106-464: Windows Driver Frameworks ( WDF , formerly Windows Driver Foundation ), is a set of Microsoft tools and libraries that aid in the creation of device drivers for Windows 2000 and later versions of Windows. It complements Windows Driver Model , abstracting away much of the boilerplate complexity in writing Windows drivers. WDF consists of Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF) and User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF). These individual frameworks provide
212-618: A 64 KB (one segment) stack in memory supported by computer hardware . Only words (two bytes) can be pushed to the stack. The stack grows toward numerically lower addresses, with SS:SP pointing to the most recently pushed item. There are 256 interrupts , which can be invoked by both hardware and software. The interrupts can cascade, using the stack to store the return address . The original Intel 8086 and 8088 have fourteen 16- bit registers. Four of them (AX, BX, CX, DX) are general-purpose registers (GPRs), although each may have an additional purpose; for example, only CX can be used as
318-497: A Safe removal applet for removable storage devices. Windows 2000 SP4 added native USB 2.0 support, Wireless Zero Configuration support and SSE3 support. Windows 2000 is also the first Windows version to support hibernation at the operating system level (OS-controlled ACPI S4 sleep state) unlike Windows 98 which required special drivers from the hardware manufacturer or driver developer. A new capability designed to protect critical system files called Windows File Protection
424-452: A Windows Interface Source Environment partner. Microsoft issued the following statement: "Microsoft source code is both copyrighted and protected as a trade secret. As such, it is illegal to post it, make it available to others, download it or use it." Despite the warnings, the archive containing the leaked code spread widely on the file-sharing networks. On February 16, 2004, an exploit "allegedly discovered by an individual studying
530-579: A backward compatible version of this functionality on the same microprocessor as the main processor. In addition to this, modern x86 designs also contain a SIMD -unit (see SSE below) where instructions can work in parallel on (one or two) 128-bit words, each containing two or four floating-point numbers (each 64 or 32 bits wide respectively), or alternatively, 2, 4, 8 or 16 integers (each 64, 32, 16 or 8 bits wide respectively). The presence of wide SIMD registers means that existing x86 processors can load or store up to 128 bits of memory data in
636-522: A basic driver. Part of the key to achieving conceptual scalability is that KMDF and UMDF use an "opt-in" model. This model allows the developer to extend and override the default behavior of a canonical "good driver". In contrast, Windows Driver Model depends on the driver writer to implement all aspects of the driver's behavior. There are three types of WDF drivers: WDF also includes a set of static verification tools for use by driver writers. These tools examine driver code for common errors and/or simulate
742-399: A cache stored in a separate "DLLCACHE" directory, or from the original install media. Microsoft recognized that a serious error (a Blue Screen of Death or stop error) could cause problems for servers that needed to be constantly running and so provided a system setting that would allow the server to automatically reboot when a stop error occurred. Also included is an option to dump any of
848-403: A compatible design) and the scalability of x86 chips in the form of modern multi-core CPUs, is underlining x86 as an example of how continuous refinement of established industry standards can resist the competition from completely new architectures. The table below lists processor models and model series implementing various architectures in the x86 family, in chronological order. Each line item
954-539: A counter with the loop instruction. Each can be accessed as two separate bytes (thus BX's high byte can be accessed as BH and low byte as BL). Two pointer registers have special roles: SP (stack pointer) points to the "top" of the stack , and BP (base pointer) is often used to point at some other place in the stack, typically above the local variables (see frame pointer ). The registers SI, DI, BX and BP are address registers , and may also be used for array indexing. One of four possible 'segment registers' (CS, DS, SS and ES)
1060-574: A different market, they share a core set of features, including many system utilities such as the Microsoft Management Console and standard system administration applications. Microsoft marketed Windows 2000 as the most secure Windows version ever at the time; however, it became the target of a number of high-profile virus attacks such as Code Red and Nimda . For ten years after its release, it continued to receive patches for security vulnerabilities nearly every month until reaching
1166-486: A file to be transparently referred from one file or directory location to another. Windows 2000 also introduces a Distributed Link Tracking service to ensure file shortcuts remain working even if the target is moved or renamed. The target object's unique identifier is stored in the shortcut file on NTFS 3.0 and Windows can use the Distributed Link Tracking service for tracking the targets of shortcuts, so that
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#17329084968531272-461: A file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher were used. The symmetric key used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of
1378-472: A major change to the architecture referred to as X86S (formerly known as X86-S). The S in X86S stands for "simplification", which aims to remove support for legacy execution modes and instructions. A processor implementing this proposal would start execution directly in long mode and would only support 64-bit operating systems. 32-bit code would only be supported for user applications running in ring 3, and would use
1484-547: A memory location. However, this memory operand may also be the destination (or a combined source and destination), while the other operand, the source, can be either register or immediate. Among other factors, this contributes to a code size that rivals eight-bit machines and enables efficient use of instruction cache memory. The relatively small number of general registers (also inherited from its 8-bit ancestors) has made register-relative addressing (using small immediate offsets) an important method of accessing operands, especially on
