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114-586: The Winstanley and York Road Estate comprises two large estates of predominantly public housing apartments in Battersea , London, adjacent to Clapham Junction railway station , although some have since passed into private ownership . Due to their proximity to one another, the Winstanley and York Road estates have historically been grouped together and share facilities, including York Gardens and transport links at Clapham Junction. According to official data, there are

228-415: A Barriada or a Caserío (and more recently a Residencial Publico ), where all exterior grounds are shared areas. Increasingly, however, public housing developments are being built that consist of other than the traditional multi-family dwellings with all exterior grounds consisting of shared outside area, for example, public housing may consist of single family garden apartments units. Finally,

342-468: A Halfords Store, Volkswagen Store and a Barker and Stonehouse premises. Communal facilities can be located at York Gardens and York Gardens Library and to the western edge of the estate is the so-called "Wilberforce" or Wynter Street estate around Maysoule Road, a mixture of slightly lower rise blocks very similar to the design of the Kambala Estate and slightly higher-rise blocks also very similar to

456-424: A Progressive member of the first London County Council for Battersea in 1889 and campaigning vigorously around the area. Whilst the opening of Clapham Junction railway station in 1863 would eventually have a dramatic effect on the area, by the end of the 1860s only small areas of housing on Edward (Wye) Street and Grant Road had been completed. Canon Erskine Clark , upon arrival on Plough Road in 1874, attributed

570-534: A combination thereof. The details, terminology, definitions of poverty , and other criteria for allocation may vary within different contexts, but the right to rent such a home is generally rationed through some form of means-testing or through administrative measures of housing needs. One can regard social housing as a potential remedy for housing inequality . Within the OECD , social housing represents an average of 7% of national housing stock (2020), ranging from ~34% in

684-561: A condominium is a housing unit located in a high-rise building. It is popularly called an apartamento (English: 'apartment'), whether or not its resident owns the unit or lives in it as a renter.) Public housing, on the other hand, are housing units built with government funding, primarily through programs of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). These have traditionally been multi-family dwellings in housing complexes called

798-423: A crowd of "60-100 youths" before the size of this crowd increased and moved through the "Winstanley Estate and roads nearby" to arrive at Clapham Junction. As previously mentioned, the close proximity of the estates to shopping facilities around Clapham Junction was an important reason as to why groups of looters first began to gather there. Wandsworth Council also enforced a controversial policy by attempting to evict

912-605: A formal bidding process in 2016, when Taylor Wimpey were then selected in 2017 to redevelop the estate in a £1 billion scheme by Wandsworth Council . Following recent developments, the regeneration proposal was officially approved by Wandsworth Council in February 2020 but still awaits final confirmation from London Mayor Sadiq Khan . Although the Mayor has campaigned against private council estate redevelopments that do not provide an acceptable level of replacement social housing and condemned

1026-490: A higher than average rate of takeaways (3.05 per 1000). There are numerous places of worship, including two churches on the estates and a mosque next to them on Falcon Road. Within the ward as a whole, 59.6% of residents are "Christians", 25.9% have "No Religion", 11.2% are Muslims and there are also much smaller (below 1.5%) minorities of "Hindu", "Buddhist" and "Other Religious" followers. Although these statistics are broadly in line with national averages , they do suggest that

1140-467: A home that is located in neither an urbanizacion nor of a public housing development is said to be located in (and to be a part of) a barrio . In Puerto Rico, a barrio also has a second and very different meaning official meaning: the geographical area into which a municipios is divided for official administrative purposes. In this sense, urbanizaciones as well as public housing developments (as well as one or several barrios in

1254-619: A mixture with the earlier developments before 1963. Incidentally, the chief architect after 1960 was William Norman "Bruce" George of George, Trew and Dunn, who also re-designed the Guards Chapel after damage during the Blitz. He had also previously worked for Pite, Son & Fairweather in the late 1930s, before surviving two years building the Burma-Thailand Railway as a Japanese POW after his capture in 1942. The legacy of Sidney Sporle,

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1368-520: A move toward the integration of public housing with market housing and other uses. Revitalization plans for properties such as in the notorious Downtown Eastside of Vancouver , Regent Park , in Toronto, and Rochester Heights in Ottawa , aim to provide better accommodations for low-income residents, and connect them to the greater community. The aim of the reconstruction plans are often to better integrate it into

1482-639: A multi-generational problem with street gangs in much the same way as other nearby parts of South London. This has seen a shift from the Junction Boys of the 1980s and 1990s, to the Stick'em Up Kids or South under Kontrol (S.U.K) group of the 2000s and 2010s and then the 37/OJB of modern times. There is also a historic rivalry between groups from the Battersea area and those in Tooting and Mitcham , which has been attributed as

1596-456: A musical charity that attempts to alleviate mental health problems, also operates on the Estates at York Road. The Winstanley estate is the location of Levi Root's first London restaurant, Papine Jerk Centre, where it served a local school (Thames Christian College) between 2007 and 2013 before unfortunately closing. Historian Dan Jones referenced this by saying that "middle-class people entering

