Mira Loma ( Spanish for "Look Hill"), now officially a neighborhood of Jurupa Valley , was a former census-designated place (CDP) in Riverside County , California , United States. Its population was 21,930 in the 2010 census, up from 17,617 in the 2000 census.
91-554: Mira Loma was known as Wineville prior to 1930. The name was changed that year to help disassociate the community from the Wineville Chicken Coop murders . In 2010, parts of Mira Loma became part of the newly incorporated city of Eastvale, California . On July 1, 2011, parts of Mira Loma became part of the newly incorporated city of Jurupa Valley, California . According to the United States Census Bureau ,
182-682: A 54.03% YES vote, incorporating the areas of Mira Loma, Pedley , Rubidoux , Glen Avon , and Sunnyslope into the new city of Jurupa Valley . The effective date of incorporation was July 1, 2011. In the 2010 census Mira Loma had a population of 21,930. The population density was 2,691.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,039.0/km). The racial makeup of Mira Loma was 12,577 (57.4%) White, 383 (1.7%) African American, 240 (1.1%) Native American, 465 (2.1%) Asian, 43 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 7,250 (33.1%) from other races, and 972 (4.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14,846 persons (67.7%). The census reported that 21,882 people (99.8% of
273-531: A UN declaration that resulted from the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, absolute poverty is "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. It depends not only on income, but also on access to services." David Gordon's paper, "Indicators of Poverty and Hunger", for
364-418: A certain minimum level, the rub of the poverty problem – from the point of view of both the poor individual and of the societies in which they live – is not so much the effects of poverty in any absolute form but the effects of the contrast, daily perceived, between the lives of the poor and the lives of those around them. For practical purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today
455-619: A chance of getting to California. He died in 1954. Briegleb was a Presbyterian minister and an early radio evangelist . He was the pastor of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church on Jefferson Boulevard at Third Avenue in Los Angeles, California. He took up many important causes in the City of Los Angeles in the 1920s and 1930s, most notably the poor handling of the Walter Collins kidnapping case in 1928. He fought to have Christine Collins released from
546-581: A chicken ranch and a house with the help of his father and his nephew, 11-year-old Sanford Clark. It was under this pretext that Northcott brought Clark from Bladworth to the U.S. Upon Clark's arrival at the Wineville ranch, Northcott began to physically and sexually abuse him. In August 1928, concerned for Clark's welfare, his 19-year-old older sister Jessie visited him at the Wineville ranch. Clark told her that he feared for his life and that Northcott had murdered four boys at his ranch. Upon her return to Canada
637-511: A day at 2005 purchasing power parity (PPP). The new figure of $ 1.90 is based on ICP PPP calculations and represents the international equivalent of what $ 1.90 could buy in the US in 2011. Most scholars agree that it better reflects today's reality, particularly new price levels in developing countries. The common IPL has in the past been roughly $ 1 a day. These figures are artificially low according to Peter Edward of Newcastle University . He believes
728-399: A different sense to mean "moderate poverty" – for example, a standard of living or level of income that is high enough to satisfy basic needs (like water , food , clothing , housing, and basic health care ), but still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration. An example of this could be a person living in poor conditions or squalid housing in
819-421: A high crime area of a developed country and struggling to pay their bills every month due to low wages, debt or unemployment. While this person still benefits from the infrastructure of the developed country, they still endure a less than ideal lifestyle compared to their more affluent countrymen or even the more affluent individuals in less developed countries who have lower living costs. Living Income refers to
910-471: A mental hospital after she was committed there in retaliation for disagreeing with the Los Angeles Police Department 's version of events. He died in 1943 at the age of 61. In 1935, five years after Northcott's execution, a boy and his parents came forward and spoke to authorities. Seven years earlier, the boy had gone missing, and the parents had reported his disappearance to the police. At
1001-663: A pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line , a concept originally conceived by the London School Board . Booth set the line at 10 (50p) to 20 shillings (£1) per week, which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of four or five people to subsist on. Seebohm Rowntree (1871–1954), a British sociological researcher, social reformer and industrialist, surveyed rich families in York , and drew
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#17330844757361092-504: A poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families … to secure the necessaries of a healthy life", which included fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading nutritionists of the period, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary, before people get ill or lose weight. He considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27.84% of