1590-551: A more complex micro-op which fits the execution model better and thus can be executed faster or with fewer machine resources involved. Another way to try to improve performance is to cache the decoded micro-operations, so the processor can directly access the decoded micro-operations from a special cache, instead of decoding them again. Intel followed this approach with the Execution Trace Cache feature in their NetBurst microarchitecture (for Pentium 4 processors) and later in
1696-723: A new 'mini' boot screen, and removed the 'dark space' theme in the logo. The Windows NT 5.0 betas had very long startup and shutdown sounds, though these were changed in the early Windows 2000 beta, but during Beta 3, a new piano -made startup and shutdown sounds were made, composed by Steven Ray Allen. It was featured in the final version as well as in Windows Me . The new login prompt from the final version made its first appearance in Beta 3 build 1946 (the first build of Beta 3). The new, updated icons (for My Computer , Recycle Bin etc.) first appeared in Beta 3 build 1964. The Windows 2000 boot screen in
1802-497: A new object-oriented programming model for Windows driver development. The primary goals of WDF is conceptual scalability and reduced duplication, enabling developers to apply the same concepts across different driver types and reducing the code overhead required for drivers. This differs markedly from the Windows Driver Model (WDM) which requires driver developers to be fully familiar with many complex technical details to write
1908-421: A performance diagnostic console, which displays graphs of system performance and configures data logs and alerts. It also contains a service configuration console, which allows users to view all installed services and to stop and start them, as well as configure what those services should do when the computer starts. CHKDSK has significant performance improvements. Windows 2000 comes with two utilities to edit
2014-436: A plain 16-bit address. The term "x86" came into being because the names of several successors to Intel's 8086 processor end in "86", including the 80186 , 80286 , 80386 and 80486 . Colloquially, their names were "186", "286", "386" and "486". The term is not synonymous with IBM PC compatibility , as this implies a multitude of other computer hardware . Embedded systems and general-purpose computers used x86 chips before
2120-578: A previewer can be enabled in previous versions of Windows with the Windows Desktop Update installed through the use of folder customization templates. The default file tooltip displays file title, author, subject and comments; this metadata may be read from a special NTFS stream, if the file is on an NTFS volume, or from an OLE structured storage stream, if the file is a structured storage document. All Microsoft Office documents since Office 4.0 make use of structured storage , so their metadata
2226-492: A response to the successful 8080-compatible Zilog Z80 , the x86 line soon grew in features and processing power. Today, x86 is ubiquitous in both stationary and portable personal computers, and is also used in midrange computers , workstations , servers, and most new supercomputer clusters of the TOP500 list. A large amount of software , including a large list of x86 operating systems are using x86-based hardware. Modern x86
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#17329084968532332-688: A simple command-line interface , used to check and repair the hard drive(s), repair boot information (including NTLDR ), replace corrupted system files with fresh copies from the CD, or enable/disable services and drivers for the next boot. The console can be accessed in either of the two ways: Windows 2000 introduced Windows Script Host 2.0 which included an expanded object model and support for logon and logoff scripts. The Windows 2000 Server family consists of Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows 2000 Small Business Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server. All editions of Windows 2000 Server have
2438-640: A single instruction and also perform bitwise operations (although not integer arithmetic ) on full 128-bits quantities in parallel. Intel's Sandy Bridge processors added the Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) instructions, widening the SIMD registers to 256 bits. The Intel Initial Many Core Instructions implemented by the Knights Corner Xeon Phi processors, and the AVX-512 instructions implemented by
2544-808: Is a user who is authorized by a public key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to other users using a special private key . By default, local administrators are recovery agents however they can be customized using Group Policy . Windows 2000 introduced the Logical Disk Manager and the diskpart command line tool for dynamic storage . All versions of Windows 2000 support three types of dynamic disk volumes (along with basic disks): simple volumes , spanned volumes and striped volumes : In addition to these disk volumes, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server support mirrored volumes and striped volumes with parity : With Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced
2650-470: Is allowed for almost all instructions. The largest native size for integer arithmetic and memory addresses (or offsets ) is 16, 32 or 64 bits depending on architecture generation (newer processors include direct support for smaller integers as well). Multiple scalar values can be handled simultaneously via the SIMD unit present in later generations, as described below. Immediate addressing offsets and immediate data may be expressed as 8-bit quantities for
2756-691: Is characterized by significantly improved or commercially successful processor microarchitecture designs. At various times, companies such as IBM , VIA , NEC , AMD , TI , STM , Fujitsu , OKI , Siemens , Cyrix , Intersil , C&T , NexGen , UMC , and DM&P started to design or manufacture x86 processors (CPUs) intended for personal computers and embedded systems. Other companies that designed or manufactured x86 or x87 processors include ITT Corporation , National Semiconductor , ULSI System Technology, and Weitek . Such x86 implementations were seldom simple copies but often employed different internal microarchitectures and different solutions at