1710-617: A negative impact on employment prospects within the local area. In 1964, Alan Johnson also recalled the "huge Booth's Gin Distillery " "opposite the estate" (that closed around this time) when he was living in Pitt House, Maysoule Road, and the closure of the Carlo Gatti ice depot and warehouses at Ransome's Dock in the late 1970s and early 1980s were other similarly detrimental developments. The socio-economics effect of this de-industrialisation

1824-623: A new impetus, when the poor physical health and condition of many urban recruits to the British Army was noted with alarm. In 1916, 41% of conscripts were unfit to serve. This led to a campaign known as Homes fit for heroes and in 1919 the Government first compelled councils to provide housing, helping them to do so through the provision of subsidies , under the Housing Act 1919 . Public housing projects were tried out in some European countries and

1938-493: A number 3 with "They Don't Know" and popularised UK Garage and other genres of urban music . The estate now has a well-known musical tradition and many current rappers , producers and drill artists hail from the estates. Michael Fuller also described being taken aback by the impressive musical band (the Melodians Steel Orchestra UK ) that hailed from the estate in the late 1990s, which he described as having

2052-538: A positive social impact on the estate and tried to encourage by directing municipal funding towards them. He drew attention to the band's international success under his patronage, including performing at the Royal Albert Hall 15 years in a row, winning the Royal Anniversary Challenge Award in 1992 and perhaps echoing the success of their later and slightly better-known counterparts. Sound Minds,

2166-476: A shooting scene and, more prominently, in another gangster thriller of 1972, Sitting Target . The estates were also briefly seen in the background of the local 1973 film The Optimists of Nine Elms and 1975 thriller Brannigan . Public housing Public housing , also known as social housing , refers to affordable housing provided in buildings that are usually owned and managed by local government , central government , nonprofit organizations or

2280-578: A similar scheme in Battersea Power Station for those reasons, the outcome of this final review is still uncertain. Although work officially began in December 2018, this has mostly consisted of consultation and very minor demolitions. No construction has been completed and no residents have yet been relocated to temporary housing, as the scheme is not scheduled to be completed until 2030. The estate gained more attention for regeneration in 2016, where it

2394-620: A system that has fallen into disfavour in both the United States and the United Kingdom. However, many public housing corporations still offer a variety of buildings and communities ranging from individual houses to townhouse communities and mid-rise and high-rise apartments in both working-class and middle-class neighborhoods that house a significant number of low-income Canadians. Following the decentralisation of public housing to local municipalities, Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)

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2508-577: A total of 1419 homes on the estates, with approximately 5200 residents. The adjacency of a built-up residential area to one of the busiest stations in Europe is almost unique and has profoundly influenced various factors of the district. The locality has had numerous well-known residents over the years, including: John Burns , Alan Johnson and Levi Roots . However, the estates are particularly well known within London musically (amongst other claims to fame), for being

2622-500: A very low price. The size and the type of room the households received were dependent on their job title or administrative level. The central government found it difficult to upkeep the public housing due to the low rent it received; the distribution policy that was intended to be " equalitarianism " was actually corrupt. The Chinese government commercialized the housing market after the economic reform started in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping . The public houses that were constructed before that

2736-492: A voucher, accepted by some landlords. This policy option represented a turn away from the public-sector policy of public housing, instead turning towards the private market to address housing needs. The program, in conjunction with HOPE VI, was intended to create income-integrated communities, by giving residents the choice of where to move . However, the housing voucher program has historically had long wait times and limited choice on where one can actually move . Additionally, it

2850-459: Is "a TfL Air Quality Focus Area, due to high levels of air pollutants; two schools in the ward are also in areas that breach air quality limit values." There is also an above-average level of 0- to 16-year-olds living in the area, a demographic that has higher healthcare levels than average. Levels of childhood excess weight are higher than the Wandsworth average and children and young people living in

2964-507: Is a substantial Somali minority on the estate and 19% of children attending school from the estate speak Somali as a first language. The proportion of single-parent households with dependent children in the statistical boundaries of the Latchmere ward is also double the average of the borough of Wandsworth at 12%. A population age pyramid of the estates and Latchmere ward shows that the estates have higher levels of 0-16 and 65+ year olds than

3078-511: Is also located on the Kambala Estate next to the larger Winstanley and York Road and plays an invaluable role for many of the Estate's residents. Although applying to the whole of Battersea, defined in the survey as "the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea and those wards of Wandsworth Borough .... along the river to the east of Putney Bridge ", Margot Jeffrey's 1954 book analyses employment in

3192-556: Is based just south of the estates on Lavender Hill . A community centre is located in York Gardens Library, which has a wide-ranging array of schedules and facilities for both children and adults. Some more specialised initiatives that operate on and around the estates include the Women of Wandsworth Mums, which has lent its support to the regeneration of the estates through its founder and Battersea Men's Shed. The Mercy Foundation Centre

3306-708: Is now Falcon Road. The name of "York" Road possibly derives from a late medieval moated house on the site, built by the Bishop of Durham in 1474 and later given to the Archbishop of York . The stream became known as the Falcon in the 17th century, named after the birds displayed on the crest of the St John baronets, latterly the Viscount Bolingbrokes , who owned the "whole... area north of St John’s Hill" between 1627 and 1763". The area