1183-509: A result, depending on the indicator of economic status used, an estimate of who is disadvantaged, which groups have the highest poverty rates, and the nation's progress against poverty varies significantly. Hence, this can mean that defining poverty is not just a matter of measuring things accurately, but it also necessitates fundamental social judgments, many of which have moral implications. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Definitions of
1274-575: A week later, Jessie informed an American consul of Northcott's crimes. The consul wrote a letter to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detailing Jessie's sworn complaint. Because there was initially some concern over an immigration issue, the LAPD contacted the United States Immigration Service to determine facts relating to the complaint. On August 31, 1928, Immigration Service inspectors Judson F. Shaw and George W. Scallorn visited
1365-543: A yacht club meeting. Northcott was convicted of kidnapping and killing them. Mr. Winslow led a lynch mob to the Riverside County Jail, where Northcott was temporarily being held, with the intent of hanging Northcott after the completion of his trial but before his sentencing. Police convinced the mob to disband. In 1933, Arthur J. Hutchens Jr. wrote about how and why he impersonated the missing boy, Walter Collins. Hutchens' biological mother had died in 1925 when he
1456-434: Is a problem of relative poverty (page 9)." However, some have argued that as relative poverty is merely a measure of inequality, using the term 'poverty' for it is misleading. For example, if everyone in a country's income doubled, it would not reduce the amount of 'relative poverty' at all. In 1776, Adam Smith argued that poverty is the inability to afford "not only the commodities which are indispensably necessary for
1547-576: Is based on a low pay rate of 60 percent of full-time median earnings, equivalent to a little over £12,000 a year for a 35-hour working week. In April 2006, a 35-hour week would have earned someone £9,191 a year – before tax or National Insurance". In 2019, the Low Pay Commission estimated that about 7% of people employed in the UK were earning at or below the National Minimum Wage . In 2021,
1638-401: Is hard to have exact number for poverty, as much data is collected through interviews, meaning income that is reported to the interviewer must be taken at face value. As a result, data could not rightly represent the situations true nature, nor fully represent the income earned illegally. In addition, if the data were correct and accurate, it would still not mean serving as an adequate measure of
1729-471: Is less than one-half the median family income." This was the first introduction of the relative poverty rate as typically computed today In 1979, British sociologist, Peter Townsend published his famous definition: "individuals... can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged or approved, in
1820-501: Is not considering establishing an official poverty line, with Minister for Social and Family Development Chan Chun Sing claiming it would fail to represent the magnitude and scope of problems faced by the poor. As a result, social benefits and aids aimed at the poor would be a missed opportunity for those living right above such a line. In the United States, the poverty thresholds are updated every year by Census Bureau. The threshold in
1911-532: Is separated from the city of Riverside by the Santa Ana River to the south, borders the Ontario / Fontana area of San Bernardino County to the north and west, and Pedley / Glen Avon to the east. The community officially changed its name from Wineville on November 1, 1930, due in large part to the negative publicity surrounding the Wineville Chicken Coop murders . On March 8, 2011, voters passed Measure A by
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#17330844757362002-455: Is split according to rural versus urban thresholds. For urban dwellers, the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538.60 rupees (approximately US$ 12) per month, whereas for rural dwellers, it is defined as living on less than 356.35 rupees per month (approximately US$ 7.50) In 2019, the Indian government stated that 6.7% of its population is below its official poverty limit. As India is one of
2093-508: Is the absence of enough resources to secure basic life necessities. To assist in measuring this, the World Bank has a daily per capita international poverty line (IPL), a global absolute minimum, of $ 2.15 a day as of September 2022. The new IPL replaces the $ 1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data. In 2008, the World Bank came out with a figure (revised largely due to inflation) of $ 1.25
2184-418: Is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. The poverty line is usually calculated by estimating the total cost of one year's worth of necessities for the average adult. The cost of housing, such as the rent for an apartment, usually makes up the largest proportion of this estimate, so economists track the real estate market and other housing cost indicators as a major influence on
2275-654: The California State Legislature , Mira Loma is in the 31st Senate District , represented by Democrat Sabrina Cervantes , and in the 60th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Corey Jackson . In the United States House of Representatives , Mira Loma is in California's 41st congressional district , represented by Republican Ken Calvert . Wineville Chicken Coop murders The Wineville Chicken Coop murders , also known as
2366-460: The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) pursued hundreds of leads without success. The police faced negative publicity and increasing public pressure to solve the case. Five months after Collins' disappearance, a boy claiming to be Walter was found in DeKalb, Illinois . Letters and photographs were exchanged before Christine Collins paid for the boy to be transported to Los Angeles. A public reunion
