Mount Bird ( 77°17′S 166°43′E / 77.283°S 166.717°E / -77.283; 166.717 ( Mount Bird ) ) is a 1,765 metres (5,791 ft) high shield volcano standing about 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) south of Cape Bird , the northern extremity of Ross Island . It was mapped by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–04 , under Robert Falcon Scott , and apparently named by them after Cape Bird.
162-411: Mount Bird was originally a separate island, which through volcanic activity has become a rounded peninsula on the northwestern tip of Ross Island. At its southernmost point, where it is connected with the rest of the island by a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) wide isthmus, a 500-metre (1,600 ft) high pass, Bird Pass, separates the bulk of Mount Bird from the northern slopes of Mount Erebus . The peninsula
324-463: A balance of payments crisis , increased taxes on luxuries such as beer and tobacco. Public hostility toward the budget contributed to Labour's heavy defeat in the 1960 election . Nash was active in international affairs and travelled extensively during his premiership, revising trade terms and supporting aid and development in other nations. Leaving office at 78 years of age, Nash is to date New Zealand's oldest prime minister . He died on 4 June 1968 at
486-611: A state funeral , the first since Fraser's in 1950. The funeral was held at St James' Church of England, Lower Hutt. It was broadcast on television, the first funeral in New Zealand to be televised. He was buried in Karori Cemetery alongside his wife. Funds for a children's ward at a hospital in Quy Nhon , Vietnam, were raised to serve as a memorial to him. It fitted with a suggestion of his years earlier that New Zealand's contribution to
648-789: A British Department of Overseas Trade memorandum. In the immediate period before the exchange controls system could be established, borrowing was necessary. Nash returned to Britain in April 1939 to seek loans and to reassure the British government (in vain) that existing British exports would not be harmed. He spent over two months in negotiations with hostile officials who were fearful of losing New Zealand as an export market. Nash attempted to compromise suggesting that British manufacturers could take advantage of import regulations by establishing branch factories in New Zealand. This proposal, that British manufacturers should export themselves rather than their products,
810-461: A US Navy ship. Along with other Navy icebreakers, Glacier was transferred to the US Coast Guard fleet, June 1966, from which she operated until decommissioned, June 1987. 77°29′S 167°06′E / 77.483°S 167.100°E / -77.483; 167.100 . A glacier on the west side of Fang Ridge, separating the old and new craters of Mount Erebus. Charted by Frank Debenham of
972-592: A centralised location to coordinate party activities and election campaigns was a vital step up to Labour becoming a major political party in New Zealand. As he had been in New Plymouth, Nash became involved in local politics in Wellington. At the 1927 local elections he stood as a Labour candidate for a seat on the Wellington City Council . He polled well but was not successful. Two years later he contested
1134-517: A clerk, initially with a lawyer in Kidderminster and then at a factory near Birmingham . On 16 June 1906, Nash married Lottie May Eaton and established a shop. He became highly active in his community, participating in a large number of societies and clubs. He also attended night school to further his education. However, by 1908 problems began to arise. His wife and son were both ill and a daughter died at birth. In addition an economic recession in
1296-407: A demanding travel schedule in that year's election campaign. In mid-May 1968 he was taken to Hutt Hospital for "observation and rest" and a few days later he had a heart attack. He died on 4 June 1968. At his death he was eulogised positively for his career contributions, particularly in his time as finance minister. His body lay in state at Parliament House, Wellington , and he was awarded
1458-400: A growing belief in socialism. Nash would remain a Christian socialist for the rest of his life, believing that the two components were inseparable. His political opinions were influenced by his friendship with prominent New Zealand socialists such as Michael Joseph Savage , Bob Semple and Harry Holland . Nash also became a committed pacifist . During World War I he made many speeches at
1620-400: A hypocrite. Nash retorted that other attempts at peace had been tried and failed, and defeating Germany and its allies by force was the only option left. Taxes were raised considerably to pay for the war. Income tax in particular was targeted rising from £4.5 million in 1935–36 to £16.5 million in 1941–42. Expenditure for social security was extended by Nash for the poor to offset the cost of
1782-603: A lack of charisma and bouts of indecisiveness. Nash was elected to the House of Representatives in the Hutt by-election of 1929. He served as the member of Parliament (MP) for the Hutt electorate for 13 consecutive terms, over a period of 38 years and 168 days. As of 2023, he is the fourth-longest serving MP. Appointed as minister of finance in 1935, Nash guided the First Labour Government 's economic recovery programme during
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#17330941792751944-659: A line from Cape Royds to the crater of Mount Erebus. The cone itself is about 100 metres (330 ft) high high and is surrounded by a deep moat or ditch, caused by the sweeping action of strong winds. It was named by F. Debenham on the second ascent of Mount Erebus for F.J. Hooper, a steward of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Hooper was one of the party making the second ascent. 77°32′26″S 166°51′02″E / 77.540504°S 166.850438°E / -77.540504; 166.850438 Two rock summits at about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high on
2106-598: A member of the expedition. 77°27′14″S 166°48′57″E / 77.454003°S 166.815833°E / -77.454003; 166.815833 . Two rock summits rising to over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high on the northwest slope of Mount Erebus . The feature is 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) west-northwest of Abbott Peak. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Sarah Krall who worked over 10 years in providing support to science in Antarctica. She
2268-496: A number of more minor positions. His other portfolios were customs , statistics , marketing , revenue and social security . He was ranked third in the First Labour Government , with only Savage and Peter Fraser above him. Nash remained as minister of finance, responsible for the New Zealand Treasury for the next 14 years. As of 2023, he has the longest period of continuous service in that role. Soon after its election
2430-558: A number of rock formations. Features around the summit of the mountain include: 77°30′12″S 167°07′01″E / 77.503455°S 167.116913°E / -77.503455; 167.116913 . Prominent cliffs at about 3,525 metres (11,565 ft) high on the north rim of the summit caldera of Mount Erebus. The name derives from a nearby United States Coast Guard (USCG) HH-52A helicopter (CG 1404) which lost power and crashed while enroute from McMurdo Station to Cape Bird, Jan. 9, 1971. The four crew and passengers were not injured, but
2592-486: A petition against the tour supported by almost 10% of New Zealanders. Opposition to the tour was led by the Citizens All Black Tour Association (CABTA) in whose view the exclusion of Māori from a national team was a gross act of racial discrimination. Nash had long been an outspoken critic of apartheid and in 1958, after he became prime minister, New Zealand voted against apartheid for the first time at
2754-463: A reluctance to see Arnold Nordmeyer succeed him. Initially Nash was planning to announce his retirement as leader at Labour's 1962 party conference to clear the way for his deputy Jerry Skinner . By this time the media and public were widely anticipating Skinner to lead Labour at the 1963 election . After Skinner's sudden death (only a week before the 1962 conference) Nash had been forced to change his plans. The media speculated that Skinner had died with
2916-450: A repetition of the controversy. New Zealand did not tour South Africa again until 1970 when Māori players were included. Against expectations Nash did not appoint a Māori as minister of Māori affairs. Instead, he appointed himself, along with an associate minister Eruera Tirikatene , who had been spokesperson in the portfolio when in opposition. Historian Keith Sinclair wrote that Nash either had reservations about Tirikatene's ability or
3078-662: A summit plateau representing a caldera . The summit caldera was created by an explosive VEI -6 eruption that occurred 18,000 ± 7,000 years ago. It is filled with small volume tephritic phonolite and phonolite lava flows. In the center of the summit caldera is a small, steep-sided cone composed primarily of decomposed lava bombs and a large deposit of anorthoclase crystals known as Erebus crystals . The active lava lake in this summit cone undergoes continuous degassing. Microscopic gold particles have been found up to 1000 kilometers from Mount Erebus, ranging in size up to 60 micrometres. A 1991 paper shows that these particles condense from