3420-888: Is one of the major housing policies of the government. Nearly half of Hong Kong's 7.5 million population lives in public housing. The two main public housing providers are the Housing Authority and the Housing Society . The most common types of public housing in Hong Kong are public rental housing (PRH) and subsidised sale flats produced under the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS). In 2016, approximately 31 per cent of Hong Kong households lived in PRH flats while 15 per cent resided in subsidised sale flats (of all types). The origin of large-scale public housing in Hong Kong can be traced to

3534-434: Is predominantly middle-aged and elderly, and in consequence highly unadaptable to industrial change". A series of closures in the secondary industry sector and associated with primary and secondary employment in the late 1970s and mid-1980s, such as: Battersea Power Station in 1975, a Tate & Lyle factory on York Place in 1980 and the large Airfix Factory on Haldane Place in next-door Earlsfield in 1981 all had

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3648-795: Is the 16th-century Fuggerei in Augsburg , Bavaria . The origins of modern municipal housing lie in the dramatic urban population increase caused by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. In the large cities of the period, many social commentators, such as Octavia Hill and Charles Booth reported on the squalor, sickness and immorality that arose. Henry Mayhew , visiting Bethnal Green , wrote in The Morning Chronicle : ... roads were unmade, often mere alleys, houses small and without foundations, subdivided and often around unpaved courts. An almost total lack of drainage and sewerage

3762-644: The Centro Urbano (or Multifamiliar ) Presidente Alemán (1947–50) in the Colonia del Valle and the Centro Urbano (or Multifamiliar ) Benito Juárez (1951–52) in the Colonia Roma , introduced formal ideas from Le Corbusier 's Ville Radieuse into the urban fabric. His later project, the Conjunto Urbano Tlatelolco Nonoalco built in 1960–65, was meant to develop one of

3876-603: The Federal Highway Program , demolished the older, substandard housing of communities of color across the United States. However, the advent of makeshift tent communities during the Great Depression caused concern in the Administration. The Federal public housing program was created by the 1937 Act, in which operations were "sustained primarily by tenant rents." As a result, public housing in its earliest decades

3990-748: The Multifamiliar Benito Juárez has been demolished. Mexico has had experience with housing projects since Porfirio Díaz 's regime (1877–1880, 1884–1911). One of those still remains and is the Barrio of Loreto in San Ángel , Álvaro Obregón in Mexico City, that was a project for a paper factory workers. Another notable public housing project is the Conjunto Habitacional Independencia, located near Tizapán neighborhood, on most of

4104-644: The resettlement programme launched by the Hong Kong government in the 1950s in response to the increasing prevalence of squatter settlements, which emerged as a result of a great influx of refugees following the Communist revolution in China . The squatter villages were considered unsafe as they were susceptible to disastrous fires, including a 1953 blaze in Shek Kip Mei that rendered over 50,000 people homeless overnight. Large-scale resettlement estates were built throughout

4218-608: The "proximity to the great railway centre "Clapham Junction" as the main reason for "its recent building boom" and rapid development. Like many South London riverside areas such as Deptford or Rotherhithe , this particular area of "North Battersea" has a long-standing association with poverty and vice. This was documented in the Charles Booth poverty map in 1902, where the main streets of the estate around Darien and Winstanley Roads are coloured black and dark blue to signify "criminal" and "very poor" inhabitants. The Latchmere ward that

4332-617: The 'one-for-one' rule would make building new housing extremely difficult . The long-term effect of this was that more housing was demolished than built, and many people were displaced without being guaranteed a spot in the new housing that would get built. This led to the widespread displacement and reshuffling of public house residents: namely, low-income, Black, single-parent families . Narratives that public housing projects were full of crime, drugs, and poverty were used to further justify demolition and destruction of public housing. Such associations between crime, surveillance and policing, and

4446-489: The 1950s and 1960s. In 1973, the government of Sir Murray MacLehose launched the Ten-Year Housing Programme, which aimed to provide the entire population with "satisfactory housing" within a decade. The government also launched the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) in 1976 to enable lower-income households to purchase flats. Many public housing estates were built as part of new town development programmes . During

4560-463: The 1993 HOPE VI project's response was demolition . The federal Housing and Urban Development (HUD) department's 1993 HOPE VI program addressed concerns of distressed properties and blighted superblocks with revitalization and funding projects for the renewal of public housing to decrease its density and allow for tenants with mixed income levels. The project paired together the demolition of public housing stock and private development, leading to

4674-521: The Borough. Like many areas of the UK in the 1980s, there were severe issues with poverty after the closure of nearby factories, which was notably apparent within the younger population. Michael Fuller described this era by asserting that "the buildings may have changed but the people didn't" and the Winstanley as "an area of unemployment, extreme poverty and social deprivation" when recalling his experiences policing

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4788-497: The Brooke Amendment. Rents now became set at 25% of a tenant's income with the result that the program began serving the "poorest tenants." Other attempts to solve these problems include the 1974 Section 8 Housing Program, which encourages the private sector to construct affordable homes, and subsidized public housing. This assistance can be "project-based", subsidizing properties, or "tenant-based", which provides tenants with