2862-551: Is displayable in the Windows 2000 Explorer default tooltip . File shortcuts can also store comments which are displayed as a tooltip when the mouse hovers over the shortcut. The shell introduces extensibility support through metadata handlers, icon overlay handlers and column handlers in Explorer Details view . The right pane of Windows 2000 Explorer, which usually just lists files and folders, can also be customized. For example,
2968-581: Is integrated into Windows 2000 Explorer, unlike the separate search dialog found in all previous Explorer versions. The Indexing Service has also been integrated into the operating system and the search pane built into Explorer allows searching files indexed by its database. Microsoft released the version 3.0 of NTFS (sometimes incorrectly called "NTFS 5" in relation to the kernel version number) as part of Windows 2000; this introduced disk quotas (provided by QuotaAdvisor), file-system-level encryption , sparse files and reparse points . Sparse files allow for
3074-463: Is one of the two modes only available in long mode . The addressing modes were not dramatically changed from 32-bit mode, except that addressing was extended to 64 bits, virtual addresses are now sign extended to 64 bits (in order to disallow mode bits in virtual addresses), and other selector details were dramatically reduced. In addition, an addressing mode was added to allow memory references relative to RIP (the instruction pointer ), to ease
3180-587: Is relatively uncommon in embedded systems , however, and small low power applications (using tiny batteries), and low-cost microprocessor markets, such as home appliances and toys, lack significant x86 presence. Simple 8- and 16-bit based architectures are common here, as well as simpler RISC architectures like RISC-V , although the x86-compatible VIA C7 , VIA Nano , AMD 's Geode , Athlon Neo and Intel Atom are examples of 32- and 64-bit designs used in some relatively low-power and low-cost segments. There have been several attempts, including by Intel, to end
3286-644: Is the first Windows NT release to include Active Desktop , first introduced as a part of Internet Explorer 4.0 (specifically Windows Desktop Update ), and only pre-installed in Windows 98 by that time. It allowed users to customize the way folders look and behave by using HTML templates, having the file extension HTT . This feature was abused by computer viruses that employed malicious scripts, Java applets, or ActiveX controls in folder template files as their infection vector. Two such viruses are VBS/Roor-C and VBS.Redlof.a. The "Web-style" folders view, with
Windows Driver Frameworks - Misplaced Pages Continue
3392-532: Is the first system to integrate these two programs into a single utility, adopting the REGEDIT behavior with the additional NT features. The System File Checker (SFC) also comes with Windows 2000. It is a command line utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by Microsoft and works in conjunction with the Windows File Protection mechanism. It can also repopulate and repair all
3498-491: Is used to form a memory address. In the original 8086 / 8088 / 80186 / 80188 every address was built from a segment register and one of the general purpose registers. For example ds:si is the notation for an address formed as [16 * ds + si] to allow 20-bit addressing rather than 16 bits, although this changed in later processors. At that time only certain combinations were supported. The FLAGS register contains flags such as carry flag , overflow flag and zero flag . Finally,
3604-454: The fstsw instruction, and it is common to simply use some of its bits for branching by copying it into the normal FLAGS. In the Intel 80286 , to support protected mode , three special registers hold descriptor table addresses (GDTR, LDTR, IDTR ), and a fourth task register (TR) is used for task switching. The 80287 is the floating-point coprocessor for the 80286 and has the same registers as
3710-517: The 6x86 was significantly faster than the Pentium on integer code. AMD later managed to grow into a serious contender with the K6 set of processors, which gave way to the very successful Athlon and Opteron . There were also other contenders, such as Centaur Technology (formerly IDT ), Rise Technology , and Transmeta . VIA Technologies ' energy efficient C3 and C7 processors, which were designed by
3816-490: The 80486 and all subsequent x86 models, the floating-point processing unit (FPU) is integrated on-chip. The Pentium MMX added eight 64-bit MMX integer vector registers (MM0 to MM7, which share lower bits with the 80-bit-wide FPU stack). With the Pentium III , Intel added a 32-bit Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) control/status register (MXCSR) and eight 128-bit SSE floating-point registers (XMM0 to XMM7). Starting with
3922-418: The 8086 family ) is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel based on the 8086 microprocessor and its 8-bit-external-bus variant, the 8088 . The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of 8-bit Intel's 8080 microprocessor, with memory segmentation as a solution for addressing more memory than can be covered by
4028-406: The 8088 and 80286 were still in common use, the term x86 usually represented any 8086-compatible CPU. Today, however, x86 usually implies binary compatibility with the 32-bit instruction set of the 80386 . This is due to the fact that this instruction set has become something of a lowest common denominator for many modern operating systems and also probably because the term became common after
4134-567: The AMD Opteron processor, the x86 architecture extended the 32-bit registers into 64-bit registers in a way similar to how the 16 to 32-bit extension took place. An R -prefix (for "register") identifies the 64-bit registers (RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RSI, RDI, RBP, RSP, RFLAGS, RIP), and eight additional 64-bit general registers (R8–R15) were also introduced in the creation of x86-64 . Also, eight more SSE vector registers (XMM8–XMM15) were added. However, these extensions are only usable in 64-bit mode, which