3240-416: A talus of large anorthoclase feldspar crystals. 77°31′16″S 167°08′49″E / 77.521068°S 167.146857°E / -77.521068; 167.146857 A prominent outcropping of jumbled rocks, 3,633 metres (11,919 ft) high, formed as a lava flow on the northwest upper slope of the active cone of Mount Erebus. The feature is near a camp site used mainly in the 1970s by teams working at
3402-464: Is flanked to the west and east by two large and frequently ice-bound bays, Wohlschlag Bay in the west and Lewis Bay in the east. Mount Bird is a basaltic shield volcano that was active from 4.6 to 3.8 million years ago. On the flanks of the volcano there are poorly exposed basalt scoria cones , and phonolite domes and flows. The coastal cliffs display the shield's thick stack of basalt lava flows. Several glaciers or meltwater streams flow from
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#17330941792753564-415: Is not generally regarded as having been a success. His primary talent appeared to have been in organisation and finance, and not in the inspirational leadership that Savage and Fraser had provided. He was also seen as too slow in coming to decisions. In 1954 several MPs attempted an abortive coup to remove the 71-year-old Nash as leader. They included Rex Mason , Bill Anderton and Arnold Nordmeyer . Nash
3726-610: Is notable for its numerous ice fumaroles – ice towers that form around gases that escape from vents in the surface. The ice caves associated with the fumaroles are dark, in polar alpine environments starved in organics and with oxygenated hydrothermal circulation in highly reducing host rock. The life is sparse, mainly bacteria and fungi. This makes it of special interest for studying oligotrophs – organisms that can survive on minimal amounts of resources. The caves on Erebus are of special interest for astrobiology, as most surface caves are influenced by human activities, or by organics from
3888-633: Is one of several features near Mount Bird assigned the native name of a New Zealand mountain bird. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB), 2000. 77°13′14″S 166°47′45″E / 77.220489°S 166.795824°E / -77.220489; 166.795824 . The southern of two similar nunataks that lie 0.3 nautical miles (0.56 km; 0.35 mi) apart and 3.3 nautical miles (6.1 km; 3.8 mi) north-northeast of Mount Bird in northwest Ross Island. It rises to about 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high and, like Takahe Nunatak close NE, appears to be part of an ice-covered crater rim. Kakapo Nunatak
4050-739: Is one of several features near Mount Bird assigned the native name of a New Zealand mountain bird. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB), 2000. 77°14′02″S 166°44′47″E / 77.233769°S 166.746487°E / -77.233769; 166.746487 . A rugged nunatak 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) north of the summit of Mount Bird. The feature has a divided summit area and rises to over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft). Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Bob Norman. 77°14′25″S 166°38′05″E / 77.240196°S 166.634762°E / -77.240196; 166.634762 . Two parallel rock ridges 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) northwest of
4212-510: Is scientifically remarkable in that its relatively low-level and unusually persistent eruptive activity enables long-term volcanological study of a Strombolian eruptive system very close (hundreds of metres) to the active vents, a characteristic shared with only a few volcanoes on Earth, such as Stromboli in Italy. Scientific study of the volcano is also facilitated by its proximity to McMurdo Station (U.S.) and Scott Base (New Zealand), both sited on
4374-418: Is the site of a slump which has occurred off the crater rim. It is also a former camp site used by summit parties. A small hut is located on the upper part of the slope. 77°31′37″S 167°08′45″E / 77.52682°S 167.145742°E / -77.52682; 167.145742 . A gully at about 3,675 metres (12,057 ft) high on the northwest side of the summit crater of Mount Erebus. The feature
4536-609: Is the southernmost active volcano on Earth, located on Ross Island in the Ross Dependency in Antarctica . With a summit elevation of 3,792 metres (12,441 ft), it is the second most prominent mountain in Antarctica (after Mount Vinson ) and the second-highest volcano in Antarctica (after the dormant Mount Sidley ). It is the highest point on Ross Island, which is also home to three inactive volcanoes: Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . It makes Ross Island
4698-449: Is the world's southernmost active volcano. It is the current eruptive centre of the Erebus hotspot . The summit contains a persistent convecting phonolitic lava lake, one of five long-lasting lava lakes on Earth. Characteristic eruptive activity consists of Strombolian eruptions from the lava lake or from one of several subsidiary vents, all within the volcano's inner crater. The volcano
4860-406: The 1954 election . He fought a strong campaign that led to a gain of five seats and virtually levelled the popular vote with National, with a margin of only 0.2% behind. The advent of the new Social Credit Party (which won 11.2% of the vote, but no seats) was seen as a spoiler and it was claimed by Nash that Social Credit denied Labour victory by diminishing the two-party swing. The gains made in
5022-497: The 1957 election the party won a narrow victory—41 seats to 39 — assisted by its promises of tax rebates and the abolition of compulsory military training. At the age of 75, Nash became prime minister, heading the Second Labour Government . Nash appointed himself as minister of foreign affairs , minister of Maori affairs and minister of statistics . Immediately upon taking office the Second Labour Government found
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5184-547: The Church of England Men's Society stating his reasons for pacifism were faith based and called for understanding with German and Austrian Christians. Despite anti-German sentiment in New Zealand during the war, Nash allowed a German to stay at his home. Due to his open pacifism and friendship with other anti-war activists such as Holland his mail was scrutinised by police looking for evidence on himself and colleagues for sedition or treason. Nash's financial situation deteriorated when
5346-619: The King George V Silver Jubilee Medal . In 1946 he was appointed to the Privy Council . He was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 1959 Queen's Birthday Honours and in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George . It took him two years to decide whether he would accept a knighthood in conformity with
5508-662: The Marsden Fund granted nearly NZ$ 1 million to the University of Waikato and the University of Canterbury to study the micro-organisms in the geothermal fumaroles. Mount Erebus was discovered on 27 January 1841 (and observed to be in eruption), by polar explorer Sir James Clark Ross on his Antarctic expedition , who named it and its companion, Mount Terror , after his ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror (which were later used and lost by Sir John Franklin on his disastrous Arctic expedition ). Present with Ross on HMS Erebus
5670-509: The New Plymouth branch of the modern Labour Party and he became highly active as secretary of the branch and main organiser for the Labour Party ticket at the 1919 local-body elections. Labour campaigned on borrowing £30,000 to finance council housing which the occupiers were to have a right to purchase, with the rest funded by profits made by the local electric light department. Another pledge
5832-566: The New Zealand government 's administration of Samoa. Following the work by the Nash government, Samoa gained its independence in 1962. In April 1960, Nash and his secretary of foreign affairs, Alister McIntosh , visited the Soviet Union where they met Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko . Nash proposed that the 1958 moratorium on nuclear testing —observed by
5994-484: The Quaternary glacial period marine shells carried by the glacier and deposited in terminal moraines. 77°24′22″S 166°42′37″E / 77.406111°S 166.710398°E / -77.406111; 166.710398 . A piedmont glacier, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) long and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) wide, between the southwest part of Mount Bird and Micou Point . In association with
6156-485: The Social Credit movement who wanted their views adopted as Labour Party policy. Nash was also attacked by the more radical socialists in the party who saw Nash's pragmatic economic policies as too moderate. However, Nash was supported by both Savage and Fraser and emerged relatively unscathed. He gained the additional responsibility of implementing Labour's social security plan. Nash himself had limited involvement in
6318-489: The South Pole , accomplished a solo ascent in about 17 hours completely unsupported, by snow mobile and on foot. In 1992, the inside of the volcano was explored by Dante I , an eight legged tethered robotic explorer. Dante was designed to acquire gas samples from the magma lake inside the inner crater of Mount Erebus to understand the chemistry better through the use of the on-board gas chromatograph , as well as measuring
6480-591: The Wellington mayoralty for Labour at the 1929 election , but was defeated by the incumbent mayor George Troup . Nash stood for election in the Hutt electorate in the 1925 and 1928 elections , but was not successful until the 1929 by-election . He served the electorate for 13 consecutive terms over a period of 38 years and 168 days which, as of 2023 , makes him New Zealand's fourth-longest serving MP. Immediately upon entering Parliament Nash became one of Labour's main finance spokesmen. By 1932 he had moved up to
