein were more conservative than Copenhagen's. Representatives of German-minded Schleswig-Holsteiners demanded that Schleswig and Holstein be unified and allowed its own constitution and that Schleswig join Holstein as

4000-520: The Danish state or to forcibly expel them from South Schleswig, as was being done to Germans in Eastern Europe . Denmark's then Prime Minister, the Liberal Party's Knud Kristensen , enthusiastically accepted the offer of South Schleswig reunification with Denmark. A survey showed that 75% of the Danish population supported the incorporation, 500,000 signatures had been collected in support of it and

4100-579: The Empire) was the River Eider . The term "Schleswig" originally referred to the city of Schleswig . The word Schleswig is a German transliteration of the Danish word Slesvig, which consists of two words: Schlei and vig. The Schlei refers to the river at which the city lies, and vig means " inlet " or bay. Schleswig therefore means (in Danish): "The bay at the river Schlei". The Schlei is known as Slien in Danish and

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4200-449: The Franks had spent nearly 20 years, from the late 600s to the early 700s, subjugating and converting the Frisian Kingdom . Their primary opponent was the formidable Frisian king Redbad , who fiercely resisted the Franks until his death. Now, the Frisians' neighbors, the Saxons, faced Frankish expansion. The casus belli was a Saxon raid on the church in Deventer in January of 772. This conflict, fueled by Charlemagne 's desire to conquer

4300-418: The Frisian and Dutch coasts, supplying high-quality salt, fish, and other maritime goods. Moreover, they were particularly active in trade with East Anglia in England , where pottery was exchanged in large quantities. Normalcy in the area vanished with the expansion of the Frankish Empire into Saxony from 772 to 804, triggering a generational war on an unprecedented scale for the region. Prior to this,

4400-524: The German and Danish governments issued the Bonn-Copenhagen Declarations confirming the rights of the ethnic minorities on both sides of the border. Conditions between the nationalities have since been stable and generally respectful. Schleswig-Holstein lies on the base of Jutland Peninsula between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea . Strictly speaking, "Schleswig" refers to the German Southern Schleswig (German: Südschleswig or Landesteil Schleswig , Danish : Sydslesvig ), whereas Northern Schleswig

4500-429: The Germans at the Battles of Bov , the Dybbøl , the Fredericia and Isted . However, under pressure from the Great Powers , led by Tsar Alexander III , who had forced Prussia and Austria out of Denmark, the Danes were not permitted to reintegrate Schleswig into Denmark. Alexander thereby sought to preserve the existing European order,in accordance with the principles established by the Concert of Europe . This led to

4600-421: The Jutish coastline. These areas eventually became known as North Frisia , though historically, the region was referred to as Uthlande (Outland). In these settlements, the Frisians established fishing and trading stations. The local Danes soon became a minority and, over time, assimilated into the Frisian population. The Frisians contributed to the broader Hærvejen trade network, with sea routes extending along

4700-452: The King of Denmark ruled both Schleswig and Holstein as their duke. Schleswig was still part of Denmark, while Holstein remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. In the 19th century, Danes and Germans each believed they had a claim to Schleswig-Holstein, the population of which was majority ethnic German. The resulting long-term political and territorial dispute was known as the Schleswig-Holstein Question . In 1848, Denmark tried to formally annex

4800-520: The Kingdom of Denmark. Following the Protestant Reformation, German was established as the language of commerce, administration, education, and clergy in Schleswig despite the population being ethnically Danish. This was because Schleswig were managed by the German Chancellery, in Kiel, which was later renamed the Schleswig-Holstein Chancellery in 1806. Therefore, Danes were sent to Kiel for their education instead of Copenhagen, where they received their education in German rather than their native Danish. As

4900-403: The Obotrites and later Frankish Frisia. But he was slain, either by one of his huscarls or possibly his own illegitimate son, on the Frisian campaign. The new Danish king, Hemming , Gudfred's nephew, initiated peace talks, which resulted in the Treaty of Heiligen in 810. The treaty established the Danish border at the Eider River. Charlemagne retained Saxony, including Holstein, and established