4240-631: The Centaur company, were sold for many years following their release in 2005. Centaur's 2008 design, the VIA Nano , was their first processor with superscalar and speculative execution . It was introduced at about the same time (in 2008) as Intel introduced the Intel Atom , its first "in-order" processor after the P5 Pentium . Many additions and extensions have been added to the original x86 instruction set over
4346-731: The DirectX API , commonly used by game developers on Windows 98 . The last version of DirectX that was released for Windows 2000 was DirectX 9.0c (Shader Model 3.0), which shipped with Windows XP Service Pack 2. Microsoft published quarterly updates to DirectX 9.0c through the February 2010 release after which support was dropped in the June 2010 SDK. These updates contain bug fixes to the core runtime and some additional libraries such as D3DX , XAudio 2 , XInput and Managed DirectX components. The majority of games written for versions of DirectX 9.0c (up to
Windows Driver Frameworks - Misplaced Pages Continue
4452-786: The Microsoft Management Console (MMC), UDF support, the Encrypting File System (EFS), Logical Disk Manager , Image Color Management 2.0, support for PostScript 3 -based printers, OpenType (.OTF) and Type 1 PostScript (.PFB) font support (including a new font— Palatino Linotype —to showcase some OpenType features ), the Data protection API (DPAPI), an LDAP / Active Directory -enabled Address Book , usability enhancements and multi-language and locale support. Windows 2000 also introduced USB device class drivers for USB printers, Mass storage class devices , and improved FireWire SBP-2 support for printers and scanners, along with
4558-689: The Original Xbox and the Xbox 360 use a modified version of Windows 2000 as their system software . Windows 2000, originally named Windows NT 5.0, is a continuation of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems, replacing Windows NT 4.0 . Chairman and CEO Bill Gates was originally "pretty confident" Windows NT 5.0 would ship in the first half of 1998, revealing that the first set of beta builds had been shipped in early 1997; these builds were identical to Windows NT 4.0. The first official beta
4664-427: The Windows registry , REGEDIT.EXE and REGEDT32.EXE . REGEDIT has been directly ported from Windows 98 , and therefore does not support editing registry permissions. REGEDT32 has the older multiple document interface (MDI) and can edit registry permissions in the same manner that Windows NT's REGEDT32 program could. REGEDIT has a left-side tree view of the Windows registry , lists all loaded hives and represents
4770-461: The machine code format was expanded. To provide backward compatibility, segments with executable code can be marked as containing either 16-bit or 32-bit instructions. Special prefixes allow inclusion of 32-bit instructions in a 16-bit segment or vice versa. The 80386 had an optional floating-point coprocessor, the 80387 ; it had eight 80-bit wide registers: st(0) to st(7), like the 8087 and 80287. The 80386 could also use an 80287 coprocessor. With
4876-468: The 8087 with the same data formats. With the advent of the 32-bit 80386 processor, the 16-bit general-purpose registers, base registers, index registers, instruction pointer, and FLAGS register , but not the segment registers, were expanded to 32 bits. The nomenclature represented this by prefixing an " E " (for "extended") to the register names in x86 assembly language . Thus, the AX register corresponds to
4982-507: The DFS root, the user is really looking at a DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct file server and share. A DFS root can only exist on a Windows 2000 version that is part of the server family, and only one DFS root can exist on that server. There can be two ways of implementing a DFS namespace on Windows 2000: either through a standalone DFS root or a domain-based DFS root. Standalone DFS allows for only DFS roots on
5088-622: The Decoded Stream Buffer (for Core-branded processors since Sandy Bridge). Transmeta used a completely different method in their Crusoe x86 compatible CPUs. They used just-in-time translation to convert x86 instructions to the CPU's native VLIW instruction set. Transmeta argued that their approach allows for more power efficient designs since the CPU can forgo the complicated decode step of more traditional x86 implementations. Addressing modes for 16-bit processor modes can be summarized by
5194-674: The February 2010 release) can therefore run on Windows 2000. Windows 2000 included the same games as Windows NT 4.0 did: FreeCell , Minesweeper , Pinball , and Solitaire . Windows 2000 introduced the Microsoft Management Console (MMC), which is used to create, save, and open administrative tools. Each of these is called a console , and most allow an administrator to administer other Windows 2000 computers from one centralised computer. Each console can contain one or many specific administrative tools, called snap-ins . These can be either standalone (with one function), or an extension (adding functions to an existing snap-in). In order to provide
5300-867: The Knights Landing Xeon Phi processors and by Skylake-X processors, use 512-bit wide SIMD registers. During execution , current x86 processors employ a few extra decoding steps to split most instructions into smaller pieces called micro-operations. These are then handed to a control unit that buffers and schedules them in compliance with x86-semantics so that they can be executed, partly in parallel, by one of several (more or less specialized) execution units . These modern x86 designs are thus pipelined , superscalar , and also capable of out of order and speculative execution (via branch prediction , register renaming , and memory dependence prediction ), which means they may execute multiple (partial or complete) x86 instructions simultaneously, and not necessarily in
5406-698: The OEM channel and then were superseded by the final versions of Server 2003. Windows 2000 introduced many of the new features of Windows 98 and 98 SE into the NT line, such as the Windows Desktop Update , Internet Explorer 5 ( Internet Explorer 6 , which followed in 2001, is also available for Windows 2000), Outlook Express , NetMeeting , FAT32 support, SSE and SSE2 support, Windows Driver Model , Internet Connection Sharing , Windows Media Player 6.4, WebDAV support etc. Certain new features are common across all editions of Windows 2000, among them NTFS 3.0,