2457-512: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Living Wage Calculator, which compares the local minimum wage to the amount of money needed to cover expenses beyond what is needed to merely survive across the United States. The cost of living varies greatly if there are children or other dependents in the household. An outdated or flawed poverty measure is an obstacle for policymakers, researchers and academics trying to find solutions to
2548-656: The Office for National Statistics found that 3.8% of jobs were paid below the National Minimum Wage, a decrease from 7.4% in 2020 but an increase from 1.4% in 2019. They note that this increase from 2019 to 2021 is connected to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom . The Guardian reported in 2021 that "almost 5m jobs, or one in six nationally, pay below the real living wage". India's official poverty level as of 2005
2639-682: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers. In the European Union, the "relative poverty measure is the most prominent and most–quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators." "Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space." "Once economic development has progressed beyond
2730-551: The Wineville Chicken murders , were a series of abductions and murders of young boys that occurred in the city of Los Angeles and in Riverside County, California , United States between 1926 and 1928. The murders were perpetrated by Gordon Stewart Northcott , a 19-year-old farmer who had moved to the U.S. from Canada two years earlier, as well as his mother, Sarah Louise Northcott, and his nephew, Sanford Clark. Northcott
2821-612: The extradition paperwork, they were not returned to Los Angeles until November 30, 1928. While the two were being held in British Columbia awaiting extradition to California, Sarah confessed to the murders, including the murder of nine-year-old Walter Collins . But before extradition, she retracted her confession, as did Northcott, who had confessed to killing more than five boys. After Northcott and his mother had been extradited from British Columbia to California, Sarah once again confessed and pleaded guilty to killing Collins. She
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2912-517: The CDP has a total area of 8.1 square miles (21 km), of which, 8.0 square miles (21 km) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km) of it (1.87%) is water. Rancho Jurupa /Jurupa Valley was originally granted by the Mexican government to Sn. Dn. Juan Bandini , on September 28, 1838. Originally known as Wineville, it is located in the modern day "Jurupa" area of unincorporated Riverside County. It
3003-486: The European Union is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income. A measure of relative poverty defines "poverty" as being below some relative poverty threshold. For example, the statement that "those individuals who are employed and whose household equivalised disposable income is below 60% of national median equivalised income are poor" uses a relative measure to define poverty. The term relative poverty can also be used in
3094-475: The Iranian economy suffered the highest inflation in 75 years; official statistics put the poverty line at 10 million tomans ($ 500), while the minimum wage given in the same year has been 5 million toman. Singapore has experienced strong economic growth over the last ten years and has consistently ranked among the world's top countries in terms of GDP per capita. Inequality has however increased dramatically over
3185-463: The United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the following eight basic needs: In 1978, Ghai investigated the literature that criticized the basic needs approach. Critics argued that the basic needs approach lacked scientific rigour; it was consumption-oriented and antigrowth. Some considered it to be "a recipe for perpetuating economic backwardness" and for giving
3276-480: The United States is updated and used for statistical purposes. In 2020, in the United States, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was an annual income of US$ 12,760, or about $ 35 per day. The threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was US$ 26,200, about $ 72 per day. According to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey 2018 One-year Estimates, 13.1% of Americans lived below
3367-512: The Winslow brothers and the "headless Mexican" in 1928. On February 8, 1929, the 27-day trial ended and Northcott was convicted of the murders. On February 13, 1929, Freeman sentenced Northcott to death, and Northcott was hanged on October 2, 1930 at San Quentin State Prison . He was 23 years old. Clark was not tried for murder because assistant district attorney Loyal C. Kelley believed that he
3458-692: The World Bank updated the International Poverty Line ( IPL ), a global absolute minimum, to $ 2.15 per day (in PPP ). In addition, as of 2022, $ 3.65 per day in PPP for lower-middle income countries, and $ 6.85 per day in PPP for upper-middle income countries. Per the $ 1.90/day standard, the percentage of the global population living in absolute poverty fell from over 80% in 1800 to 10% by 2015, according to United Nations estimates, which found roughly 734 million people remained in absolute poverty. Charles Booth ,
3549-467: The age of 18 living with them, 67.0% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.2% were non-families. 10.1% of households were one person and 2.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.84 and the average family size was 4.05. The age distribution was 34.0% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% 65 or older. The median age