5000-446: The Prussian province Schleswig-Holstein came under British occupation . On 23 August 1946, the military government abolished the province and reconstituted it as a separate Land . On 9 September 1946, the British and Soviets offered Denmark South Schleswig, in the Septembernote  [ de ] . In this note, they gave Denmark carte blanche on how to deal with the German-speaking South Schleswigers, whether to integrate them into

5100-424: The Saxon portion of Holstein. This alliance with Charlemagne shifted the balance of power in the region. In 782, after another defeat of the Saxons, Charlemagne ordered the mass execution of 4,500 Saxons, an atrocity that became known as the Massacre of Verden . Following this brutal act, Charlemagne was nicknamed the "Butcher of Saxons" or "Saxonslaughterer." In 796, despite Saxony being fully under Frankish rule,

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5200-435: The Saxons and convert them from their belief in the Germanic pantheon to Christianity , used the Deventer raid as a pretext to wage a war that would ultimately reshape the political and cultural landscape of what would later become Holstein forever. Over the course of 18 campaigns, carried out in three phases over 32 years, Charlemagne aimed to subdue the Saxons and forcibly convert them to Christianity, in what became known as

5300-477: The Saxons and securing hostages , he turned his attention to northern Italy . For centuries, the Danes and Saxons had regarded each other as kindred peoples, sharing the same belief in the Germanic pantheon and frequently intermarrying, especially among the elite. Thus, the defeated Saxon warleader Widukind sought refuge with his father-in-law, Danish king Sigfred . The Royal Frankish Annals mention that Widukind received substantial aid from Sigfred, though

5400-402: The Saxons rose up once more, supported by the Danes. The rebellion was triggered by forced conscription of Saxons for the Frankish wars against the Avars . Moreover, Charlemagne, in alliance with the Obotrites, planned to subjugate the Danes, now led by King Gudfred Sigfredson . However, Gudfred struck first. He expanded the Danevirke, assembled a fleet, mustered an army, and launched attacks on

5500-422: The Wintershall Holding AG was transformed into Wintershall Holding GmbH. Wintershall participated in the construction of Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipelines. was the company's response to rising demand for natural gas and falling production in Europe. Together with Gazprom and E.ON Ruhrgas, 55 billion cubic meters of transport capacities were generated in 2011 with the Baltic Sea pipeline. Wintershall has

5600-521: The administration and business were conducted in German. Additionally, if Danes didn't learn German, they couldn't communicate with the administration, which often cared little if the citizens were able to understand them. Therefore, if the Danes weren't able to speak German, they were effectively frozen out of any official matters. As a result, a language shift slowly began forming in South Schleswig and gradually spread north, which alarmed Copenhagen. The Danish authorities started taking countermeasures to halt

5700-435: The area. Prussia responded by invading, thus beginning the First Schleswig War , which ended in a victory for Denmark. But in the Second Schleswig War (1864), Prussia and Austria won and the territory was absorbed into Prussia in 1867. After the German defeat in World War I, the Allies required that the question of sovereignty over the territory be submitted to plebiscites (the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites ), which resulted in

5800-422: The beginning of 2014. One of them came from L1 Energy, a subsidiary of the LetterOne Group. The LetterOne Group is an investment company that is headquartered in Luxembourg and whose main owner (indirectly through the Alfa Group) is the Russian business magnate Mikhail Fridman . RWE reported on 16 March 2014 that it had in principle agreed with LetterOne to sell DEA. RWE Dea was valued at €5.1 billion as part of

5900-435: The borderlands was a hostile and unsafe area to inhabit. In response to these threats, the Danes began constructing the Danevirke . Originally built as a dyke, it was gradually expanded into a 30-kilometer earthwork with a palisade fortification, forming a barrier between the Danes and their southern neighbors. The Danevirke was strategically positioned at the most narrow point of the peninsula, with its eastern end beginning at