4902-582: The Clinton era established, through HUD, the Public Housing Drug Elimination Program, which led to the cracking down of public housing, leading to more policing and surveillance for low-income people of color . In the 60s and 70s, the popularization of neoliberalism caused a turn away from public sector solutions towards private or public-private solutions. This, in conjunction with the narrative of public housing being obsolete, led to both

5016-520: The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to rent units to families with low incomes. Affordable housing goals can also be achieved through subsidies. Subsidized housing is owned and operated by private owners who receive subsidies in exchange for providing affordable housing. Owners may be individual landlords or for-profit or nonprofit corporations. Social housing had existed sporadically prior to modern developments. The oldest still in use

5130-479: The Estates area is within was particularly notable for the election of John Archer in 1906, one of the earliest Black British politicians (along with Allan Glaisyer Minns and Henry Sylvester Williams ). The wider constituency's radical reputation was cemented in 1924, when Shapurji Saklatvala was elected to be one of the first-ever British Indian MPs as a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain for

5244-565: The Netherlands to less than 1% in Colombia. In the United States, public housing developments are classified as housing projects that are owned by a housing authority or a low-income (project-based voucher) property. PBV are a component of a public housing agency. PBVs, administered by state and local housing agencies, are distinct from Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance (PBRA), a program through which property owners' contract directly with

5358-526: The North-eastern edge is the Badric Court Estate around Yelverton Road, blocks of council housing that are almost identical to those found on the Winstanley and York Road Estates, but which have access to slightly different facilities compared to the Kambala Estate due to their location. There are then a succession of office blocks and shops running counter-clockwise along York Road, variously featuring:

5472-738: The United States in the 1930s, but only became widespread globally after the Second World War . South African apartheid featured high poverty rates in Black South Africans due to racial segregation and discrimination, so the post-apartheid government has sought to build social housing for poor black households, in urban areas with economic opportunity. The Reconstruction and Development and Breaking New Ground programs have provided over 3.5 million houses from 1995 to 2020, but they did not fully meet demand, and were built away from inner urban areas, exacerbating racial divides. The housing shortage

5586-470: The Victorian terraces that the Winstanley and York Road Estates replaced, along with some of the newer-build concrete blocks. Loach again used the estates and surrounding area as much of the backdrop for his 1966 drama Cathy Come Home and 1967 film Poor Cow , which similarly dealt with social issues and deprivation. The estates featured briefly in the background of the 1971 gangster thriller Villain in

5700-595: The Winstanley Estate to serve the residents of the community. Sure Start Battersea is also situated next to the estates to serve the early-learning needs of the community. Most state secondary school pupils from the area will probably attend either: St. John Bosco College on the Surrey Lane Estate or Harris Academy Battersea on the Doddington and Rollo Estate. According to official data, the area around York Road

5814-487: The Winstanley looking for Levi Roots' famous jerk restaurant" was equivalent to "a few kids on stolen 50cc bikes venturing out [of Winstanley]" or "as a form of cultural exchange" where "fair's fair" in the London Evening Standard in 2017. The north of the Winstanley and York Road Estates (mainly York Road) also has a much lower than average rate of supermarkets and convenience stores per 1000 population (0.61) but

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5928-555: The auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency under the direction of Colonel Lawrence Westbrook . These eight projects were purchased by the residents after the Second World War and as of 2009 seven of the projects continue to operate as mutual housing corporations owned by their residents. These projects are among the very few definitive success stories in

6042-524: The borough and South London . The footballer Jamie Lawrence also lived for a year in a flat on next-door Totteridge House in Badric Court, later settling on Dunston Road in the Shaftesbury Park Estate and attending John Burns Primary School on Wycliffe Street. There are a number of community activities and partnerships that are either run from the estates or operate substantially there. One of

6156-476: The company's inability to maintain previous numbers of council homes, accumulating to processes of social dispersion throughout London. The famous 1951 heist film The Lavender Hill Mob refers to Lavender Hill , a street directly opposite the estates from Grant Road, on the southern adjoining side of Clapham Junction. As previously mentioned, the 1965 film Up the Junction , directed by Ken Loach , shows many of

6270-652: The design of Badric Court or York Road. In 1955, the Victorian terraces within the district were formally cleared for "redevelopment". Jackson House and Kiloh Court in Meyrick Road and Farrant House in Darien Road were henceforth all built in 1956 to the specifications of the first architectural firm to work on the estate: Pite, Son & Fairweather. Arthur Newton House along Lavender Road, Baker House on Darien Road and Ganley Court beside Newcomen Road were also completed by these architects between 1959 and 1961. As can be seen in

6384-527: The diagram, the system-built blocks of the Winstanley Estate around Winstanley Road began construction in 1963 and had finished by approximately 1966. The York Road Estate around Wye Street and the Livingstone Estate around Sullivan Close subsequently started construction in 1967 and were both completed by 1972. All of the developments after 1963 were constructed using the Plattenbau design, in contrast to

6498-431: The displacement of many residents. One of the biggest components of this was the repealing of the "one-for-one" replacement rule, which said that for every unit of housing destroyed a new one must be built . HOPE VI's reasoning for repealing this policy was that it was hindering the construction of new, mixed-income units: since the public housing buildings were so massive, those behind HOPE VI believed that trying to match