3640-487: The authorities to hang her as well. She served her sentence at Tehachapi State Prison and was paroled in 1940. She died in 1944. Gordon Northcott was implicated in the murder of Collins, but because his mother had already confessed and been sentenced for it, the state did not prosecute Northcott for that murder. It was speculated that Northcott may have killed as many as 20 boys, but the state of California could not produce evidence to support that allegation. Ultimately,
3731-413: The bodies to a deserted area, where they were most likely burned in the night. The complete bodies were never recovered. The evidence found in the graves consisted of "51 parts of human anatomy... those silent bits of evidence, of human bones and blood, have spoken and corroborated the testimony of living witnesses." Wineville changed its name to Mira Loma on November 1, 1930, in large part because of
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3822-476: The boy home to "try him out for a couple of weeks," to which she hesitantly agreed. Three weeks later, Christine returned to see Jones and persisted in her claim that the boy was not Walter. Although she had dental records proving her claim, Jones committed her to the psychiatric ward at Los Angeles County Hospital under "Code 12", a term used to jail or commit someone who was deemed difficult or inconvenient. During Christine's incarceration, Jones questioned
3913-456: The boy, who admitted to being 12-year-old Arthur Hutchens Jr., a runaway originally from Iowa. A drifter at a roadside café in Illinois had told Hutchens of his resemblance to the missing Walter, so Hutchens devised a plan to impersonate Walter. His motive was to reach Hollywood so that he could meet his favorite actor, Tom Mix . Christine was released 10 days after Hutchens admitted that he
4004-440: The cheapest local grain (such as corn, rice, or oats). The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being , usually in terms of consumption goods . The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach
4095-591: The concept of relative poverty: "No objective definition of poverty exists. ... The definition varies from place to place and time to time. In America as our standard of living rises, so does our idea of what is substandard." In 1965, Rose Friedman argued for the use of relative poverty claiming that the definition of poverty changes with general living standards. Those labelled as poor in 1995, would have had "a higher standard of living than many labelled not poor" in 1965. In 1967, American economist Victor Fuchs proposed that "we define as poor any family whose income
4186-410: The efficacy of their programs and guiding their development strategy. In addition, by measuring poverty one receives knowledge of which poverty reduction strategies work and which do not, helping to evaluate different projects, policies and institutions. To a large extent, measuring the poor and having strategies to do so keep the poor on the agenda, making the problem of political and moral concern. It
4277-480: The fastest-growing economies in 2018, poverty is on the decline in the country, with close to 44 Indians escaping extreme poverty every minute, as per the World Poverty Clock . India lifted 271 million people out of poverty in a 10-year time period from 2005/06 to 2015/16. In 2008 Iran government report by central statistics had recommended 9.5 around million people living below poverty line. As of August 2022
4368-465: The help of his mother and Clark himself. Clark also testified about the murder of a fourth boy, a Mexican citizen (possibly Alvin Gothea). Northcott ordered Clark to burn the boy's severed head in a fire pit and crush the skull. Northcott stated that he "left the headless body by the side of the road near [La] Puente because he had no other place to put it." He stated that quicklime was used for disposal of
4459-484: The impression "that poverty elimination is all too easy". Amartya Sen focused on 'capabilities' rather than consumption. In the development discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of poverty . Relative poverty means low income relative to others in a country: for example, below 60% of the median income of people in that country. Relative poverty measurements, unlike absolute poverty measurements, take
4550-481: The income needed to afford a decent standard of living in the place one lives. The distinguishing feature between a living income and the poverty line is the concept of decency, wherein people thrive, not only survive. Based on years of stakeholder dialogue and expert consultations, the Living Income Community of Practice, an open learning community, established the formal definition of living income drawing on
4641-430: The living standards, the well-being or economic position of a given family or household. Research done by Haughton and Khandker finds that there is no ideal measure of well-being, arguing that all measures of poverty are imperfect. That is not to say that measuring poverty should be avoided; rather, all indicators of poverty should be approached with caution, and questions about how they are formulated should be raised. As
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#17330844757364732-498: The negative publicity surrounding the murders. The new cities of Eastvale and Jurupa Valley took different parts of the area of Mira Loma in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Wineville Avenue, Wineville Road, Wineville Park and other geographic references provide reminders of the community's former name. Clark returned to Saskatoon , where city records indicate that he died on June 20, 1991. Canadian police arrested Northcott and his mother on September 19, 1928. Because of errors in