6000-414: The company's downstream business (refineries, logistics, service stations) was integrated into a joint venture with Shell named Shell & DEA Oil GmbH , which was taken over fully by Shell effective 1 July 2002. Since mid-2002, RWE-Dea has focused on upstream business. From 2004, most of the DEA service stations were reflagged to “Shell”, while some were sold. The last DEA service station in Germany

6100-426: The company's service stations once more bore the name “DEA”. After German reunification , the service station network was expanded to Eastern Germany . The chemicals division Condea was sold to the South African company Sasol in 2001. The joint venture Fuchs Dea Schmierstoffe GmbH & Co. KG between the partners Fuchs Petrolub AG and DEA Mineraloel AG was terminated effective 31 December 2001. In 2002,

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6200-483: The countryside are the best example for this tradition; some dishes like Rødgrød (German: Rote Grütze , literal English "red grits " or "red groats ") are also shared, as well as surnames such as Hansen . The most important festivals are the Kiel Week, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival , an annual classic music festival all over the state, and the Lübeck Nordic Film Days , an annual film festival for movies from Scandinavian countries, held in Lübeck. The Kiel Week

6300-456: The deal. RWE announced on 30 March 2014 that the agreement with the LetterOne Group had been signed. In June, the German Federal Minister for Economic Affairs, Sigmar Gabriel , ordered an examination of the sale, which lasted for two months. The takeover was finally approved by the German government on 22 August 2014. In October 2014, the Financial Times reported that the British Secretary of State for Energy Edward Davey would not agree to

6400-426: The division did not last long, since Prussia annexed Holstein in 1867, after its victory in the Austro-Prussian War . Contrary to the hopes of German Schleswig-Holsteiners, the area did not gain its independence, but was annexed as a province of Prussia in 1867. Also following the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, section five of the Peace of Prague stipulated that the people of Northern Schleswig would be consulted in

6500-402: The duchy of Holstein to the head of the (German-oriented) branch of the Danish royal family, the House of Augustenborg , was more controversial. The separation of the two duchies was challenged by the Augustenborg heir, who claimed, as in 1848, to be rightful heir of both Schleswig and Holstein. A common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig was promulgated in November 1863, which was a breach of

6600-492: The early 1930s. DEA benefited from the seizure of power by the National Socialists , such as in the form of loans under the Reich Drilling Programme from 1934 onwards. Greater self-sufficiency in German's supply of raw materials had been an official goal of the National Socialist state since Adolf Hitler's Four-Year Plan Memorandum in 1936. The company began production operations in Czechoslovakia and in Alsace by participating in consortia such as Kontinentale Öl AG , which

6700-454: The edge of the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park along with DEA in a 50:50 joint venture. More than 35 million tonnes of crude oil have been produced to date by the relatively small production island, which measures just 70 by 95 metres (230 by 312 ft). The Mittelplate offshore field contributes 55% to the German oil production. From the 1990s, Wintershall became increasingly involved in natural gas trading. An agreement on

6800-409: The exact nature of this aid is not explicitly stated. However, the chronicles do note that Sigfred and Charlemagne brokered a peace agreement some years later, indicating that Sigfred, upon hearing Widukind's plea, may have mustered his army and joined the war on the side of the Saxons. In response to the Danes' involvement in the war, Charlemagne seems to have recruited the Obotrites by promising them

6900-413: The first century, served as the boundary between the Jutes in the north and the Angles in the south. This dyke lost its relevance in the 200s when the Angles expanded northward, leading to the establishment of a new dyke called the Wendish Dyke  [ da ] . The southern border of the Angles was marked by the marshes surrounding the Eider , that combined with the dense old-growth forrest to