6612-610: The economic reforms were categorized as "Old Public Houses" ( Chinese : 老公房 ). "Old Public Houses" were, in principle, not supposed to be privately sold, but the household could sell it after purchasing the ownership of the building (not the property), and such transactions were subject to be review by local housing authorities and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission . However, an informal filing system and unclear policies resulted in problems of corruption and family dispute. The concept of

6726-524: The end of the Second World War, enriched by US investments and an oil boom , Mexico had its first demographic boom, in which the primary destination for rural immigrants was Mexico City . Mario Pani Darqui , a famous architect at time, was charged to build its first large-scale public housing project. Built for the Dirección de Pensiones Civiles y Retiro (the National Pensions office, today ISSSTE),

6840-483: The estates in his memoirs. All of the estates are within the top 20% most deprived areas nationally and the worst deprivation (most deprived 10% nationally) is centred around the north of the estates, principally around York Road Estate. The Kinghan Report, commissioned after the London Riots in 2011 for Wandsworth, said that they were one of the five "most difficult to manage estates in the borough" and that large parts of

6954-433: The estates to Clapham Junction have made them an attractive location for drug dealing , which gained local notoriety because of the decision to introduce harsher penalties on the estate as a trial initiative in 2007. Unfortunately, the modern estates have suffered from a variety of youth disorder and serious crime issues since almost the time of their completion, visually documented from the early 1980s onwards. The area has

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7068-409: The estates were in the bottom 1% of LSOAs on the measure of Income Deprivation Affecting Children . According to official data today, 56% of those living on the estates are from BME groups and 35% are Black , both well above borough averages of 27% and 10.4% respectively. The ward as a whole has the third-highest proportion of ethnic minorities in Wandsworth, after Tooting and Furzedown . There

7182-424: The families of convicted looters from all of their social housing (although the most-publicised case was of the family of a 17-year-old from the nearby Doddington and Rollo Estate). The first official sign of the intent to redevelop the estate was a 2014 resident's poll conducted by the council, in which 57% backed the demolition and redevelopment of all buildings except two tower-blocks . The council then initiated

7296-524: The first Black Chief Constable , Commander and Deputy Assistant Commissioner within the UK, who was Chief Superintendent at Battersea Police Station between 1999 and 2002. The police implemented official advice never to enter the estates alone because of the "widespread dealing" where dealers "had no fear of anyone, including the police". Policemen were also advised never to walk under walkways, where "anything could be dropped on your head" that also functioned as escape routes for criminals. The adjacency of

7410-524: The first to draw attention to supposed incidents of gun crime that occurred on the estates in the 1990s and 2000s, although notable members (including Ashley Walters ) were also accused of glamorising violence by being convicted or charged with many offences involving firearms. Unfortunately, many teenagers have been shot or stabbed to death in the immediate vicinity of the estates: Fabian Ricketts in 2006, Kyle McDonald in 2013, Matthew Kitwande in 2016 and Mahammed Hassan in 2017. Indeed, Mahad Mohammed in 2011

7524-521: The five-year residency rule before being permitted to apply for council housing, a change that apparently allowed more "black people" of the Windrush Generation and other freshly arrived immigrants to obtain council housing and avoid exploitative landlords. The Winstanley Estate is well known within London for being the base of So Solid Crew , who achieved a number 1 with their single "21 seconds" ,

7638-441: The former Battersea North . The entire area had been "earmarked" for redevelopment as early as the 1930s, but only one block (Darien House on Darien Road) was built before WWII in 1934. The Winstanley Road School was also demolished in 1938 as part of the redevelopment, although this was the last action completed before the beginning of the War. Again, like many London dockland areas (Ransome's Dock and Cringle Dock are nearby), it

7752-406: The founding location of the So Solid Crew , a UK garage group that had mainstream success and did much to popularise succeeding genres of UK "urban" music . Work has begun for a planned regeneration scheme (subject to a final review from the Mayor of London ), taking place on a timeline of December 2018 until 2030. Although the place-name "Patricesy" is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086,

7866-527: The history of the US public housing effort. Public housing was only built with the blessing of the local government, and projects were almost never built on suburban greenfields , but through regeneration of older neighborhoods. The destruction of tenements and eviction of their low-income residents consistently created problems in nearby neighborhoods with "soft" real estate markets. Initiatives in housing policy were implemented in ways that perpetuated stigma against African Americans. Initially, public housing

7980-517: The houses and apartments were sold to the residents. Neighbourhoods in Puerto Rico are often divided into three types: barrio , urbanización (urbanisation) and residencial público (public housing). An urbanización is a type of housing where land is developed into lots, often by a private developer, and where single-family homes are built. More recently, non-single-family units, such as condominiums and townhouses are being built which also fall into this category. (In Puerto Rico,

8094-434: The housing around Sullivan Close on the south-east corner of the estates now forms a private, gated development known as the Falcons Estate. On the nearest eastern boundary of the estates is the Kambala Estate, centred around Kambala Road, which is also a council estate and is in many ways contiguous with the larger Winstanley and York Road Estates, with the three estates sharing many facilities and demographic similarities. At