4823-409: The occupied units 3,902 (73.9%) were owner-occupied and 1,375 (26.1%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.6%. 15,806 people (72.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 6,076 people (27.7%) lived in rental housing units. At the 2000 census there were 17,617 people, 4,556 households, and 3,863 families in the CDP. The population density
4914-476: The person might be able to meet her/his basic needs, but not be able to enjoy the same standards of living that other people in the same economy are enjoying. Relative poverty is thus a form of social exclusion that can for example affect peoples access to decent housing, education or job opportunities. The relative poverty measure is used by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
5005-400: The poor, most of whose expenditure is on basic foodstuffs rather than the relatively luxurious items (washing machines, air travel, healthcare) often included in PPP baskets. The economist Robert C. Allen has attempted to solve this by using standardized baskets of goods typical of those bought by the poor across countries and historical time, for example including a fixed calorific quantity of
5096-612: The population) lived in households, 28 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 20 (0.1%) were institutionalized. There were 5,277 households, 2,797 (53.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,415 (64.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 647 (12.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 461 (8.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 335 (6.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 31 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 527 households (10.0%) were one person and 164 (3.1%) had someone living alone who
5187-599: The poverty line calculation, using a single global monetary calculation for Living Income is problematic when applied worldwide. Additionally, the Living Income should be adjusted quarterly due to inflation and other significant changes such as currency adjustments. The actual income or proxy income can be used when measuring the gap between initial income and the living income benchmarks. The World Bank notes that poverty and standard of living can be measured by social perception as well, and found that in 2015, roughly one-third of
5278-481: The poverty line do vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. Even among rich nations, the standards differ greatly. Thus, the numbers are not comparable among countries. Even when nations do use the same method, some issues may remain. In the UK in 2006, "more than five million people – over a fifth (23 percent) of all employees – were paid less than £6.67 an hour". This value
5369-403: The poverty line. Women and children find themselves impacted by poverty more often when a part of single mother families. The poverty rate of women has increasingly exceeded that of men's. While the overall poverty rate is 12.3%, women poverty rate is 13.8% which is above the average and men are below the overall rate at 11.1%. Women and children (as single mother families) find themselves as
5460-411: The poverty line. Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually. In practice, like the definition of poverty , the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries . In September 2022,
5551-467: The problem of poverty. This has implications for people. The federal poverty line is used by dozens of federal, state, and local agencies, as well as several private organizations and charities, to decide who needs assistance. The assistance can take many forms, but it is often difficult to put in place any type of aid without measurements which provide data. In a rapidly evolving economic climate, poverty assessment often aids developed countries in determining
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#17330844757365642-677: The ranch. Northcott, having seen the agents driving up the long road to his ranch, fled into the treeline at the edge of his property, telling Clark to stall them and threatening to shoot him from the treeline with a rifle if he did not comply. For the next two hours, while Clark stalled, Northcott continued running. Finally, when Clark felt that the agents could protect him, he told them that Northcott had fled. Northcott and his mother Sarah Louise fled to Canada but were arrested near Vernon, British Columbia on September 19, 1928. Clark testified at Sarah Louise's sentencing that Northcott had kidnapped , molested , beaten and killed three young boys with
5733-407: The real number as of 2015 was $ 7.40 per day. Using a single monetary poverty threshold is problematic when applied worldwide, due to the difficulty of comparing prices between countries. Prices of the same goods vary dramatically from country to country; while this is typically corrected for by using PPP exchange rates, the basket of goods used to determine such rates is usually unrepresentative of
5824-411: The remains and that the bodies were buried on the ranch. Authorities found three shallow graves at the ranch in the exact location given by Clark. These graves did not contain complete bodies, but only parts. Clark and his sister Jessie testified that Northcott and his mother had exhumed the bodies on the evening of August 4, 1928, a few weeks before Clark was taken into protective custody. They had taken
5915-419: The same time span, yet there is no official poverty line in the country. Given Singapore's high level of growth and prosperity, many believe that poverty does not exist in the country, or that domestic poverty is not comparable to global absolute poverty. Such a view persists for a selection of reasons, and since there is no official poverty line, there is no strong acknowledgement that it exists. Yet, Singapore