7000-455: The island of Föhr showed a Danish majority, and the rest of the Danish vote was primarily in the town of Flensburg. On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig officially returned to Danish rule. The Danish/German border was the only one of the borders imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I that was never challenged by Adolf Hitler . In 1937, the Nazis passed the so-called Greater Hamburg Act ( Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz ), where

7100-417: The language shift by banning German in all official matters in Schleswig, which only served to create tensions between Danes and Germans. This language strife significantly contributed to shaping the inhabitants' national sentiments during a time of national unrest in Europe. It is also during this period that we see surname changes, such as from Jørgensen to Jürgensen or Nielsen to Nilsen, in South Schleswig. By

7200-415: The latter being the largest and the only Island of Schleswig-Holstein located on the east coast. Heligoland is Germany's only high-sea island. Schleswig-Holstein is divided into 11 Kreise (Districts) and four Kreisfreie Städte (Urban Districts). Schleswig-Holstein has its own parliament and government which are located in the state capital Kiel. The Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein

7300-722: The majority in Deutsche Gasolin AG in connection with the construction of the Emsland oil refinery. In 1956, Wintershall's sales subsidiary NITAG was merged with Gasolin AG to create Deutsche Gasolin Nitag AG , after which Wintershall became a co-owner of Aral AG by contributing its shares in NITAG and Gasolin. In 1965, Wintershall took over Preussag 's shares in the Buggingen potash mine. In 1969,

7400-710: The manufacture of mining machinery and equipment. In 1943, its subsidiaries and equity interests included Deutscher Mineralöl-Verkaufsverein GmbH in Berlin, Deutsche Viscobil Oel GmbH in Berlin and Braunkohle-Benzin AG (BRABAG) in Berlin. Its hard coal operations in 1938 comprised the Graf Bismarck Colliery in Gelsenkirchen and the Königsgrube Colliery in Wanne-Eickel . Lignite operations were grouped at

7500-530: The marketing of Russian natural gas in Germany was signed with the Russian producer Gazprom in the autumn of 1990. The cooperation between companies from the Russian and German was concluded shortly before German reunification. Wingas was founded in 1993 as a joint venture between Wintershall and Gazprom. European unbundling regulations meant that network operation and storage had to be split from natural gas trading and transferred to separate companies. Consequently,

7600-565: The name can also refer to a larger region, containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and the former South Jutland County (Northern Schleswig; now part of the Region of Southern Denmark ) in Denmark . Schleswig was under Danish control during the Viking Age , but in the 12th century it became a duchy within Denmark. It bordered Holstein, which was a part of the Holy Roman Empire . Beginning in 1460,

7700-538: The nearby Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg was expanded, to encompass towns that had formerly belonged to the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein . To compensate Prussia for these losses (and partly because Hitler had a personal dislike for Lübeck ), the 711-year-long independence of the Hansestadt Lübeck came to an end, and almost all its territory was incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein. After World War II ,

7800-493: The new Wingas (natural gas trading only) and Wingas Transport were formed in 2010. As a result of an asset swap between BASF and Gazprom, the new Wingas and hence Wintershall's natural gas trading activities were fully transferred to Russian ownership in 2015. Alongside that move, the remaining company Wingas Transport was renamed Gascade in 2012. Gascade is part of the joint venture WIGA Transport Beteiligungs-GmbH & Co. KG (WIGA) between Wintershall Dea and Gazprom. In 2010

7900-560: The potash shafts drilled in the Werra Valley numbered seven in Hesse and 21 in Thuringia . In 1930, crude oil production was added to Wintershall's line of work when a leakage of crude oil into one of the potash shafts in Völkenrode turned out to be a promising prospect for Wintershall. The increasing motorization as well as the subsequent gathering of munitions for the war meant that crude oil

8000-491: The province saw a wave of emigration to America, while some Danes of North Schleswig emigrated to Denmark. Following the defeat of Germany in World War I , the Allied powers arranged a plebiscite in northern and central Schleswig . The plebiscite was conducted under the auspices of an international commission which designated two voting zones to cover the northern and south-central parts of Schleswig. Steps were taken to also create