6642-676: The nationalisation of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Although some unemployment persisted, rising export prices helped the government to implement its election policies. The changes in economic policy included restoring wage cuts, expanding pensions, guaranteeing farmers' prices and revaluation of the currency. In 1936 Nash departed for England to conduct trade negotiations. The negotiations were only partially successful, with an agreement reached over New Zealand's meat prices for beef and lamb exports. He also visited other European capitals, particularly Berlin and Moscow, to determine whether there
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6804-484: The sixth-highest island on Earth. The mountain was named by Captain James Clark Ross in 1841 for his ship, HMS Erebus . The volcano has been active for around 1.3 million years and has a long-lived lava lake in its inner summit crater that has been present since at least the early 1970s. On 28 November, 1979, Air New Zealand Flight 901 crashed on Mount Erebus, killing all 257 people on board. Mount Erebus
6966-464: The "cemetery" of unattended piles of paperwork, retrieving them to pass them on the appropriate ministers for actions to take place. Nash's focus shifted from his previous interests of finance and social welfare to external affairs. His biographer Keith Sinclair explained that "for Nash, by 1958, the great moral issues were not poverty and social security at home but world affairs, peace and war. He meant to make whatever contribution he could to guiding
7128-438: The 1951 waterfront dispute and the 1960 rugby tour to South Africa, but his outspokenness in opposition to the war did a great deal to restore his reputation. Nash believed that Labour's failure to win the 1966 general election was because of its principled anti-Vietnam war policy, despite voters preferring Labour's economic policy to National's. In late 1966 he spent three weeks in hospital for treatment on his veins following
7290-592: The 1970s and 1980s under the auspices of NZAP and United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) on investigations as to the origin of salts in the McMurdo Sound area, the Mount Erebus volcano, and the quantity, shapes, and sizes of icebergs in the Antarctic marine environment. 77°17′S 166°23′E / 77.283°S 166.383°E / -77.283; 166.383 . A pale-colored trachyte headland forming
7452-567: The BrAE, 1910–13, and named by him in association with Fang Ridge. Walter Nash Sir Walter Nash GCMG CH PC (12 February 1882 – 4 June 1968) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 27th prime minister of New Zealand in the Second Labour Government from 1957 to 1960. He is noted for his long period of political service, having been associated with the New Zealand Labour Party since its creation. Nash
7614-523: The Colombo Plan conference at Yogyakarta , Indonesia. The plan was one of his main interests in foreign policy, with aid and economic development for impoverished peoples appealing to his principles. The Nash government also made progress towards the independence of Western Samoa . Nash had previously shown interest in Samoa during the 1929 uprising when he collected statistics to evidence Labour's criticism of
7776-468: The Erebus summit. So named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in the millennium year 2000. 77°29′17″S 167°28′39″E / 77.488132°S 167.477419°E / -77.488132; 167.477419 . A peak rising to about 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) high on the northeast slope of Mount Erebus, 3.6 nautical miles (6.7 km; 4.1 mi) east of the summit of Fang Ridge. Named by
7938-518: The Great Depression and then directed the government's wartime controls. At 14 years he has the longest period of continuous service of any New Zealand minister of finance, and this service included the entire period of World War II. He succeeded Peter Fraser as leader of the Labour Party and leader of the Opposition in 1951. He was from the moderate wing of the Labour Party and was criticised by
8100-647: The Mount Bird icecap. It descends steeply in the valley north of Trachyte Hill and Harrison Bluff in the center of the ice-free area on the lower western slopes of Mount Bird. Mapped and so named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1958–59, because of the marine shell content of the moraines. 77°17′S 166°24′E / 77.283°S 166.400°E / -77.283; 166.400 . A small stream flowing west between Trachyte and Cinder Hills to
8262-646: The Mount Bird summit in northwest Ross Island. The feature rises to over 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). Named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Sir Walter Nash , who was deeply involved in promoting New Zealand's role in Antarctica and who signed the Antarctic Treaty for New Zealand as Prime Minister. 77°15′05″S 166°50′04″E / 77.251495°S 166.834328°E / -77.251495; 166.834328 A peak 1.6 nautical miles (3.0 km; 1.8 mi) northeast of
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#17330941792758424-632: The NZ-APC for W. Romanes, mountaineer assistant with the expedition. 77°15′S 166°21′E / 77.250°S 166.350°E / -77.250; 166.350 . An extensive beach lying west of Inclusion Hill and 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) southwest of Cape Bird. Named by the NZGSAE, 1958-59, after Captain Edwin A. McDonald, then Deputy Commander, United States Naval Support Force, Antarctica, who provided extensive transport and other facilities to
8586-552: The NZGSAE in support of the survey of the Cape Bird area. 77°14′31″S 166°21′48″E / 77.241966°S 166.363249°E / -77.241966; 166.363249 . A projecting point of land at McDonald Beach, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) northwest of Inclusion Hill in northwest Ross Island. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after John R. (Harry) Keys, New Zealand geochemist who worked seversl seasons during
8748-414: The NZGSAE, 1958-59, and named by the NZ-APC for B.N. Alexander, a surveyor with the expedition. 77°17′S 166°25′E / 77.283°S 166.417°E / -77.283; 166.417 . A prominent hill, 470 metres (1,540 ft) high, just south of Shell Glacier in the center of the ice-free area on the lower west slopes of Mount Bird. Mapped and so named by the NZGSAE, 1958-59, because of
8910-410: The NZGSAE, 1958-59, and named by the NZ-APC for J. Wilson, mountaineer assistant with the expedition. 77°18′S 166°30′E / 77.300°S 166.500°E / -77.300; 166.500 . A western lobe of the Mount Bird icecap, descending steeply into Wohlschlag Bay 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south of Cinder Hill. Mapped and so named by the NZGSAE, 1958-59, because of
9072-485: The NZGSAE, 1958-59, because of periodic flooding by meltwater from the Cape Bird icecap, which has been destructive to nearby penguin rookeries. Waipuke is the Maori word for flood. 77°14′S 166°25′E / 77.233°S 166.417°E / -77.233; 166.417 . The northernmost beach on the ice-free coast southwest of Cape Bird. Mapped by the NZGSAE, 1958-59, and named for Graeme Caughley, biologist with
9234-658: The NZGSAE, 1958-59. 77°16′S 166°25′E / 77.267°S 166.417°E / -77.267; 166.417 . A hill, 230 metres (750 ft) high, standing west of Mount Bird between Fitzgerald Stream and Shell Glacier. Mapped by the NZGSAE, 1958-59, and named by the NZ-APC for E.B. Fitzgerald, deputy leader of the expedition. 77°17′S 166°26′E / 77.283°S 166.433°E / -77.283; 166.433 . A prominent dissected volcano, 305 metres (1,001 ft) high, consisting of layers of red basalt scoria and cinders and abundant olivine nodules, standing between Harrison Stream and Wilson Stream on
9396-484: The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, known as New Mexico Tech. From 1981, many Tech students under the direction of Philip R. Kyle, have undertaken graduate research projects (thesis and dissertation) on Mount Erebus. 77°34′S 166°58′E / 77.567°S 166.967°E / -77.567; 166.967 . Three aligned cones at an elevation of about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on
9558-572: The New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Father Coleman, a New Zealand chaplain, who traveled to Antarctica many times with the United States Antarctic Program. 77°26′51″S 167°33′41″E / 77.447407°S 167.561469°E / -77.447407; 167.561469 . A peak about 890 metres (2,920 ft) high, located 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) west of Terra Nova Glacier and 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) south of Lewis Bay on
9720-425: The Opposition both before and after his tenure as prime minister. By late 1960, Nash was nearly eighty years old. Privately he admitted to confidantes that he had noticed his hearing and memory had deteriorated. The death of his wife in 1961 also took its toll. Gradually, calls for him to retire grew more frequent. Nash, however, refused to step down, partly because of a desire to continue his work, and partly due to
9882-754: The Ross Sea, the northernmost feature of the Ross Archipelago, lying 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) north of Cape Bird. Discovered and named in 1841 by Ross for Captain Francis Beaufort, Royal Navy, Hydrographer to the Admiralty. [REDACTED] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Mount Erebus Mount Erebus ( / ˈ ɛr ɪ b ə s / )