6006-582: The social economic environment of the people observed into consideration. It is based on the assumption that whether a person is considered poor depends on her/his income share relative to the income shares of other people who are living in the same economy. The threshold for relative poverty is considered to be at 50% of a country's median equivalised disposable income after social transfers . Thus, it can vary greatly from country to country even after adjusting for purchasing power standards (PPS). A person can be poor in relative terms but not in absolute terms as
6097-660: The societies to which they belong (page 31)." Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) in Ireland explained that "poverty has to be seen in terms of the standard of living of the society in question." Relative poverty measures are used as official poverty rates by the European Union , UNICEF and the OECD . The main poverty line used in the OECD and
6188-482: The state only brought an indictment against Northcott for the murders of an unidentified underage Mexican national (known as the "headless Mexican") and the brothers Lewis and Nelson Winslow (aged 12 and 10, respectively). The brothers had been reported missing from Pomona on May 16, 1928. In early 1929, Northcott's trial was held before judge George R. Freeman in Riverside County, California . The jury heard that Northcott had kidnapped, molested, tortured and murdered
6279-422: The support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without." In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith argued, "People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community." In 1964, in a joint committee economic President's report in the United States, Republicans endorsed
6370-513: The time of the boy's disappearance, authorities speculated that he might have been a murder victim at Wineville. Sanford Clark, however, never told authorities that a boy had escaped from the chicken coop. The historical record and Sanford Clark's own testimony indicate that only three boys were ever held in the chicken coop. These were Walter Collins and the two Winslow brothers, all of whom were murdered. Poverty line The poverty threshold , poverty limit , poverty line , or breadline
6461-483: The total population of York lived below this poverty line. This result corresponded with that from Booth's study of poverty in London and so challenged the view, commonly held at the time, that abject poverty was a problem particular to London and was not widespread in the rest of Britain. Rowntree distinguished between primary poverty , those lacking in income and secondary poverty , those who had enough income, but spent it elsewhere (1901:295–96). The poverty threshold
6552-531: The work of Richard and Martha Anker, who co-authored "Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement". They define a living income as: The net annual income required for a household in a particular place to afford a decent standard of living for all members of that household. Elements of a decent standard of living include food, water, housing, education, healthcare, transport, clothing, and other essential needs including provision for unexpected events. Like
6643-447: The world's population was considered poor in relation to their particular society. The Living Income Community of Practice (LICOP) was founded by The Sustainable Food Lab, GIZ and ISEAL Alliance to measure the gap between what people around the world earn versus what they need to have a decent standard of living, and find ways to bridge this gap. A variation on the LICOP's Living Income is
6734-485: The world. It influenced the programs and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach." A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter, and clothing. Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and health care. Different agencies use different lists. According to
6825-427: Was 2,733.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,055.6/km). There were 4,684 housing units at an average density of 726.9 per square mile (280.7/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 62.7% White, 1.9% African American, 0.6% Native American, 2.2% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 28.3% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62.1%. Of the 4,556 households 47.6% had children under
6916-480: Was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males. The median household income was $ 67,530 and the median family income was $ 68,834. Males had a median income of $ 33,356 versus $ 25,275 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 20,655. About 9.5% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over. In
7007-584: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 4.15. There were 4,523 families (85.7% of households); the average family size was 4.30. The age distribution was 6,618 people (30.2%) under the age of 18, 2,722 people (12.4%) aged 18 to 24, 5,848 people (26.7%) aged 25 to 44, 5,256 people (24.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,486 people (6.8%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 30.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.3 males. There were 5,640 housing units at an average density of 692.1 per square mile, of
7098-475: Was abducted when he went to a movie theater on March 10, 1928 and never returned. He lived in Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles . Initially, his mother, Christine Collins, and the police believed that enemies of Walter Collins Sr. had abducted Walter. Walter Collins Sr. had been convicted of eight armed robberies and was an inmate at Folsom State Prison . Collins' disappearance received nationwide attention and