8100-469: The remaining Jutes and Angles who had not left for Britain. By the mid 5th century, the Danes had established settlements from Grenen in the north to just north of the Eider River and its marshes. Their southernmost settlements being around Schwansen , Hedeby and Husum , mirroring the same southern border as their Angle predecessors. As raiding was a frequent practice among the Danes, Saxons, and Wagrians,

8200-544: The return of some of the territory to Denmark. After World War II, Schleswig-Holstein took in over a million refugees . Today, Schleswig-Holstein's economy is known for its agriculture, such as its Holstein cows . Its position on the Atlantic Ocean makes it a major trade point and shipbuilding site; it is also the location of the Kiel Canal . Its offshore oil wells and wind farms produce significant amounts of energy. Fishing

8300-538: The sale in view of the tighter sanctions imposed on Russia . The multi-billion transaction was finally closed, despite the misgivings of the British government, at the start of the first week in March 2015. A binding agreement to merge DEA and Wintershall was published on 27 September 2018. The merger was carried out with official approval in May 2019. It created Europe's leading independent gas and oil company. BASF holds 67% of Wintershall Dea and LetterOne holds 33% of

8400-717: The same relationship with the Danish Crown as, for example, Brandenburg or Bavaria had with the Holy Roman Emperor . Around 1100, the Duchy of Saxony gave Holstein to Count Adolf I of Schauenburg . During the Migration Period , the Jutland peninsula was home to several tribes. The Jutes inhabitted the most northern part of the peninsula from Grenen to Olger's Dyke  [ de ] . This dyke, dating back to around

8500-629: The separation created by King Abel, while also granting Holstein independence to join the German Confederation as a sovereign entity. The resulting long-term political and territorial dispute was known as the Schleswig-Holstein Question . Holstein was entirely German-speaking, while Schleswig was predominantly Danish-speaking until the late 1700 and early 1800s. During this period, a linguistic shift began in southern Schleswig, transitioning from Danish to German. This meant that Schleswig

8600-411: The signing of the 1852 London Protocol , which failed to provide a solution to the issue and merely upheld the status quo. In 1863, conflict broke out again when Frederick VII died without legitimate issue. According to the order of succession of Denmark and Schleswig, the crowns of both Denmark and Schleswig would pass to Duke Christian of Glücksburg , who became Christian IX . The transmission of

8700-727: The south of the river, formed a natural barrier. South of the forest lay the region now known as Holstein, which was divided between the Germanic Saxons , who inhabited the western part, and the Slavic Wagri , who lived in the eastern part. In the 8th century, the Wagri would become part of the Slavic tribal confederation known as the Obotrites . (Also known as the Wends by the Danes and Saxons). During

8800-620: The south. In the western part of the state, the lowlands have virtually no hills. The North Frisian Islands , as well as almost all of Schleswig-Holstein's North Sea coast, form the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park ( Nationalpark Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer ) which is the largest national park in Central Europe. The Baltic Sea coast in the east of Schleswig-Holstein is marked by bays, fjords , and cliff lines. Rolling hills (the highest elevation

8900-408: The throne. Despite this, Schleswig remained an autonomous duchy within the Kingdom, setting the stage for future conflicts. Beginning in 1460, both the Duchy of Schleswig and Duchy of Holstein , were ruled together by the Danish king, who acted as the duke of both regions. Holstein being a duchy within the Holy Roman Empire created a situation where the Danish king was sovereign of Denmark but also

9000-537: The time it was taken over, with the Jewish family Kahan no longer holding any shares in the company from 1932 at the latest. As a result, NITAG became the main sales subsidiary for mineral oil products alongside Mihag , Wiesöl and Wintershall Mineralöl GmbH . Forced labourers were increasingly used during World War II. 1360 internees from the Buchenwald concentration camp had to work at Wintershall's Lützkendorf plant. In