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#17329084968535512-529: The PC-compatible market started , some of them before the IBM PC (1981) debut. As of June 2022 , most desktop and laptop computers sold are based on the x86 architecture family, while mobile categories such as smartphones or tablets are dominated by ARM . At the high end, x86 continues to dominate computation-intensive workstation and cloud computing segments. In the 1980s and early 1990s, when
5618-813: The Windows 9x accessibility features for people with visual and auditory impairments and other disabilities into the NT-line of operating systems. These included: Additionally, Windows 2000 introduced the following new accessibility features: Windows 2000 introduced the Multilingual User Interface (MUI). Besides English , Windows 2000 incorporates support for Arabic , Armenian , Baltic , Central European, Cyrillic , Georgian , Greek , Hebrew , Indic , Japanese , Korean , simplified Chinese , Thai , traditional Chinese , Turkic , Vietnamese and Western European languages. It also has support for many different locales. Windows 2000 included version 7.0 of
5724-425: The Windows equivalent of a log file , a system information utility, a backup utility , Task Scheduler and management consoles to view open shared folders and shared folder sessions, configure and manage COM+ applications, configure Group Policy , manage all the local users and user groups, and a device manager . It contains Disk Management and Removable Storage snap-ins, a disk defragmenter as well as
5830-537: The ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC allows consoles to be created in author mode or user mode . Author mode allows snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree to be displayed and consoles to be saved. User mode allows consoles to be distributed with restrictions applied. User mode consoles can grant full access to the user for any change, or they can grant limited access, preventing users from adding snapins to
5936-940: The ability to launch multiple programs without closing the menu by holding down the SHIFT key. A Re-sort button forces the entire Start Menu to be sorted by name. The Taskbar introduces support for balloon notifications which can also be used by application developers. Windows 2000 Explorer introduces customizable Windows Explorer toolbars, auto-complete in Windows Explorer address bar and Run box, advanced file type association features, displaying comments in shortcuts as tooltips, extensible columns in Details view (IColumnProvider interface), icon overlays, integrated search pane in Windows Explorer, sort by name function for menus, and Places bar in common dialogs for Open and Save . Windows Explorer has been enhanced in several ways in Windows 2000. It
6042-434: The advanced but delayed 5k86 ( K5 ), which, internally, was closely based on AMD's earlier 29K RISC design; similar to NexGen 's Nx586 , it used a strategy such that dedicated pipeline stages decode x86 instructions into uniform and easily handled micro-operations , a method that has remained the basis for most x86 designs to this day. Some early versions of these microprocessors had heat dissipation problems. The 6x86
6148-415: The art, had been planned for 2021; as of March 2022 the release had not taken place, however. The instruction set architecture has twice been extended to a larger word size. In 1985, Intel released the 32-bit 80386 (later known as i386) which gradually replaced the earlier 16-bit chips in computers (although typically not in embedded systems ) during the following years; this extended programming model
6254-622: The code of a driver in order to identify problems that are both difficult to detect and difficult to test for. Bold " Yes " means introduced with this version of Windows. Windows 2000 Windows 2000 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft and oriented towards businesses. It is the direct successor to Windows NT 4.0 , and was released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999, officially released to retail on February 17, 2000 for all versions, and on September 26, 2000 for Windows 2000 Datacenter Server. It
6360-698: The console though they can view multiple windows in a console. Alternatively users can be granted limited access, preventing them from adding to the console and stopping them from viewing multiple windows in a single console. The main tools that come with Windows 2000 can be found in the Computer Management console (in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel). This contains the Event Viewer —a means of viewing system or application-related events and
6466-502: The contents of the system folders aren't displayed by default, instead showing in the right pane a warning to the user that modifying the contents of the system folders could harm their computer. It's possible to define additional Explorer panes by using DIV elements in folder template files. This degree of customizability is new to Windows 2000; neither Windows 98 nor the Desktop Update could provide it. The new DHTML-based search pane
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#17329084968536572-485: The efficient storage of data sets that are very large yet contain many areas that only have zeros. Reparse points allow the object manager to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers implement changed functionality in a transparent manner. Reparse points are used to implement volume mount points , junctions , Hierarchical Storage Management , Native Structured Storage and Single Instance Storage . Volume mount points and directory junctions allow for
6678-564: The electronic and physical levels. Quite naturally, early compatible microprocessors were 16-bit, while 32-bit designs were developed much later. For the personal computer market, real quantities started to appear around 1990 with i386 and i486 compatible processors, often named similarly to Intel's original chips. After the fully pipelined i486 , in 1993 Intel introduced the Pentium brand name (which, unlike numbers, could be trademarked ) for their new set of superscalar x86 designs. With
6784-404: The encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. For a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files is built into EFS. A Recovery Agent