8208-483: The housing deficit, Minha Casa Minha Vida sought to stimulate the economy by generating employment in the construction sector. According to the Brazilian Chamber of Construction Industry (CBIC), the program created millions of jobs, directly and indirectly, contributing to the country's economic growth during its initial phases. However, critics argue that the program's focus on mass production sometimes overlooked

8322-583: The importance of integrating new housing developments with adequate infrastructure, such as schools , healthcare facilities , and transportation networks , which are essential for fostering sustainable urban development. In Canada, public housing is usually a block of purpose-built subsidized housing operated by a government agency, often simply referred to as community housing, with easier-to-manage townhouses. Many cities in Canada still maintain large high-rise clustered developments in working-class neighborhoods,

8436-538: The lack of council homes in the new scheme (3 out of the extra 2,000 homes) with the then-Under-Secretary for Housing, Communities and Local Government Rishi Sunak choosing not to comment on the issue and praising the Conservative leadership of Wandsworth Council . The Architects for Social Housing group also pointed out that the regeneration of the Estates was led by Levitt Bernstein Architects, citing it as evidence of

8550-528: The land that once was the Matsumoto Hacienda. The project was developed during Adolfo López Mateos presidential period, started in 1959 and completed in 1960. The development included an integral design considering landscaping, and premises that could provide basic services to the residents: a clinic, a sports complex, theater, movie theater, a supermarket, a kindergarten, three elementary schools, among others. It functioned as public housing until 1982, when

8664-516: The long list of applicants . The public-owned housing system was established when the Chinese Communist Party started a planned economy in the 1950s as part of its Great Leap Forward . The system was funded by the central government's budget and were administered and distributed by state-owned enterprises . The occupants of the public housing were usually the employees of the enterprises and their family, who were subject to pay rent at

8778-518: The low-cost rental housing can be traced to a 1998 policy statement, but did not truly take off until 2006 due to limited funding and administrative problems. The provision of more affordable housing is one of the key components of China's Twelfth Five-year Plan , which targets the construction of 36 million homes by 2015. That program's costs will be split between the private and public sector and are estimated at five trillion yuan by China International Capital Corporation . In Hong Kong, public housing

8892-483: The narrative that people living in public housing were " Welfare Queens ", or otherwise living in a state of abject poverty and terrible conditions . These demographic changes also decreased support for housing, leading to the government cutting funding for the program . Because of funding cuts and mismanagement by public housing authorities, public housing started to reflect modern associated characteristics of "soul-crushing" buildings or "humanitarian disasters"—to which

9006-549: The oldest and most effective is the Katherine Low Settlement on Battersea High Street, which primarily serves residents from the estates and provides an extremely broad range of services and assistance programmes for all members of the community. Another incredibly well-established umbrella initiative that operates extensively in the area is the Battersea United Charities (BUC), which was founded in 1641 and

9120-417: The personal childhood experiences of Battersea Borough's Housing Committee in these run-down homes, notably the chairman Sidney Sporle, often with unsafe multiple occupation , shared outdoor toilets , no running water or central heating. As previously stated, Clapham Junction, which is supposedly the busiest railway-station in London, the UK and Europe in terms of daily rail traffic, is situated directly to

9234-496: The poorest parts of the city, Santiago Tlatelolco , which was becoming a slum. Unfortunately, after a while, instead of giving the residences to the previous residents of Tlatelolco , corruption took place and most of the dwellings were handed to state employees. During the earthquake of 1985 , both the Benito Juárez and Nonoalco-Tlaltelolco complexes suffered major damage, with some buildings collapsing. Today most of

9348-431: The popular sense) may be located in one of these 901 official geographic areas. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, government involvement in housing for the poor was chiefly in the introduction of building standards . Atlanta, Georgia 's Techwood Homes , dedicated in 1935, was the nation's first public housing project. Most housing communities were developed from the 1930s onward and initial public housing

9462-547: The population. The project has been criticized for its placement and quality of the houses. Houses are built far from the city centre to reduce housing costs which consequently reduces access to the labor market ; a study of randomly selected houses of the MCMV project in Rio de Janeiro showed a reduced likelihood of being formally employed in job-seekers but income was not affected in those who were already employed. In addition to addressing

9576-608: The program, included within the government Growth Acceleration Program (PAC, Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento ) was announced in March 2010. This stage foresaw the construction of a further two million homes. All funds for Minha Casa Minha Vida properties were provided by the Brazilian public bank, Caixa Econômica Federal . The bank financed development and provided mortgages for qualifying families. As of September 2018 , 4.5 million homes were built and distributed to

9690-461: The projects increased in 1996. Projects continue to have a reputation for violence, drug use, and prostitution, especially in New Orleans , Washington, D.C. Chicago and Detroit , leading to the passage of a 1996 federal " one strike you're out " law, enabling the eviction of tenants convicted of crimes, especially drug-related, or merely as a result of being tried for some crimes. Specifically,