7189-586: Was arrested while visiting his sister in Canada in November 1928. The case received national attention because one of the assumed victims was Walter Collins, the nine-year-old son of Christine Collins , who had gone missing in March 1928. While authorities initially considered the possibility that the total number of boys killed might have been as high as 20, this theory was eliminated as the investigation began to unfold. Northcott
7280-444: Was first developed by Mollie Orshansky between 1963 and 1964. She attributed the poverty threshold as a measure of income inadequacy by taking the cost of food plan per family of three or four and multiplying it by a factor of three. In 1969 the inter agency poverty level review committee adjusted the threshold for only price changes. The term "absolute poverty" is also sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty
7371-672: Was found guilty of three of the murders in February 1929 and was executed at San Quentin State Prison in October 1930. Gordon Stewart Northcott was born in Bladworth, Saskatchewan , Canada and raised in British Columbia . He moved to Los Angeles , California with his parents in 1924. Two years later, at the age of 19, Northcott asked his father to purchase a plot of land in the community of Wineville, located in Riverside County , where he built
7462-533: Was innocent. Kelley said that Clark had been a victim of Northcott's death threats and sexual abuse and was not a willing participant in the crimes. Kelley instead recommended that Clark be sent to the Whittier State School , where an experimental program for delinquent youths was under way. He assured Clark that the Whittier school was unique because of its compassionate mission of genuine rehabilitation. Clark
7553-592: Was insane. Because Northcott did not seem to know whether he had even met Walter, she clung to the hope that Walter was still alive. Northcott sent Christine a telegram shortly before his execution, saying he had lied when he denied that Walter was among his victims. He promised to tell the truth if she came in person to hear it. Just a few hours before the execution, Christine visited Northcott. But upon her arrival, he balked. When she confronted him, Northcott said "I don't want to see you. I don't know anything about it. I'm innocent." A news account said, "The distraught woman
7644-623: Was introduced by the International Labour Organization's World Employment Conference in 1976. "Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overriding objective of national and international development policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over
7735-417: Was nine years old, and he had been living with his stepmother, Violet Hutchens. Hutchens pretended to be Walter Collins to get as far away as possible from his stepmother. After living on the road for a month, he arrived in DeKalb, Illinois . When police brought him in, they began to ask him questions about Walter Collins. Initially he stated that he did not know about Walter, but changed his story when he saw
7826-614: Was not her son. She then filed a lawsuit against Jones and the LAPD. On September 13, 1930, she won the suit against Jones and was awarded $ 10,800 (equivalent to $ 182,000 in 2023), which Jones never paid. The last newspaper account of Christine dates from 1941, when she attempted to collect a $ 15,562 judgment against Jones, who had since retired. Christine became hopeful that her son might still be alive after her first interview with Gordon Northcott. She asked Northcott if he had killed her son, and after listening to his repeated lies, confessions and recantations, she concluded that Northcott
7917-413: Was not tried, as upon her plea of guilty, Superior Court Judge Morton sentenced her to life imprisonment on December 31, 1928, sparing her a death sentence because she was a woman. During her sentencing hearing, she claimed that her son was innocent and offered numerous claims about his parentage, including that he was an illegitimate son of an English nobleman, that she was Gordon's grandmother and that he
8008-437: Was organized by the police, who hoped to negate the bad publicity they had received for their failure to solve this case and others. The police also hoped that the uplifting story would deflect attention from a series of corruption scandals that had sullied the department's reputation. At the reunion, Christine stated that the boy was not her son. She was told by the officer in charge of the case, police captain J. J. Jones, to take
8099-414: Was outraged by Northcott's conduct... but was also comforted by it. Northcott's ambiguous replies and his seeming refusal to remember such details as Walter's clothing and the color of his eyes gave her continued hope that her son still lived." Lewis, 12, and Nelson, 10, were the sons of Nelson Winslow Sr. and his wife. The boys were abducted on May 16, 1928, from Pomona, California on their way home from
8190-661: Was sentenced to five years at the school (later renamed the Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility ). His sentence was later commuted to 23 months, as he "had impressed the Trustees with his temperament, job skills and his personal desire to live a productive life during his nearly two years there." Clark died in 1991 at the age of 78 and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 1993. Nine-year-old Walter Collins
8281-432: Was the result of incest between her husband Cyrus George Northcott and their daughter. She also stated that as a child, Gordon was sexually abused by the entire family. After sentencing, Sarah attempted to commit suicide and begged the authorities to spare her son's life. She said: "I got a square deal. If they'll just be good to my boy if they just won’t hang him!" After learning that her son would be hanged, Sarah begged
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