6890-418: The end of support on July 13, 2010, the same day that support ended for Windows XP SP2 . Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Server were succeeded by Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 , released in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Although unreleased, it was developed on Alpha in alpha, beta, and release candidate versions. Its successor, Windows XP , only supports x86 , x64 and Itanium processors. Both
6996-401: The execution units with the decode steps opens up possibilities for more analysis of the (buffered) code stream, and therefore permits detection of operations that can be performed in parallel, simultaneously feeding more than one execution unit. The latest processors also do the opposite when appropriate; they combine certain x86 sequences (such as a compare followed by a conditional jump) into
7102-617: The files in the Dllcache folder. The Recovery Console is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to perform maintenance tasks that can neither be run from within it nor feasibly be run from another computer or copy of Windows 2000. It is usually used to recover the system from problems that cause booting to fail, which would render other tools useless, like Safe Mode or Last Known Good Configuration, or chkdsk . It includes commands like fixmbr , which are not present in MS-DOS. It has
7208-651: The final version first appeared in Beta 3 build 1983. Windows 2000 did not have an actual codename because, according to Dave Thompson of Windows NT team, " Jim Allchin didn't like codenames". , although Windows 2000 Service Pack 1 was codenamed "Asteroid". During development, builds for the Alpha architecture were compiled, but the project was abandoned in the final stages of development (between RC1 and RC2 ) after Compaq announced they had dropped support for Windows NT on Alpha. From here, Microsoft issued three release candidates between July and November 1999, and finally released
7314-418: The first 64 KB of memory to disk (the smallest amount of memory that is useful for debugging purposes, also known as a minidump), a dump of only the kernel's memory, or a dump of the entire contents of memory to disk, as well as write that this event happened to the Windows 2000 event log . In order to improve performance on servers running Windows 2000, Microsoft gave administrators the choice of optimizing
7420-473: The first officially released 64-bit version of Windows was Windows XP 64-Bit Edition , released alongside the 32-bit editions of Windows XP on October 25, 2001, followed by the server versions Windows Datacenter Server Limited Edition and later Windows Advanced Server Limited Edition , which were based on the pre-release Windows Server 2003 (then known as Windows .NET Server ) codebase. These editions were released in 2002, were shortly available through
7526-539: The first two actively produce modern 64-bit designs, leading to what has been called a "duopoly" of Intel and AMD in x86 processors. However, in 2014 the Shanghai-based Chinese company Zhaoxin , a joint venture between a Chinese company and VIA Technologies, began designing VIA based x86 processors for desktops and laptops. The release of its newest "7" family of x86 processors (e.g. KX-7000), which are not quite as fast as AMD or Intel chips but are still state of
7632-477: The following services and features built in: The Server editions include more features and components, including the Microsoft Distributed File System (DFS), Active Directory support and fault-tolerant storage. The Distributed File System (DFS) allows shares in multiple different locations to be logically grouped under one folder, or DFS root . When users try to access a network share off
7738-528: The formula: Addressing modes for 32-bit x86 processor modes can be summarized by the formula: Addressing modes for the 64-bit processor mode can be summarized by the formula: Instruction relative addressing in 64-bit code (RIP + displacement, where RIP is the instruction pointer register ) simplifies the implementation of position-independent code (as used in shared libraries in some operating systems). The 8086 had 64 KB of eight-bit (or alternatively 32 K-word of 16-bit ) I/O space, and
7844-399: The frequently occurring cases or contexts where a −128..127 range is enough. Typical instructions are therefore 2 or 3 bytes in length (although some are much longer, and some are single-byte). To further conserve encoding space, most registers are expressed in opcodes using three or four bits, the latter via an opcode prefix in 64-bit mode, while at most one operand to an instruction can be
7950-495: The implementation of position-independent code , used in shared libraries in some operating systems. SIMD registers XMM0–XMM15 (XMM0–XMM31 when AVX-512 is supported). SIMD registers YMM0–YMM15 (YMM0–YMM31 when AVX-512 is supported). Lower half of each of the YMM registers maps onto the corresponding XMM register. SIMD registers ZMM0–ZMM31. Lower half of each of the ZMM registers maps onto
8056-408: The instruction pointer (IP) points to the next instruction that will be fetched from memory and then executed; this register cannot be directly accessed (read or written) by a program. The Intel 80186 and 80188 are essentially an upgraded 8086 or 8088 CPU, respectively, with on-chip peripherals added, and they have the same CPU registers as the 8086 and 8088 (in addition to interface registers for
8162-402: The introduction of Active Directory , which in the years following became a widely used directory service in business environments. Four editions of Windows 2000 have been released: Professional , Server , Advanced Server , and Datacenter Server ; the latter was both released to manufacturing and launched months after the other editions. While each edition of Windows 2000 is targeted at
8268-441: The introduction of the 80386 in 1985. A few years after the introduction of the 8086 and 8088, Intel added some complexity to its naming scheme and terminology as the "iAPX" of the ambitious but ill-fated Intel iAPX 432 processor was tried on the more successful 8086 family of chips, applied as a kind of system-level prefix. An 8086 system, including coprocessors such as 8087 and 8089 , and simpler Intel-specific system chips,