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#173309417927510044-631: The Soviet Union, the US and the UK—be formalised into a permanent ban. However, the Soviet Union resumed tests in 1961. (A partial ban was achieved in 1963 .) In 1960, Nash was criticised for failing to act in the controversy over the rugby tour of South Africa . At the time, South Africa had an apartheid government. On the insistence of the South Africans the New Zealand team included no Māori players, prompting
10206-764: The United Nations. As Nash had personally denounced racism for most of his life it was expected that he would side with the protesters, but he did not. He refused to step in, saying that the matter was for the rugby authorities to decide. In an April 1960 speech Nash defended the decision of the New Zealand Rugby Union stating that it would be unfair to expect Māori to visit South Africa as they would be sure to experience racial discrimination there and also argued that ostracising apartheid would merely accentuate bitterness in South Africa. The decision to exclude Māori from
10368-526: The United States in 1942, but he frequently returned to Wellington to fulfil his role as finance minister. As a result of Nash's frequent absences, Geoffrey Cox , the first secretary at the New Zealand Embassy, was chargé d'affaires for 11 out of the 21 months that he was posted to Washington. Nash was difficult to work for; he was unable to delegate, accumulated files before making a decision, and
10530-459: The Vietnam War should be providing "hospitals rather than artillery". At the time of his death Nash was still a serving MP, though he had already indicated that he intended to retire at the 1969 general election . At 86 years old he is apparently the oldest ever person to be a serving New Zealand MP. His death triggered a by-election which was won by Trevor Young . In 1935 Nash was awarded
10692-627: The age of 86 while still a serving MP, apparently the oldest person to be a serving MP. He was accorded a state funeral , the first in New Zealand for 18 years. Nash was born on 12 February 1882 in Kidderminster , a town in the English county of Worcestershire . He was born into a poor family and his father was an alcoholic. Nash performed well at school and won a scholarship to King Charles I Grammar School but additional costs associated with attending prevented him from accepting. Nash began employment as
10854-666: The camp sites they used have been recognised for their historic significance: They have been designated historic sites or monuments following a proposal by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and the United States to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting . Mount Erebus' summit crater rim was first achieved by members of Sir Ernest Shackleton 's party; Professor Edgeworth David , Sir Douglas Mawson , Dr Alister Mackay , Alex Lagasse, Jameson Adams , Dr Eric Marshall and Phillip Brocklehurst (who did not reach
11016-406: The caves has 80 to 100% humidity, and up to 3% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and some carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ), but almost no methane (CH 4 ) or hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). Many of them are completely dark, so cannot support photosynthesis. Organics can only come from the atmosphere, or from ice algae that grow on the surface in summer, which may eventually find their way into
11178-436: The caves through burial and melting. As a result, most micro-organisms there are chemolithoautotrophic i.e. microbes that get all of their energy from chemical reactions with the rocks, and that do not depend on any other lifeforms to survive. The organisms survive using CO 2 fixation and some may use CO oxidization for the metabolism. The main types of microbe found there are Chloroflexota and Acidobacteriota . In 2019,
11340-401: The coast to the west of Mount Bird include, from north to south, 77°15′S 166°25′E / 77.250°S 166.417°E / -77.250; 166.417 . A prominent steeply concial hill, 335 metres (1,099 ft) high, between McDonald Beach and the Mount Bird icecap. It is a trachyte plug, in parts containing numerous inclusions of basalt. Explored and descriptively named by
11502-437: The collision ruled out the "flying in a cloud" theory, showing perfectly clear visibility well beneath the cloud base, with landmarks visible 13 miles (21 km) to the left and 10 miles (16 km) to the right of the aircraft. The mountain directly ahead was lit by sunlight shining from directly behind the aircraft through the cloud deck above, resulting in a lack of shadows that made Mount Erebus effectively invisible against
11664-448: The country's financial situation was much worse than the previous government had admitted. The balance of payments was a serious concern. Nash decided that drastic measures would be necessary to bring the situation back under control. These measures resulted in the so-called " Black Budget ", presented by Arnold Nordmeyer the new minister of finance. The budget included significant tax increases and generated widespread public anger. This
11826-537: The crater within the floor of Main Crater, at the summit of Mount Erebus. Inner Crater contains an active anorthoclase-phonolite lava lake. The name derives from the fact that the crater is within the Main Crater of Mount Erebus. 77°31′47″S 167°08′36″E / 77.529609°S 167.14334°E / -77.529609; 167.14334 A nearly circular crater, about 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) high, situated at
11988-450: The early vote by a majority of two. The first major test of Nash's leadership came with the 1951 waterfront dispute , where major strikes were damaging the economy. Labour's position on the matter was seen as indecisive—the party was condemned by many workers for giving them insufficient support but at the same time was condemned by the business community for being "soft" on the communist-influenced unions. Infamously he said "We are not for
12150-504: The elder statesman of the house, and was frequently referred to in the press as the " grand old man " of New Zealand politics. He continued to speak frequently on foreign affairs and still travelled abroad regularly. In 1963 he went to a Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in Kuala Lumpur . In January 1964 at the age of 81 (to widespread astonishment) he travelled to Antarctica , flying to McMurdo Sound in an American research plane. It
12312-463: The election were seen as sufficient to justify Nash retaining the leadership, despite some murmurs of a surprise challenge to him by either his deputy Jerry Skinner or Nordmeyer. Nash's leadership was also bolstered by the talent and energy of new Labour MPs who joined the caucus after the election. As the National government began to grow more unpopular, Labour regained some of its earlier dynamism. In
12474-488: The election. The report was left unread and was not implemented until early 1961, when it was published by his successor as Minister of Māori affairs, Ralph Hanan . The Hunn report became the basis of National's policy, to the frustration of Nash. In the 1960 election , Labour was defeated by the National Party and Nash became leader of the Opposition once again. Nash is the only Labour leader who has served as leader of
12636-605: The end at a practical, hard-headed and courageous attitude. Nearly all New Zealanders, whatever their party, were proud to have Mr. Nash representing them overseas." Nash's main effort in foreign affairs was to revise the trade and tariff terms of the 1932 Ottawa agreement , in 1958. He was also a strong supporter of the Colombo Plan and visited many of the New Zealand-funded Colombo Plan projects in Asia and attended
12798-439: The event of a war. Several days later war was declared between Britain (and New Zealand) against Germany. The British government cabled that it wished to purchase New Zealand's entire exportable surplus of meat. The following day they likewise requested to buy New Zealand's entire exports of dairy produce. Nash took some quiet ironical satisfaction that the government that had been so hostile to his policies and negotiated so unfairly
12960-467: The extra wartime taxes. Pension payments were raised in 1941 and the government began to subsidise the prices of basic goods such as bread, sugar and coal. The family benefit was extended to second children in 1940 and to all in 1941 for all families earning less than £5 per week. From May to September 1941 Nash was acting prime minister when Fraser visited New Zealand troops in North Africa. During 1941
13122-610: The flanks of Mount Erebus continually reveals debris from the crash that is visible from the air. 77°31′43″S 167°09′35″E / 77.528689°S 167.159805°E / -77.528689; 167.159805 . The topographic feature that rises to about 3,750 metres (12,300 ft) high and forms the primary summit crater of Mount Erebus. Inner Crater, which lies within Main Crater, contains an anorthoclase-phonolite lava lake. 77°31′37″S 167°09′55″E / 77.527048°S 167.16524°E / -77.527048; 167.16524 . The topographic feature that embraces
13284-445: The following year seriously harmed his business. The family decided to leave England, settling on New Zealand as a destination. After arriving in Wellington , in May 1909 Nash became secretary to a local tailor. His wife had two more sons. Nash's religious and political beliefs also began to solidify at this point, with the strong Christian faith he received from his mother being merged with