9804-566: The proportion of Muslims within Latchmere is particularly high, at roughly double the national average of 4.4%. Battersea Sports Centre is also based on the Winstanley estate and there are many other initiatives nearby in Battersea Park , Battersea Arts Centre and the larger Doddington and Rollo Estate. The Latchmere Leisure Centre, whilst not located directly on the Estates, is very convenient for residents, with an excellent reputation throughout

9918-540: The reason for much of the youth violence in the Boroughs of Wandsworth and Merton . Mike Pannett , a former police officer assigned to Battersea from the late 80's onwards, writes that these estates and Battersea in general was "top of the city's crime league" in the 80's and was home to such notorious figures as Gary Nelson ("London's most dangerous man") who grew up there and was convicted of shooting to death two people- most notably PC Patrick Dunne. So Solid Crew were one of

10032-591: The relatively large settlement of 70 households referred to a parish further north from the estates. This seems to have been almost exactly on the banks of the Thames , closer to the Westbridge Estate and probably around Battersea Church Road and St Mary's Church . The area was still sparsely populated and largely consisted of farmland, with the exception of the Falconbrook , a stream that then flowed overground along what

10146-606: The school in 2017. This prompted some slightly snobbish discussion from Dan Jones and some of the media about the juxtaposition of violent gang crime and " inner-city neglect " on the Winstanley Estate, Surrey Lane Estate and nearby area to the extreme privilege and wealth of the monarchy . One of the earliest schools in the immediate vicinity of the Estates was Sir Walter St John's School on Battersea High Street, founded in 1700 by Sir Walter St. John to "teach twenty poor boys", which rapidly expanded throughout its existence. The Elementary Education Act 1870 then split one half of

10260-484: The school into Battersea Grammar School , which first stood at the intersection of Plough Road and St John's Hill between 1875 and 1936. Despite moving to a new site in Streatham after this time, the school retained its original name until it merged with another local school in 1977 to become a comprehensive school as Furzedown Secondary School . Falconbrook primary school is a primary state school situated directly on

10374-421: The south of the estates. The stream " Falconbrook " or "Battersea Creek" still runs underground along Falcon Road, marking one of the boundaries of the estates. The estates are relatively close to several other local landmarks, including: Battersea Bridge , Battersea Park , the former Battersea Power Station and the new U.S. Embassy . Formerly the Livingstone Estate, an extension of the wider Winstanley Estate,

10488-448: The then-leader of Wandsworth Council and one-time mayor of Battersea was tarnished when he was convicted and sentenced for corruption in 1971. He had played a pivotal role in advocating for the redevelopment of the area (and Sporle Court on the Winstanley Estate is still named after him), but was exposed to have used corrupt and possibly unsafe methods in the construction of the nearby Doddington and Rollo Estate. After his imprisonment, there

10602-508: The traditional grid of streets, improve leisure and cultural amenities. However, the residents of these communities often have had little effective input in the plans and have had mixed reactions to the construction. In 2014, Vancouver , long considered one of the least affordable cities in the world, changed the definition of social housing to mean rental housing in which a minimum of 30 percent of dwelling units are occupied by households that cannot pay market rents, due to lack of income. At

10716-400: The turn away from public housing and towards subsidized housing solutions. Houses, apartments or other residential units are usually subsidized on a rent-geared-to-income (RGI) basis. Some communities have now embraced a mixed income, with both assisted and market rents, when allocating homes as they become available. A significant change in the program took place in 1969, with the passage of

10830-560: The ward and London average. Thames Christian College is a private school on the Winstanley Estate that tends to draw the vast majority of its pupils from beyond the estates but was also notable for its brief association with Levi Root's former restaurant "the Papine Jerk Centre". However, Thomas's school , another private school next to the Winstanley and Surrey Lane Estates, attracted increased media coverage when Prince George and Princess Charlotte were both enrolled as pupils at

10944-413: The ward are more likely to be admitted to hospital with an injury compared to Wandsworth as a whole. It is believed by governmental sources that high pollution levels measured at two local schools and on the Estates are primarily due to considerable building works and transport activities occurring within the ward. The modern estates were notorious within the local police station according to Mike Fuller ,

11058-439: The wider area through specific comparisons between Battersea and Dagenham . At that time, Battersea's industries were "old-established" and "policies of industrial dispersion" were feared to have a detrimental potential in "districts such as Battersea where the resident population is declining". She then elaborates by saying that Battersea would represent one such area where "the young move out, leaving an industrial population which

11172-584: Was 20, Mohammed Hassan in 2016 was 35 and Tesfa Campbell was 38 in 2019. The estate was named as having particularly high levels within Wandsworth of knife crime in the Kinghan Report, but which were still comparatively lower than the Doddington and Rollo and Henry Prince Estates. Although the damage wreaked in Clapham Junction during the London Riots of 2011 emerged in large part from the estates, there

11286-530: Was a substantial campaign in the South London Press and backed by the subsequent Wandsworth Council housing chairman Alderman Dennis Mallam, and the then-chairman of the Winstanley Estate Tenant's Association Ernest Randell, to change the name of the block from Sporle Court, which ultimately appeared to be unsuccessful. In the aftermath of Sid Sporle's conviction, the new council decided to abolish