8374-458: The kernel PnP Manager along with the Power Manager are two significant subsystems added in Windows 2000. Windows 2000 introduced version 3 print drivers (user mode printer drivers) based on Unidrv , which made it easier for printer manufacturers to write device drivers for printers. Generic support for 5-button mice is also included as standard and installing IntelliPoint allows reassigning
8480-452: The leaked source code" for certain versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer was reported. On April 15, 2015, GitHub took down a repository containing a copy of the Windows NT 4.0 source code that originated from the leak. Microsoft planned to release in 2000 a version of Windows 2000, specially codenamed "Janus", which would run on 64-bit Intel Itanium microprocessors . However,
8586-517: The left Explorer pane displaying details for the object currently selected, is turned on by default in Windows 2000. For certain file types, such as pictures and media files, the preview is also displayed in the left pane. Until the dedicated interactive preview pane appeared in Windows Vista , Windows 2000 had been the only Windows release to feature an interactive media player as the previewer for sound and video files, enabled by default. However, such
8692-627: The local computer, and thus does not use Active Directory. Domain-based DFS roots exist within Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other domain controllers within the domain – this provides fault tolerance to DFS. DFS roots that exist on a domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server. The file and root information is replicated via the Microsoft File Replication Service (FRS). X86 x86 (also known as 80x86 or
8798-447: The lower 16 bits of the new 32-bit EAX register, SI corresponds to the lower 16 bits of ESI, and so on. The general-purpose registers, base registers, and index registers can all be used as the base in addressing modes, and all of those registers except for the stack pointer can be used as the index in addressing modes. Two new segment registers (FS and GS) were added. With a greater number of registers, instructions and operands,
8904-592: The market dominance of the "inelegant" x86 architecture designed directly from the first simple 8-bit microprocessors. Examples of this are the iAPX 432 (a project originally named the Intel 8800 ), the Intel 960 , Intel 860 and the Intel/Hewlett-Packard Itanium architecture. However, the continuous refinement of x86 microarchitectures , circuitry and semiconductor manufacturing would make it hard to replace x86 in many segments. AMD's 64-bit extension of x86 (which Intel eventually responded to with
9010-469: The name EM64T and finally using Intel 64. Microsoft and Sun Microsystems / Oracle also use term "x64", while many Linux distributions , and the BSDs also use the "amd64" term. Microsoft Windows, for example, designates its 32-bit versions as "x86" and 64-bit versions as "x64", while installation files of 64-bit Windows versions are required to be placed into a directory called "AMD64". In 2023, Intel proposed
9116-432: The operating system to partners on December 12, 1999, followed by manufacturing three days later on December 15. The public could buy the full version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000. Three days before this event, which Microsoft advertised as "a standard in reliability," a leaked memo from Microsoft reported on by Mary Jo Foley revealed that Windows 2000 had "over 63,000 potential known defects." After Foley's article
9222-730: The operating system's memory and processor usage patterns for background services or for applications. Windows 2000 also introduced core system administration and management features, such as the Windows Installer , Windows Management Instrumentation and Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) into the operating system. The most notable improvement from Windows NT 4.0 is the addition of Plug and Play with full ACPI and Windows Driver Model support. Similar to Windows 9x , Windows 2000 supports automatic recognition of installed hardware, hardware resource allocation, loading of appropriate drivers, PnP APIs and device notification events. The addition of
9328-454: The peripherals). The 8086, 8088, 80186, and 80188 can use an optional floating-point coprocessor, the 8087 . The 8087 appears to the programmer as part of the CPU and adds eight 80-bit wide registers, st(0) to st(7), each of which can hold numeric data in one of seven formats: 32-, 64-, or 80-bit floating point, 16-, 32-, or 64-bit (binary) integer, and 80-bit packed decimal integer. It also has its own 16-bit status register accessible through
9434-485: The programmable buttons. Windows 98 lacked generic support. Driver Verifier was introduced to stress test and catch device driver bugs. Windows 2000 introduces layered windows that allow for transparency, translucency and various transition effects like shadows, gradient fills and alpha-blended GUI elements to top-level windows. Menus support a new Fade transition effect. The Start menu in Windows 2000 introduces personalized menus , expandable special folders and
9540-414: The release "our tests show the successor to Windows NT 4.0 is everything we hoped it would be. Of course, it isn't perfect either." Wired News later described the results of the February launch as "lackluster." Novell criticized Microsoft's Active Directory , the new directory service architecture, as less scalable or reliable than its own Novell Directory Services (NDS) alternative. Windows 2000
9646-418: The same order as given in the instruction stream. Some Intel CPUs ( Xeon Foster MP , some Pentium 4 , and some Nehalem and later Intel Core processors) and AMD CPUs (starting from Zen ) are also capable of simultaneous multithreading with two threads per core ( Xeon Phi has four threads per core). Some Intel CPUs support transactional memory ( TSX ). When introduced, in the mid-1990s, this method
9752-443: The same simplified segmentation as long mode. The x86 architecture is a variable instruction length, primarily " CISC " design with emphasis on backward compatibility . The instruction set is not typical CISC, however, but basically an extended version of the simple eight-bit 8008 and 8080 architectures. Byte-addressing is enabled and words are stored in memory with little-endian byte order. Memory access to unaligned addresses