13446-487: The formulation of Labour's economic reform policies, however he was largely responsible for putting them into effect, with other ministers relying on him for his attention to detail. Immediately following Labour's re-election at the 1938 general election New Zealand experienced an exchange crisis with its reserves of sterling funds falling. The orthodox economic response given to the government to call up overdrafts and cut spending to reduce demand and increase unemployment
13608-468: The front bench and had become the senior finance spokesman. After entering Parliament, Nash built a house in the electorate he represented. The house, a modest bungalow in St Albans Grove, was completed in 1930 and he lived in the house the rest of his life. When Labour, led by Michael Joseph Savage , won the 1935 election Nash was appointed to Cabinet as minister of finance, although he also held
13770-571: The government gave a "Christmas bonus" of £270,000 to the unemployed and needy. New Zealand's economy was in poor shape at the time of Nash's appointment as finance minister and he was very busy for the early part of his ministerial career. Nash introduced a number of substantial changes, in an attempt to improve the situation. He reintroduced a graduated land tax at high rates. The land tax (which had been rescinded in October 1931) netted an extra £8 million to fund government spending. He also supervised
13932-413: The government's internal debt rose by £11.8 million to £26 million but while Fraser was abroad he negotiated so that the British government would pay the costs of New Zealand troops serving overseas leading to New Zealand's overseas debt reducing. This compensated for the rise in internal debt. Nash was appointed minister from New Zealand in the United States as New Zealand's diplomatic representative in
14094-527: The helicopter was abandoned because of its location. 77°31′54″S 167°04′47″E / 77.531538°S 167.079644°E / -77.531538; 167.079644 Steep bluff at about 3,470 metres (11,380 ft) high on the southwest rim of the summit caldera of Mount Erebus. So named after a seismic station nearby. 77°31′58″S 167°06′46″E / 77.532647°S 167.112645°E / -77.532647; 167.112645 . A ridge at about 3,540 metres (11,610 ft) high that descends
14256-483: The highest point of Fang Ridge. Descriptively named by Frank Debenham of British Antarctic Expedition (British Antarctic Expedition), 1910-13, who made a plane table survey of the vicinity in 1912. 77°30′24″S 167°22′54″E / 77.506569°S 167.381754°E / -77.506569; 167.381754 . A peak rising to about 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on the northeast slope of Mount Erebus, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east-northeast of
14418-527: The ice at McMurdo Sound in January 1956. 77°36′49″S 166°46′02″E / 77.613497°S 166.767316°E / -77.613497; 166.767316 . A narrow broken ridge 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) south of Williams Cliff on Ross Island. The feature rises to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) high and marks a declivity along the north flank of broad Turks Head Ridge, from which ice moves to Pukaru Icefalls. Named by US-ACAN (2000) after
14580-474: The ice-covered southwest slopes of Mount Erebus, situated 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of Cape Barne . This rock cliff was mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition under Scott, 1910-13, and identified simply as "Bold Cliff on maps resulting from that expedition. It was named Williams Cliff by the US-ACAN in 1964 to commemorate Richard T. Williams, who losi: his life when his tractor broke through
14742-446: The ice-free lower west slopes of Mount Bird. Mapped and descriptively named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1958-59. 77°17′S 166°25′E / 77.283°S 166.417°E / -77.283; 166.417 . A hill, 220 metres (720 ft) high, with a prominent seaward cliff face, lying south of Harrison Stream and Cinder Hill on the lower ice-free west slopes of Mount Bird. Mapped by
14904-413: The knowledge that the party leadership would soon be his and that the caucus had already approved of his succession, however Nash strongly denied the suggestion. Skinner was replaced by Fred Hackett , but Hackett also died before Nash's retirement. By June 1962 Nash told the caucus that he would resign at the end of the year unless caucus requested otherwise. At the beginning of the final caucus meeting of
15066-532: The leadership election to before the imminent by-election for Fraser's seat of Brooklyn . The Brooklyn by-election was to be contested by former cabinet minister and party president Arnold Nordmeyer (who had lost his seat in the 1949 election) and thus Nordmeyer was unable to contest the leadership, as only elected members of the caucus were eligible to stand. Nash's decision on the leadership election date caused an argument in caucus, being seen by some as self-motivated, although eventually MPs voted to proceed with
15228-399: The left wing of the party for failing to support the strikers during the 1951 Waterfront Dispute , and for not taking stronger action over the controversial exclusion of Māori players from the 1960 rugby tour of South Africa . In the 1957 election , the Labour Party won a narrow victory and Nash became prime minister. The Second Labour Government's " Black Budget " of 1958, in response to
15390-611: The low broad platform shield of Erebus. Slightly younger basanite and phonotephrite lavas crop out on Fang Ridge – an eroded remnant of an early Erebus volcano – and at other isolated locations on the flanks of Erebus. Erebus is the world's only presently erupting phonolite volcano. Lava flows of more viscous phonotephrite and trachyte erupted after the basanite. The upper slopes of Mount Erebus are dominated by steeply dipping (about 30°) tephritic phonolite lava flows with large-scale flow levees. A conspicuous break in slope around 3,200 m ASL calls attention to
15552-445: The lower northeast slope of Mount Erebus. On November 28, 1979, an Air New Zealand McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft on a scenic flight from Auckland crashed near this peak claiming the lives of 237 passengers from eight countries and a crew of 20. In 1987, a stainless steel memorial cross was erected west of the peak. Te Puna Roimata Peak (meaning spring of tears) was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) in 2000. Features of
15714-572: The main reason this decision had been delayed was to not frighten voters too soon ahead of the election with radical economic repositioning. Prime Minister Savage informed the public that exchange controls were introduced to 'insulate' the country from unfair overseas competition and to encourage industrial development locally. Nash's proposals to control primary produce marketing and restrict imports were strongly criticised abroad. They conflicted with agreements at 1932's British Empire Economic Conference and were labelled as 'economic totalitarianism' by
15876-517: The mountain to the sea. 77°16′S 166°21′E / 77.267°S 166.350°E / -77.267; 166.350 . A stream between Fitzgerald Hill and Inclusion Hill on the lower ice-free west slopes of Mount Bird, flowing to McMurdo Sound across McDonald Beach. Explored by the NZGSAE, 1958-59, and named by the NZ-APC for E.B. Fitzgerald, deputy leader of the expedition. 77°16′S 166°25′E / 77.267°S 166.417°E / -77.267; 166.417 . A western lobe of
16038-741: The names of expedition ships grouped on this island, named after HMNZS Endeavour, tanker/supply ship which for at least 10 seasons, 1962-63 to 1971-72, transported bulk petroleum products and cargo to Scott Base and McMurdo Station on Ross Island. Download coordinates as: Inland features around the north of Mount Bird include: 77°12′54″S 166°48′12″E / 77.21506°S 166.803196°E / -77.21506; 166.803196 . The northern of two similar nunataks that lie 0.3 nautical miles (0.56 km; 0.35 mi) apart and 3.3 nautical miles (6.1 km; 3.8 mi) north-northeast of Mount Bird in northwest Ross Island. It rises to about 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) high and, like Kakapo Nunatak
16200-466: The native name of a New Zealand mountain bird. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB), 2000. 77°17′11″S 166°50′20″E / 77.286419°S 166.838939°E / -77.286419; 166.838939 . The most prominent of the Kea Nunataks, rising to about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high near the center of the group. It stands 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southeast of
16362-558: The north end of Romanes Beach. Mapped by the NZGSAE, 1958-59. Named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) for J. Harrison, mountaineer-assistant with the expedition. 77°17′S 166°26′E / 77.283°S 166.433°E / -77.283; 166.433 . A meltwater stream which flows from the ice-free lower west slopes of Mount Bird, to the south of Alexander Hill, and over steep sea cliffs into Wohlschlag Bay . Mapped by
16524-462: The north of this saddle. Coastal features around Mount Bird include Romanes Beach, McDonald Beach, Caughley Beach, Cape Bird Hut and Cape Bird. 77°17′S 166°22′E / 77.283°S 166.367°E / -77.283; 166.367 . Beach on the north shore of Wohlschlag Bay just south of Harrison Bluff. Mapped by a party of the NZGSAE, 1958-59, landed there by the USS Arneb. Named by
