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30-476: Winteraceae is a primitive family of tropical trees and shrubs including 93 species in five genera . It is of particular interest because it is such a primitive angiosperm family, distantly related to Magnoliaceae , though it has a much more southern distribution. Plants in this family grow mostly in the southern hemisphere, and have been found in tropical to temperate climate regions of Malesia , Oceania , eastern Australia , New Zealand , Madagascar and

60-484: A USB microscope attached directly to a home computer or laptop. An electron micrograph is a micrograph prepared using an electron microscope . Micrographs usually have micron bars, or magnification ratios, or both. Magnification is a ratio between the size of an object on a picture and its real size. Magnification can be a misleading parameter as it depends on the final size of a printed picture and therefore varies with picture size. A scale bar , or micron bar ,

90-541: A camera to a microscope, thereby enabling the user to take photographs at reasonably high magnification . Scientific use began in England in 1850 by Richard Hill Norris FRSE for his studies of blood cells. Roman Vishniac was a pioneer in the field of photomicroscopy, specializing in the photography of living creatures in full motion. He also made major developments in light-interruption photography and color photomicroscopy . Photomicrographs may also be obtained using

120-457: A consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called the seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time

150-446: A family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching

180-509: A large grove of the species at the spot where the second sample was collected. Drimys winteri (Winter's bark) is a slender tree native to the Magellanic and Valdivian temperate forests of Chile and Argentina . It is a common garden plant grown for its fragrant mahogany -red bark, bright-green leaves, and its clusters of creamy white, jasmine -scented flowers. The bark has historically been used to prevent scurvy . Tasmannia piperita

210-445: A micron bar; supplied magnification ratios are likely incorrect, as they were not calculated for pictures at the present size. The microscope has been mainly used for scientific discovery. It has also been linked to the arts since its invention in the 17th century. Early adopters of the microscope, such as Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , were excellent illustrators. Cornelius Varley 's graphic microscope made sketching from

240-476: A microscope easier with a camera-lucida-like mechanism. After the invention of photography in the 1820s the microscope was later combined with the camera to take pictures instead of relying on an artistic rendering. Since the early 1970s individuals have been using the microscope as an artistic instrument. Websites and traveling art exhibits such as the Nikon Small World and Olympus Bioscapes have featured

270-475: A range of images for the sole purpose of artistic enjoyment. Some collaborative groups, such as the Paper Project have also incorporated microscopic imagery into tactile art pieces as well as 3D immersive rooms and dance performances. In 2015, photographer and gemologist Danny J. Sanchez photographed mineral and gemstone interiors in works referred to as "otherworldly". A paper published in 2009 described

300-453: A simple micrograph like behavior of the material under different conditions, the phases found in the system, failure analysis, grain size estimation, elemental analysis and so on. Micrographs are widely used in all fields of microscopy. A light micrograph or photomicrograph is a micrograph prepared using an optical microscope , a process referred to as photomicroscopy . At a basic level, photomicroscopy may be performed simply by connecting

330-472: A stronger evolutionary factor compared to the weaker hydraulic constraints of vesselless wood compared to “primitive” vessels. This movement from hot humid environments to temperature humid environments where freeze-thaw events occurred is seen as the evolutionary pressure behind the unique reversion to vesselless wood in Winteraceae. Another character of Winteraceae that was seen to indicate a basal position in

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360-417: Is a line of known length displayed on a picture. The bar can be used for measurements on a picture. When the picture is resized the bar is also resized making it possible to recalculate the magnification. Ideally, all pictures destined for publication/presentation should be supplied with a scale bar; the magnification ratio is optional. All but one (limestone) of the micrographs presented on this page do not have

390-576: Is found in the Neotropical realm, from southern Mexico to the subarctic forests of southern South America, Pseudowintera is found only in New Zealand, and Zygogynum has species in New Guinea and New Caledonia. This family has been estimated to be anywhere from 105 to at least 35 million years ago. Being one of few angiosperms forming persistent tetrads with prominent sculpturing, pollen of Winteraceae

420-561: Is notable for the great range of numbers for petal, stamen and pistil counts. Tasmannia lanceolata , known as Tasmanian pepper, is grown as an ornamental shrub , and is increasingly being used as a condiment. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between

450-726: Is now, reaching north as far as Greenland during the Paleocene ( Danian ), and disappearing from continental Africa ( Cape Peninsula , South Africa) in the Miocene . Equally characteristic is Winteraceae wood, which lacks xylem vessels in contrast to most other flowering plants . Fossil Winteraceae wood has been found in the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene (c. 85–35 million years ago) of Antarctica ( Santonian - Campanian ), western North America ( Central Valley , California; Maastrichian ) and Europe ( Helmstedt , Germany; Eocene ). According to