9858-595: The shortcut file may be silently updated if the target moves, even to another hard drive. The Encrypting File System (EFS) introduced strong file system -level encryption to Windows. It allows any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted transparently by the user. EFS works together with the EFS service, Microsoft's CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Runtime Library (FSRTL). To date, its encryption has not been compromised. EFS works by encrypting
9964-454: The stack. Much work has therefore been invested in making such accesses as fast as register accesses—i.e., a one cycle instruction throughput, in most circumstances where the accessed data is available in the top-level cache. A dedicated floating-point processor with 80-bit internal registers, the 8087 , was developed for the original 8086 . This microprocessor subsequently developed into the extended 80387 , and later processors incorporated
10070-420: The three components of a value (its name, type, and data) as separate columns of a table. REGEDT32 has a left-side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree displays only keys and it represents values as a list of strings. REGEDIT supports right-clicking of entries in a tree view to adjust properties and other settings. REGEDT32 requires all actions to be performed from the top menu bar . Windows XP
10176-490: The x86 naming scheme now legally cleared, other x86 vendors had to choose different names for their x86-compatible products, and initially some chose to continue with variations of the numbering scheme: IBM partnered with Cyrix to produce the 5x86 and then the very efficient 6x86 (M1) and 6x86 MX ( MII ) lines of Cyrix designs, which were the first x86 microprocessors implementing register renaming to enable speculative execution . AMD meanwhile designed and manufactured
10282-478: The years, almost consistently with full backward compatibility . The architecture family has been implemented in processors from Intel, Cyrix , AMD , VIA Technologies and many other companies; there are also open implementations, such as the Zet SoC platform (currently inactive). Nevertheless, of those, only Intel, AMD, VIA Technologies, and DM&P Electronics hold x86 architectural licenses, and from these, only
10388-494: Was Microsoft's primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of Windows XP Professional in 2001. Windows 2000 introduces NTFS 3.0, Encrypting File System , and basic and dynamic disk storage. Support for people with disabilities is improved over Windows NT 4.0 with a number of new assistive technologies , and Microsoft increased support for different languages and locale information. The Windows 2000 Server family has additional features, most notably
10494-530: Was also affected by a few minor compatibility problems, the Nx586 lacked a floating-point unit (FPU) and (the then crucial) pin-compatibility, while the K5 had somewhat disappointing performance when it was (eventually) introduced. Customer ignorance of alternatives to the Pentium series further contributed to these designs being comparatively unsuccessful, despite the fact that the K5 had very good Pentium compatibility and
10600-533: Was initially planned to replace both Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 . However, this would be changed later, as an updated version of Windows 98 called Windows 98 Second Edition was released in 1999. On or shortly before February 12, 2004, "portions of the Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows NT 4.0 source code were illegally made available on the Internet." The source of the leak was later traced to Mainsoft ,
10706-489: Was introduced. This protects critical Windows system files by preventing programs other than Microsoft's operating system update mechanisms such as the Package Installer , Windows Installer and other update components from modifying them. The System File Checker utility provides users the ability to perform a manual scan of the integrity of all protected system files, and optionally repair them, either by restoring from
10812-403: Was originally referred to as the i386 architecture (like its first implementation) but Intel later dubbed it IA-32 when introducing its (unrelated) IA-64 architecture. In 1999–2003, AMD extended this 32-bit architecture to 64 bits and referred to it as x86-64 in early documents and later as AMD64 . Intel soon adopted AMD's architectural extensions under the name IA-32e, later using
10918-467: Was published, she claimed that Microsoft blacklisted her for a considerable time. However, Abraham Silberschatz et al. claim in their computer science textbook that "Windows 2000 was the most reliable, stable operating system Microsoft had ever shipped to that point. Much of this reliability came from maturity in the source code, extensive stress testing of the system, and automatic detection of many serious errors in drivers." InformationWeek summarized
11024-565: Was released in September 1997, followed by Beta 2 in August 1998. On October 27, 1998, Microsoft announced that the name of the final version of the operating system would be Windows 2000, a name which referred to its projected release date. Windows 2000 Beta 3 was released in May 1999. Windows NT 5.0 Beta 1 was similar to Windows NT 4.0, including a very similarly themed logo. Windows NT 5.0 Beta 2 introduced
11130-436: Was sometimes referred to as a "RISC core" or as "RISC translation", partly for marketing reasons, but also because these micro-operations share some properties with certain types of RISC instructions. However, traditional microcode (used since the 1950s) also inherently shares many of the same properties; the new method differs mainly in that the translation to micro-operations now occurs asynchronously. Not having to synchronize
11236-478: Was thereby described as an iAPX 86 system. There were also terms iRMX (for operating systems), iSBC (for single-board computers), and iSBX (for multimodule boards based on the 8086-architecture), all together under the heading Microsystem 80 . However, this naming scheme was quite temporary, lasting for a few years during the early 1980s. Although the 8086 was primarily developed for embedded systems and small multi-user or single-user computers, largely as
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