16686-475: The northeast slope of Mount Erebus. It is a much denuded portion of the original caldera rim left by a catastrophic eruption. So named, probably for its curved shape, by Frank Debenham of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, who made a plane table survey in 1912. 77°29′09″S 167°12′13″E / 77.485943°S 167.203614°E / -77.485943; 167.203614 . A distinctive toothlike peak, 3,159 metres (10,364 ft) high, which forms
16848-574: The northwest slope of Mount Erebus. The feature is 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) south-southwest of Abbott Peak. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Sergeant L.W. (Wally) Tarr, Royal New Zealand Air Force, aircraft mechanic with the New Zealand contingent of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (CTAE), 1956-58. 77°29′S 167°12′E / 77.483°S 167.200°E / -77.483; 167.200 . A conspicuous ridge on
17010-404: The overcast sky beyond in a classic whiteout (more accurately, "flat-light") phenomenon. Further investigation of the crash showed a navigational error in flight documentation by Air New Zealand and a cover-up that resulted in about $ 100 million in lawsuits. Air New Zealand discontinued its flyovers of Antarctica. Its final flight was on February 17, 1980. During the Antarctic summer, snow melt on
17172-435: The party that visited Cape Bird. 77°10′S 166°41′E / 77.167°S 166.683°E / -77.167; 166.683 . Cape which marks the north extremity of Ross Island. Discovered in 1841 by a British expedition under Ross, and named by him for Lieutenant Edward J. Bird of the ship Erebus. 76°56′S 166°56′E / 76.933°S 166.933°E / -76.933; 166.933 . An island in
17334-471: The party's debts. Following his announcement of " fifty thousand shillings and fifty thousand members in three months " in the Maoriland Worker he worked hard to increase the party's membership which grew from 21,000 in 1919 to 45,000 in 1925. The delegates at Labour's 1922 annual conference voted to establish a permanent national office which Nash was given the responsibility of doing. Having now set up
17496-765: The principles of the Labour Party. After discussing it first with Nordmeyer and then the party executive he accepted, though he twice declined a life peerage and seat in the House of Lords . In 1957 he also received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan , the Golden Pheasant Award . In 1963 he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by Victoria University of Wellington . A number of streets and public facilities have been named in honour of Nash, in various towns in New Zealand as well as his birthplace of Kidderminster in England. These include: Nash
17658-463: The problem. The situation was exacerbated by Nash's frequent absences from the country, leaving Nordmeyer and other Labour ministers to defend the government's policies by themselves. Nash's habit for accumulating paperwork had not abated and the tables in his office were said to "groan" under the weight of files that had been left awaiting a decision to be made. During his overseas trips, public servants would eagerly go through his office and dig through
17820-452: The protest movement against the Vietnam War , and denounced the bombing of North Vietnam by the United States. He spoke at many teach-ins on the subject around New Zealand's university campuses where he was well received. An old colleague, Ormond Wilson , said that he "had never heard Walter so clear about an issue". Nash had become unpopular with the left wing because of his responses to
17982-417: The refracted and scattered seismic waves, the scientists produced an image of the uppermost (top few km) of the volcano to understand the geometry of its "plumbing" and how the magma rises to the lava lake. These results demonstrated a complex upper-volcano conduit system with appreciable upper-volcano magma storage to the northwest of the lava lake at depths hundreds of meters below the surface. Mount Erebus
18144-694: The rock type composing the hill. 77°17′05″S 166°35′24″E / 77.284701°S 166.589986°E / -77.284701; 166.589986 . A hill, 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) high, located at the head of Shearwater Glacier , 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) west-southwest of the summit of Mount Bird in northwest Ross Island. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Gordon Keys, leader of long term NZAP atmospheric research, 1985-95. 77°18′41″S 166°32′37″E / 77.311348°S 166.543478°E / -77.311348; 166.543478 . An ice-free coastal bluff rising to over 400 metres (1,300 ft) high between
18306-483: The same island around 35 km away. Mount Erebus is classified as a polygenetic stratovolcano . The bottom half of the volcano is a shield and the top half is a stratocone. The composition of the current eruptive products of Erebus are anorthoclase - porphyritic tephritic phonolite and phonolite , which are the bulk of exposed lava flow on the volcano. The oldest eruptive products consist of relatively undifferentiated and nonviscous basanite lavas that form
18468-696: The seaward termination of Trachyte Hill and marking the southern end of McDonald Beach on the western side of Mount Bird. Many skuas nest on the bluff. A survey station marked by a rock cairn was placed on the top of the northwest corner of the bluff by E.B. Fitzgerald of the Cape Bird Party of the NZGSAE, 1958-59. Named by the NZ-APC for J. Harrison, mountaineer-assistant with the expedition. 77°14′S 166°24′E / 77.233°S 166.400°E / -77.233; 166.400 . Beach between McDonald and Caughley Beaches, lying 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) southwest of Cape Bird. So named by
18630-693: The south part of Turks Head Ridge. The bluff is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) north-northeast of Turks Head. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by US-ACAN (2000) after Grazyna Zreda-Gostynska, who worked on Mount Erebus in 1989-90 as a member of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology team. A Ph.D. student at NMIMT, she completed her doctoral dissertation on the gas emissions from Mount Erebus. 77°35′38″S 167°16′35″E / 77.593989°S 167.276256°E / -77.593989; 167.276256 . A broad north–south ridge, 4.5 nautical miles (8.3 km; 5.2 mi) long and 0.8 nautical miles (1.5 km; 0.92 mi) wide, on
18792-564: The south slopes of Mount Erebus. Completely ice covered, the ridge descends from about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) high to 600 metres (2,000 ft) high, terminating 2.1 nautical miles (3.9 km; 2.4 mi) northwest of Tyree Head . In association with the names of expedition ships grouped on this island, named after United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Glacier , an icebreaker which for three decades, 1955-56 to 1986-87, supported scientific activity in Antarctica and Ross Sea on virtually an annual basis. From 1955-56, Glacier operated as
18954-679: The southeast margin of Turks Head Ridge. The bluff is 1.1 nautical miles (2.0 km; 1.3 mi) east-northeast of Grazyna Bluff. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by US-ACAN (2000) after Richard Esser, a member of New Mexico Tech field parties on Mount Erebus in the 1993-94 and 1994-95 seasons; later a technician in the New Mexico Geochronology Lab at NM Tech, where he has dated many rocks from Antarctica. 77°38′34″S 166°49′24″E / 77.642825°S 166.823222°E / -77.642825; 166.823222 . A rock bluff rising to about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high in
19116-406: The southern slopes of the mountain include: 77°32′S 166°53′E / 77.533°S 166.883°E / -77.533; 166.883 . An independent cone at an elevation of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high on the west slopes of Mount Erebus. From McMurdo Sound it appears as a perfect pyramid of black rock, standing out as a splendid mark against the background of the ice and almost on
19278-410: The southwest slope of the summit crater of Mount Erebus. So named because the ridge is defined by a series of fumarolic ice towers. 77°31′42″S 167°08′47″E / 77.528236°S 167.146427°E / -77.528236; 167.146427 . A concave slope, about 3,650 metres (11,980 ft) high, just south of Crystal Slope on the west side of the summit cone of Mount Erebus. The feature
19440-634: The southwest slopes of Mount Erebu. Named by members of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, under Scott. 77°38′S 166°49′E / 77.633°S 166.817°E / -77.633; 166.817 . A mostly ice-covered ridge extending from Turks Head for a few miles up the slopes of Mount Erebus. Mapped by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13, under Scott and so named because of its association with Turks Head. 77°38′20″S 166°54′28″E / 77.638772°S 166.90775°E / -77.638772; 166.90775 . A rock bluff rising to about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high on
19602-569: The summit of Mount Bird in northwest Ross Island. The feature rises to over 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Frank Wong. 77°15′26″S 166°54′29″E / 77.257089°S 166.907954°E / -77.257089; 166.907954 . A peak 2.4 nautical miles (4.4 km; 2.8 mi) east-northeast of the summit of Mount Bird in northwest Ross Island. The feature rises to about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft). Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Chris Beeby. Features near