11400-534: Was acquired by the 1st Earl Spencer of the Earl Spencers in 1763, before the area of the modern estates was sold by the 3rd Earl between 1835 and 1836, primarily for the creation of the London and Southampton Railway and eventually Clapham Junction railway station . Although most prominently associated with the development of the nearby Latchmere Estate in 1903, John Burns was born here in 1858 and grew up at 80 Grant Road with his family, thereafter becoming

11514-563: Was begun in 1890 by the Metropolitan Board of Works and completed by the then-recently formed London County Council in 1900. The success of this project spurred many local councils to embark on similar construction schemes in the early 20th century. The Arts and Crafts movement and Ebenezer Howard 's garden city ideas led to the leafy London County Council cottage estates such as firstly Totterdown Fields and later Wormholt and Old Oak . The First World War indirectly provided

11628-555: Was built in London to replace one of the capital's most notorious slums – the Old Nichol . Nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday. Arthur Morrison wrote the influential A Child of the Jago , an account of the life of a child in the slum, which sparked a public outcry. Construction of the Boundary Estate

11742-458: Was created in the Province of Ontario in 2002 to provide group services for social housing providers (public housing, non-profit housing and co-operative housing ). It is a non-profit corporation which provides Ontario housing providers and service managers with bulk purchasing, insurance, investment and information services that add significant value to their operations. Recently, there has been

11856-461: Was documented in a 1981 Thames News report focusing on the estates, claiming that unemployment had risen by 69% from 1980 to 1981 and there were 13,000 people out of work within the Borough . This has remained an issue since, and the Latchmere ward has had the highest unemployment rate (measured by people of working-age claiming benefits) in government statistics between 1999 and 2016 of any ward within

11970-535: Was estimated to be 3.7 million units in 2021. The Department of Human Settlements, which facilitates national housing development, has sought to transition from a housing-focused development model to a holistic view, including services. Minha Casa Minha Vida ("My House, My Life"), the Brazilian federal government's social housing program, was launched in March 2009 with a budget of R$ 36 billion (US$ 18 billion) to build one million homes. The second stage of

12084-404: Was found that many people of color did not want to move away from their families, communities, and systems of support, as well as experiencing stigma and difficulties with landlords, safety, or expenses . This leads to the program doing little to actually create a more racially-integrated city demographics, mostly reproducing inequality while simultaneously not having enough valid housing units for

12198-437: Was heavily damaged by bombing during The Blitz . The original population of the Winstanley Estate and York Road Estates were largely re-housed from the run-down Victorian terraces that previously stood in the area between 1956 and 1972, some of which can still be seen in films such as Up the Junction in 1965. Much of the motivation to embark on a program of slum clearance for the construction of council estates stemmed from

12312-655: Was in 1885, after the report from a royal commission in England, that the state first took an interest. This led to the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885 , which empowered Local Government Boards to shut down unhealthy properties and encouraged them to improve the housing in their areas. The City of London Corporation built tenements in the Farringdon Road in 1865. The world's first large-scale housing project

12426-618: Was intended to be built widespread, and as such be mixed-income, but lobbyists who did not want to see public housing decrease their housing values blocked such housing from going up . These early NIMBY movements limited where public housing was concentrated: predominantly in low-income neighborhoods. With the introduction of suburbs and expansion of choices for the white working class, the demographics of public housing changed from more class and racially integrated to predominantly impoverished, single-parent, welfare, and people of color . This led to stigmatization of public housing, through pushing

12540-405: Was largely slum clearance, with the requirement insisted upon by private builders that for every unit of public housing constructed, a unit of private housing would be demolished. This also eased concerns of the establishment by eliminating or altering neighborhoods commonly considered a source of disease, and reflected progressive-era sanitation initiatives. Moreover, public housing, along with

12654-460: Was made worse by the ponds formed by the excavation of brickearth. Pigs and cows in back yards, noxious trades like boiling tripe, melting tallow, or preparing cat's meat, and slaughter houses, dustheaps, and "lakes of putrefying night soil " added to the filth. Some philanthropists began to provide housing in tenement blocks , and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as Saltaire in 1853 and Port Sunlight in 1888. It

12768-413: Was uncertainty about how many rioters actually lived on the estates. The Doddington and Rollo, Henry Prince and Winstanley estates were all mentioned as some of the "five most difficult to manage" within the Borough in the Kinghan Report, which was commissioned by Wandsworth Council in the immediate aftermath of the riots. However, it was on Plough Road and Wynter Street that the police were first attacked by

12882-408: Was usually much more working-class and middle-class and white than it was by the 1970s. Many Americans associate large, multi-story towers with public housing, but early projects were actually low-rise, though Le Corbusier superblocks caught on before World War II. A unique US public housing initiative was the development of subsidized middle-class housing during the late New Deal (1940–42) under

12996-554: Was widely named as one of approximately 140 UK sink estates authorised for demolition. A limited number of residents (mostly in Ganley Court) have avowedly opposed demolition and renewal, objecting to the size of the 32-storey towers that are planned to replace the current Estates. Marsha De Cordova also raised fears over potential gentrification when she secured a debate in the Houses of Parliament on 22 March 2019, citing her fears over

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