9100-577: The time of the First Schleswig War, one-third of Schleswig and half of South Schleswig spoke German as their first language. By the time of the Second Schleswig War in 1864, half of Schleswig and the vast majority of South Schleswig spoke German as their first language. In the 19th century, fueled by nationalism both Danes and Germans claimed Schleswig-Holstein. The Germans wanted both Schleswig and Holstein to separate from Denmark and join

9200-525: The trade along the Hærvejen, giving them access to substantial wealth. After approximately 350 to 400 years of Danes being the sole inhabitants north of the Eider, the Frisians arrived in two waves, the first of which occurred in the 800s. They came from Frisia and initially settled on the islands of Heligoland , Sylt , Föhr and Amrum in the southwestern part of Jutland. Later, they expanded to Eiderstedt and

9300-499: The two lions were to face the nettle because of the discomfort to their bottoms which would have resulted if the lions faced away from it. Government agencies of Schleswig-Holsteins are using a logo showing a stylized version of the Schleswig Lions and the Holstein nettle combined with the abbreviation of Schleswig-Holstein "SH". Written either below or to the right of the lion and the nettle is "Schleswig-Holstein" below which either

9400-557: The war by decisively winning the pivotal Battles of Dybbøl and Als . British attempts to mediate in the London Conference of 1864 failed. With the peace Treaty of Vienna (1864) , Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig to Prussia and Holstein to Austria. The two victors divided the duchies despite their casus belli being the defence of the German-speaking Schleswig-Holsteiners' wish to remain unified. But

9500-511: Was an international oil and gas company headquartered in Hamburg , Germany . It was a subsidiary of L1 Energy . In 2018, DEA owned stakes in oil and gas licenses in various countries and operated natural gas underground storage facilities in Germany. DEA is a derivation from Deutsche Erdöl-Aktiengesellschaft , the original name of the company. On 1 May 2019, DEA merged with Wintershall to form Wintershall Dea . Deutsche Tiefbohr-Actiengesellschaft

9600-523: Was founded in Berlin on 10 January 1899. In 1900 the headquarter was relocated to Nordhausen . The new company specialised in all types of mineral oil product and, among other things, raw lignite , briquettes for domestic heating and industry, lignite tar and paraffin . Its managing director was the Krefeld businessman Rudolf Nöllenburg. It first struck oil with a well of its own in 1901, in 1906 crude oil

9700-499: Was founded in 1941. In 1937/1938, Jewish members were excluded from the management board and supervisory board. DEA also employed forced labourers on a large scale. The precise ties between company management and the NS regime have not yet been investigated. At the time, the company's business activities covered a large part of the production and supply chain: extraction, processing and utilisation of mineral oil products and their resale, acquisition of and trading in mining rights, and

9800-457: Was linguistically divided with a Danish-speaking north and a German-speaking south. In 1848, King Frederick VII of Denmark declared that he would grant Denmark a liberal constitution and the immediate goal of the Danish national movement was to ensure that this constitution would give rights to all Danes, i.e. not only to those in the Kingdom of Denmark, but also to Danes (and Germans) living in Schleswig. Furthermore, they demanded protection for

9900-525: Was located in Haltern ; Shell AG continued running it so that it could secure the rights to the “DEA” trademark permanently. The service station was closed in 2017 and replaced by an old Shell service station with the DEA branding in Lichtenfels . In March 2013, RWE announced its intention to sell DEA and use the proceeds to pay some of its €33 billion in debt. RWE received at least three bids in an auction up to

10000-460: Was very much in demand. Hence, from then on Wintershall concentrated on developing crude oil resources. Wintershall benefited extensively from expropriation in Nazi Germany , the use of forced labourers and concentration camp internees, and from the politically active role of August Rosterg, who ran the company from World War I to the end of World War II . Rosterg maintained close ties with

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