480-473: Is rare but easy to identify in the fossil record. Pollen samples found in Gabon may indicate that the family is at least 120 million years old, but the association of these fossils with Winteraceae is uncertain. Oldest unambiguous Winteraceae fossils are from the middle to late Albian of Israel (~110 million years old; described as Qatanipollis ). Pollen fossils indicate that the range has been much wider than it

510-523: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Micrograph A micrograph contains extensive details of microstructure. A wealth of information can be obtained from

540-466: The Cretaceous . This meant movement from hot humid environments to temperate humid environments where freeze-thaw events occurred. Vesselless wood has 20% of the water conductivity of vessel-bearing wood, however, under freeze events, wood with vessels loses up to 85% of water conductivity while vesselless wood loses at most 6% of water conductivity. The ability to avoid serious water limitation and therefore

570-632: The Neotropics , with most of the genera concentrated in Australasia and Malesia. The five genera, Takhtajania, Tasmannia, Drimys, Pseudowintera , and Zygogynum s.l. all have distinct geographic extant populations. Takhtajania includes a single species, T. perrieri , endemic only to Madagascar, Tasmannia has the largest distribution of genera in Winteraceae with species across the Philippines, Borneo, New Guinea, Eastern Australia, and Tasmannia, Drimys

600-895: The 1998 APG I system , it did not belong to any order , but it has since been placed in Canellales by the APG II , APG III and APG IV systems . Zygogynum Pseudowintera Drimys Tasmannia Takhtajania Members of the family Winteraceae are trees or shrubs. The leaves are alternate, with light green dots and a fragrant aroma. Some are used to produce essential oils . Stipules are absent. Flowers are small, mostly appearing in cymes or fascicles . They have two to six free, valvate sepals , though they are united in Drimys . The Winteraceae have no vessels in their xylem. This makes them relatively immune to xylem embolisms caused by freezing temperatures. In addition, vascular occlusion can occur near

630-506: The book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,

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660-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and

690-493: The openings of the stomata , preventing excess water from entering. Among all species, the distinctive characters of released pollen tetrads are easily recognized using light and electron microscopy . Winteraceae was initially placed as a basal group within the Angiosperms due to its vesselless wood. Xylem vessels were seen as an important evolved character for the diversification and success of Angiosperms, so vesselless wood

720-655: The phylogeny was the presence of waxy stomatal plugs, seen as limiting water loss in respiration and therefore an archaic trait to limit water loss. However, further research showed that in these humid environments, water cover on the surface of leaves decreased photosynthetic rates and waxy stomatal plugs reduce this water cover and therefore reduce the negative impacts on photosynthetic ability. Winteraceae species with stomatal plugs removed saw decreases in photosynethic rates of up to 40%. This further shows that characters once thought to be archaic could rather be derived adaptations to temperate humid environments. Takhtajania perrieri

750-610: The plant into its own genus, Takhtajania , after the Russian botanist Armen Takhtajan . Many subsequent expeditions to find the species were futile, but in 1994 Malagasy plant collector Fanja Rasoavimbahoaka collected a specimen in Anjahanaribe-Sud Special Reserve 150 km from the location at which the 1909 specimen was collected, which George E. Schatz identified in May 1997 as Takhtajania . A subsequent expedition discovered

780-491: The ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging

810-425: The shedding of leaves is hypothesized to be a major evolutionary pressure behind the reversion to vesselless wood. This is further supported by the heteroxylly hypothesis in which “primitive” vessels conferred little difference in stem hydraulic efficiency under normal conditions as compared to vesselless angiosperms. This would indicate that the pressure of freeze-thaw events and the subsequent risk of embolism would be

840-608: Was first collected 1909 on the Manongarivo Massif of central Madagascar at an elevation of 1700 meters. In 1963, the French botanist René Paul Raymond Capuron examined the unidentified plant sample, which he identified as a new species, which he named Bubbia perrieri , after the French botanist Henri Perrier de la Bâthie , classifying it in the Australasian genus Bubbia . In 1978, the botanists Baranova and J. F. Leroy reclassified

870-480: Was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted the use of this term solely within

900-485: Was seen as an archaic trait, resulting in basal placement of the Winteraceae. However, molecular phylogenetic work placed Winteraceae within the Magnoliids , well within the angiosperms. This placement suggests that the vesselless wood of the Winteraceae was a derived character rather than ancestral. Through the fossil pollen record, it is hypothesized that Winteraceae moved from Northern Gondwana through Southern Gondwana in

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