19764-582: The summit of Mount Bird in northwest Ross Island. Kaka Nunatak is one of several features near Mount Bird assigned the native name of a New Zealand mountain bird. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB), 2000. 77°22′41″S 166°53′39″E / 77.378174°S 166.89418°E / -77.378174; 166.89418 . The feature is one of three prominent snow saddles on Ross Island, this one at about 800 metres (2,600 ft) high between Mount Bird and Mount Erebus. Named in association with Mount Bird, which rises to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) high to
19926-434: The summit of Mount Bird. The feature rises to about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft). It is one of several landmarks near Mount Bird assigned the native name of a New Zealand mountain bird. Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB), 2000. 77°15′08″S 166°44′21″E / 77.252198°S 166.739187°E / -77.252198; 166.739187 . A prominent peak 1.4 nautical miles (2.6 km; 1.6 mi) north of
20088-496: The summit of Mount Erebus on the southwest crater rim. Named for its location on the side of the main summit cone of Mount Erebus. 77°31′56″S 167°07′09″E / 77.532253°S 167.119251°E / -77.532253; 167.119251 A small circular crater at 3,561 metres (11,683 ft) high on the western slope of the summit of Mount Erebus. So named for its location. Download coordinates as: Mount Erebus has several named features on its slopes, including
20250-483: The summit of the volcano. So named because many working at the camp suffered from nausea due to high elevation mountain sickness. Features on the northern slopes include: 77°26′S 167°00′E / 77.433°S 167.000°E / -77.433; 167.000 . Pyramidal peak on the north side of Mount Erebus, between it and Mount Bird. Charted by the British Antarctic Expedition under Scott, 1910-13, and named for Petty Officer George P. Abbott, Royal Navy,
20412-494: The summit), on March 10, 1908. The ascent was documented in the first chapter of Aurora Australis , the first book to be written and published in Antarctica. Its first known solo ascent and the first winter ascent was accomplished by British mountaineer Roger Mear on 7 June 1985, a member of the "In the Footsteps of Scott" expedition. On 19–20 January 1991, Charles J. Blackmer, an iron-worker for many years at McMurdo Station and
20574-546: The surface brought in by animals (e.g. bats and birds) or ground water. The caves at Erebus are at high altitude, yet accessible for study. Some of the caves can reach temperatures of 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit), and with light near the cave mouths, in some caves covered by thin overlying ice the light reach even deeper, is sufficient to sustain an ecosystem of flora and fauna consisting of moss, algae, arthropods and nematodes. They are dynamic systems that collapse and rebuild, but persist over decades. The air inside
20736-528: The tailor's firm that he worked for (and was a shareholder of) declined. Nash and his family moved to Palmerston North where he became a salesman for a wool and cloth merchant. Later he established a tailoring company in New Plymouth along with Bill Besley, a tailor from Stratford , although the business performed poorly. Nash had briefly been involved with the first Labour Party , established in 1910, but this association had been interrupted by his financial difficulties. In 1918 however, he helped to establish
20898-486: The team to tour South Africa was widely reported and condemned in other countries, having an adverse effect on New Zealand's international standing. The domestic political effect was more benign because the opposition National Party was also reluctant to see government interference in the tour. After the tour had ended Nash told the Rugby Union that in future tours it would be desirable for South Africa to accept Māori to avoid
21060-489: The temperature inside the volcano and the radioactivity of the materials present in such volcanoes. Dante successfully scaled a significant portion of the crater before technical difficulties emerged with the fibre-optic cable used for communications between the walker and base station. Since Dante had not yet reached the bottom of the crater, no data of volcanic significance was recorded. The expedition proved to be highly successful in terms of robotic and computer science, and
21222-412: The terminus of Shearwater Glacier and Quaternary Icefall in northwest Ross Island. The bluff overlooks Wohlschlag Bay. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Julie Palais, Program Manager for Glaciology, Office of Polar Programs, NSF. As a Ph.D. student at Ohio State University, collected snow samples and short ice core on Ross Island to examine
21384-558: The time of the 1949 election , the Labour government had become increasingly unpopular, partly as a result of industrial strife and inflation. The election was won by the National Party , led by Sidney Holland . Fraser died shortly after the 1949 election and Nash was elected leader of the Labour Party unopposed. Nash was seen as the likely replacement for Fraser, but his succession was not assured. As acting leader he deliberately brought
21546-472: The upcoming 1922 election . When he took up the national secretary role he found the party had a total debt of £220. The debt was settled when together with Nash's own loan, John Glover (manager of the Maoriland Worker ) lent some £100 interest free. Nash is often credited with turning the Labour Party into a fully functioning entity by establishing an efficient organisational structure and paying off
21708-445: The volcanic record. She has made many trips to Antarctica. 77°17′23″S 166°51′30″E / 77.289588°S 166.858327°E / -77.289588; 166.858327 . A line of several nunataks 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) southeast of the summit of Mount Bird. The feature trends NW-SE and is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) long. Kea Nunataks is one of several features near Mount Bird assigned
21870-596: The volcano's emissions that include 80 grams of gold vapor daily. This amount of gold vapor is low compared to other volcanoes, but the condensation from vapor into gold particles is the first ever documented. Researchers spent more than three months during the 2007–08 field season installing an atypically dense array of seismometers around Mount Erebus to listen to waves of energy generated by small, controlled blasts from explosives they buried along its flanks and perimeter, and to record scattered seismic signals generated by lava lake eruptions and local ice quakes. By studying
22032-512: The waitress "Oh no, Mr Muldoon, that's for Mr Nash. That's the one with gin in it." Keith Sinclair comments that while minister in Washington for 14 months: [Nash] purchased an excellent cellar from a wealthy man. His cook, Margaret Moore, introduced him to ' old fashioneds ' which, so he pretended, consisted of fruit juice. His taste for good food and drink expanded with opportunity – not that this had been lacking, for instance on his missions in
22194-515: The waterside workers, and we are not against them" when addressing a large rally in Auckland on 13 May 1951. He was ridiculed for this stance for many years from National, unions and media. Labour suffered badly in the snap election that Holland called in 1951 to reaffirm his mandate. The scale of Labour's election loss soon put Nash's leadership under pressure. As Leader of the Opposition Nash
22356-662: The west slope of Mount Erebus. The feature is 0.6 nautical miles (1.1 km; 0.69 mi) southwest of Hoopers Shoulder. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Katherine V. Cashman, United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) team member on Mount Erebus in 1978-79 while a Fulbright scholar at Victoria University of Wellington; worked again on Mount Erebus, 1988-89; later Professor of Geology, University of Oregon. 77°35′S 166°47′E / 77.583°S 166.783°E / -77.583; 166.783 . A prominent rock cliff that stands out from
22518-484: The world to wiser and more moral courses." He was also well regarded by his peers for his knowledge on geopolitical matters. Australian foreign minister Richard Casey acknowledged Nash as one of the few world leaders who had any broad and balanced grasp of world affairs: "Mr. Nash spoke with authority and other world statesmen were ready to listen; his views were well informed and liberal and, although occasionally he seemed to be lost in visionary speculations, he arrived in
22680-525: The year Nash told caucus that he would resign at a caucus meeting in February and he would not be a candidate for re-election. In February 1963 Nash finally retired as leader of the Labour Party and Nordmeyer was chosen to replace him. Nash was the first Labour leader who did not die in office. Nash was one of the few New Zealand prime ministers who remained in Parliament a long time after losing power. He became
22842-561: Was a cricket enthusiast and played village cricket for the Selly Oak Cricket Club, Birmingham . His interest extended to statistics and he could recite the average scores of many famous cricketers of the day by memory. In his youth Nash was interested in Christian theology . He was an assiduous Anglican church service attendee all his life, but overall held very basic views of Christianity. Likewise he did not believe that Christianity
23004-552: Was born in the West Midlands , England, and is the most recent New Zealand prime minister to be born outside the country . He arrived in New Zealand in 1909, soon joined the original Labour Party , and became a member of the party's executive in 1919. Guided to politics by his beliefs in Anglicanism , Christian socialism and pacifism, he gained a reputation for brilliant ability as an organiser and administrator which compensated for
23166-529: Was concerned at the fragmentation of Māori land interests and appointed a Public Service Commissioner, Jack Hunn , to act as Secretary for Māori Affairs and "get an accounting of Maori assets and see what we can do with them". This resulted in the famous and contentious 'Hunn report' on the problems and future of Māori which was completed in August 1960. Nash was preoccupied with winning the coming election, and told Hunn that he would not have time to study it until after
23328-425: Was cook and camp manager at the lower Erebus Hut during the 1992-93 NSF-NASA Dante robot experiment on Mount Erebus. She also managed the food room at McMurdo Station, was the hovercraft pilot, and has also been a helicopter technician. 77°28′41″S 166°53′17″E / 77.478006°S 166.888183°E / -77.478006; 166.888183 A nunatak rising to about 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) high on
23490-411: Was fined for importing " seditious literature". Despite the reputation that this fine gave him among his fellow socialists, Nash was one of the more moderate members of the Labour Party. In 1922, a year after he had returned to Wellington, Nash was elected national secretary of the Labour Party. After winning the national secretary position he withdrew as Labour's candidate for the New Plymouth seat at
23652-418: Was fuelled by the National Party claiming that Nash and Nordmeyer were exaggerating the extent of the problem. The fact that the extra taxes were largely on petrol, cigarettes and beer contributed to the image of Nash's government as miserly. While the public and the opposition were scolding of the budget decisions, it was praised by economists for financial discipline and its effectiveness in directly addressing
23814-567: Was inconsiderate of staff. At the end of the war Nash attended the conferences to create the United Nations and also recommended that New Zealand join the International Monetary Fund . He also travelled as New Zealand's representative to several major post-war international conferences concerned with reconstruction, (such as the Bretton Woods Conference and the initial 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ). By
23976-487: Was nervous that a Māori appointed as minister of Māori affairs might favour his own iwi . A previous minister Āpirana Ngata had been accused of this, in a well-remembered scandal. In any case, following Fraser's example, Nash believed that the best way to show government commitment to Māori was to lend the mana of the office of prime minister to the portfolio. Nash often spoke on marae , frequently repeating his belief that "there were no inferior or superior races". Nash
24138-465: Was now so desperate for the bulk sales it had earlier denied. Over the next few months, New Zealand's sterling reserves built up quickly and economic stability was restored. The country was then able to repay the loan from Britain. The first years of World War II were difficult for the Labour Party, because Savage was seriously ill. Further problems were caused by John A. Lee , a Labour Party member who launched strong attacks on its economic policy. Lee
24300-414: Was particularly vicious towards Savage and Nash. Peter Fraser became prime minister after Savage's death and Lee was expelled. Nash reluctantly set aside his earlier pacifist beliefs during World War II. Unlike World War I, he deemed this war necessary and inevitable in any case because of the overtly aggressive actions by Germany. Other pacifists were critical of Nash for his change in stance labelling him
24462-595: Was possibly the first expedition by a robotic platform to Antarctica. Air New Zealand Flight 901 was a scheduled sightseeing service from Auckland Airport in New Zealand to Antarctica and return with a scheduled stop at Christchurch Airport to refuel before returning to Auckland. The Air New Zealand flyover service, for the purposes of Antarctic sightseeing, was operated with McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 aircraft and began in February 1977. The flight crashed into Mount Erebus on November 28, 1979, killing all 257 people on board. Passenger photographs taken seconds before
24624-625: Was rejected by the government. Nash instead stated the government would react by introducing exchange controls and import selection which he said in January 1939 would allow the country to maintain its living standards while ensuring the country could live within its income. He was already well familiar with exchange controls systems, having studied the Danish system while in Europe in 1937 and had wished to implement them in New Zealand earlier. Other colleagues (such as John A. Lee and Mark Woolf Silverstone ) felt
24786-562: Was rejected. It was a method by which Nash thought New Zealand could industrialise with minimal need for borrowing. Nash eventually secured a loan of £16 million, but it was subject to very harsh terms, requiring repayment in five annual instalments. Many British newspapers wrote that the terms were "impossibly onerous; indeed blackmailing." With loans secured Nash sailed home, stopping in Washington, D.C. , en route and met with President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss defence arrangements in
24948-424: Was scope for trade agreements there. He reached a bilateral trade deal with Germany to export butter there. He also went to Copenhagen to study the Danish system of exchange controls, and had further fruitless trade talks in both Paris and Amsterdam . After returning to New Zealand he became involved in disputes within the Labour Party about economic policy. In particular he was heavily criticised by supporters of
25110-425: Was swimming. Nash did not smoke and consumed alcohol in moderation. There are several anecdotes about Nash getting orange juice laced with gin at receptions. When Nordmeyer and Nash were given glasses of orange juice, the teetotal Nordmeyer sipped his and said quietly "I seem to have Mr Nash's". On another social occasion future Prime Minister Robert Muldoon went to take a glass of orange juice, only to be told by
25272-490: Was the head assistant. Lotty was less serious-minded than her husband, and had a natural exuberance which made her good company and an entertaining hostess. Their first child was a son, followed by a daughter who died shortly after birth. After moving to New Zealand two more sons were born. Nash was also a voracious reader and was rarely seen during his leisure time without a book in hand. He disliked swimming, unlike his wife, and he would read whenever he accompanied her while she
25434-537: Was the only true religion or path and believed in religious tolerance. From the 1930s he was a patron and/or president of sixty-six clubs and societies. They included tennis, boating, cricket, cycling, boxing and basketball clubs as well as amateur actors, Boy Scouts, Red Cross and the Anglican Boys' Home Society. He met his wife, Lotty May Eaton, through a mutual friend in the Selly Oak Post Office where she
25596-674: Was the young Joseph Hooker , future president of the Royal Society and close friend of Charles Darwin . Erebus is a dark region in Hades in Greek mythology , personified as the Ancient Greek primordial deity of darkness, the son of Chaos . The mountain was surveyed in December 1912 by a science party from Robert Falcon Scott 's Terra Nova expedition , who also collected geological samples. Two of
25758-462: Was to establish a municipal milk supply. Twenty-six thousand leaflets were printed and distributed by the branch. Nash was a candidate for the borough council himself, but was unsuccessful though did poll the highest of the Labour candidates. The following year Nash was elected to the party's national executive. In 1920 Nash and his wife travelled to Europe, attending various socialist conferences. When they returned to New Zealand in January 1921, Nash
25920-464: Was told by Mason that a number of members had complained about the leadership of the party to him and that Mason thought that the majority wanted a new leader. In 1954 a majority of the caucus was in favour of a new leader but pressure from the unions and continued support from Party branches allowed Nash to survive the subsequent vote. The negative press from the leadership challenge was unhelpful to Labour's position, but Nash rebounded well heading into
26082-415: Was used as the access route from a NASA robot called Dante that was carried to the crater rim, Jan. 1, 1993. 77°31′32″S 167°09′01″E / 77.52563°S 167.150153°E / -77.52563; 167.150153 . A western slope, 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) high, between Camp Slope and Robot Gully, leading down from the summit crater rim of Mount Erebus. So named because the slope includes
26244-518: Was widely reported in newspapers, claiming that he was the oldest man to have reached the South Pole. In 1966 he sailed to England for a three-month holiday with his sister Emily, his first non-parliamentary visit since 1909. Despite supporting the government decision in 1963 to send a small non-combatant advisory force to South Vietnam , Nash opposed any military involvement in Vietnam. He became active in
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