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52-610: William Temple may refer to: Sir William Temple (logician) (1555–1627), English Ramist logician and Provost of Trinity College, Dublin Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet (1628–1699), English diplomat, politician and essayist, employer of Jonathan Swift William Johnson Temple (1739–1796), English cleric and essayist, a correspondent of James Boswell William Temple (politician) (1814–1863), American merchant and Governor of Delaware William Temple (VC) (1833–1919), Irish recipient of

104-434: A close ally of Ramus, had indeed published a work in 1548 derived from Cicero 's description of Academic scepticism , the school of Arcesilaus and Carneades . In 1561 he faced significant enmity following his adoption of Protestantism . He had to flee from Paris; and, though he found asylum in the palace of Fontainebleau , his house was pillaged and his library burned in his absence. He resumed his chair after this for

156-401: A considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering as many as 2,000. Pierre Galland  [ fr ] , another professor there, published Contra novam academiam Petri Rami oratio (1551), and called him a "parricide" for his attitude to Aristotle. The more serious charge was that he was a nouveau academicien , in other words a sceptic . Audomarus Talaeus (Omer Talon c.1510–1581),

208-399: A dedication to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales , A Logicall Analysis of Twentye Select Psalmes performed by W. Temple . He is the person named Temple for whom Bacon vainly endeavoured, through Thomas Murray of the privy chamber, to procure the honour of knighthood in 1607–1608. On 14 November 1609, Temple was made Provost of Trinity College Dublin . Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury ,

260-463: A desperate man who is not a thinker but merely an erudite pedagogue". On the other hand, his work had an immediate impact on the issue of disciplinary boundaries, educators largely having accepted his arguments by the end of the 17th century. The logic of Ramus enjoyed a great celebrity for a time, and there existed a school of Ramists boasting numerous adherents in France , Germany , Switzerland , and

312-417: A more wide ranging (and in many respects, Aristotelian) understanding of the rhetorical arts as encompassing "a [broad] range of ordinary language practices." Rhetoric, traditionally, had had five parts, of which inventio (invention) was the first. Ramus insisted on rhetoric to be studied alongside dialectic through two main manuals: invention and judgement under the dialectic manual, and style and delivery in

364-467: A publication now in the public domain :  Lee, Sidney (1898). " Temple, William (1555-1627) ". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 56. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 40–42. Petrus Ramus He was born at the village of Cuts , Picardy ; his father was a farmer. He gained admission at age twelve (thus about 1527) to the Collège de Navarre , working as

416-604: A pupil, Anthony Wotton , in his Runne from Rome (1624), "he always laboured to fit his pupils for the true use of that art rather than for vain and idle speculations." He accepted with enthusiasm the logical methods and views of Petrus Ramus and became the most active champion of the Ramists in England. William Temple's first sight of Ireland came as he landed at Howth , north of Dublin , in April 1599 to take up his position as secretary to

468-480: A servant. A reaction against scholasticism was in full tide, at a transitional time for Aristotelianism . On the occasion of receiving his M.A. degree in 1536, Ramus allegedly took as his thesis Quaecumque ab Aristotele dicta essent, commentitia esse ( Everything that Aristotle has said is false ), which Walter J. Ong paraphrases as follows: All the things that Aristotle has said are inconsistent because they are poorly systematized and can be called to mind only by

520-487: A speaker may take, and of repetition. Delivery covers the use of voice and gestures. His rhetorical leaning is seen in the definition of logic as the ars disserendi ; he maintains that the rules of logic may be better learned from observation of the way in which Cicero persuaded his hearers than from a study of Aristotle's works on logic (the Organon ). Logic falls, according to Ramus, into two parts: invention (treating of

572-606: A time, but he was summoned on 30 June 1568 before the King's Attorney General to be heard with Simon Baudichon and other professors: the position of affairs was again so threatening that he found it advisable to ask permission to travel. He spent around two years in Germany and Switzerland. The La Rochelle Confession of Faith earned his disapproval, in 1571, rupturing his relationship with Theodore Beza and leading Ramus to write angrily to Heinrich Bullinger . Returning to France, he fell

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624-413: A university chair. The views of Ramus on mathematics implied a limitation to the practical: he considered Euclid 's theory on irrational numbers to be useless. The emphasis on technological applications and engineering mathematics was coupled to an appeal to nationalism (France was well behind Italy, and needed to catch up with Germany). The teachings of Ramus had a broadly based reception well into

676-516: A victim in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572). Hiding for a while in a bookshop off the Rue St Jacques , he returned to his lodgings, on 26 August, the third day of the violence. There he was stabbed while at prayer. Suspicions against Charpentier have been voiced ever since. His death was compared by one of his first biographers, his friend and colleague Nicolas de Nancel  [ fr ] , to

728-556: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages William Temple (logician) Sir William Temple (9 June 1555 – 15 January 1627) was an English Ramist logician who served as the 4th Provost of Trinity College Dublin from 1609 to 1627. He also served as a member of the Irish House of Commons representing the Dublin University constituency from 1613 to 1627. William Temple

780-527: Is preserved in the public record office at Dublin. He possessed much land in Ireland. His wife Martha, daughter of Robert Harrison, of a Derbyshire family, was sole executrix. By her, Temple left two sons, Sir John Temple , afterward Master of the Rolls in Ireland , and Thomas; and three daughters, Catharine, Mary, and Martha. The second son, Thomas, a Fellow of Trinity College Dublin, became rector of Old Ross , in

832-516: Is the earliest work on the subject in the French language . In the Dialecticae partitiones Ramus recommends the use of summaries, headings, citations and examples. Ong calls Ramus's use of outlines, "a reorganization of the whole of knowledge and indeed of the whole human lifeworld." After studying Ramus's work, Ong concluded that the results of his "methodizing" of the arts "are the amateurish works of

884-464: The Netherlands . It cannot be said, however, that Ramus's innovations mark any epoch in the history of logic, and there is little ground for his claim to supersede Aristotle by an independent system of logic. The distinction between natural and artificial logic, i.e., between the implicit logic of daily speech and the same logic made explicit in a system, passed over into the logical handbooks. He amends

936-569: The diocese of Ferns , on 6 March 1626 – 1627. He subsequently achieved a reputation as a Puritan preacher in London, where he exercised his ministry at Battersea from 1641 onwards. He preached before the Long Parliament , and was a member of the Westminster Assembly . His Statutes at Trinity College, Dublin survived well into the 19th century, but he failed in his primary role of advancing

988-412: The syllogism . He admits only the first three figures, as in the original Aristotelian scheme, and in his later works he also attacks the validity of the third figure, following in this the precedent of Laurentius Valla . Ramus also set the modern fashion of deducing the figures from the position of the middle term in the premises, instead of basing them, as Aristotle does, upon the different relation of

1040-658: The Chancellor of the university - despite his own rather low opinion of Temple - was induced to assent to the nomination at the request of James Ussher , Archbishop of Armagh . Temple was appointed a master in chancery at Dublin on 31 January 1609–10, and he was returned to the Irish House of Commons as member for Dublin University in April 1613. He represented that constituency until his death. Temple proved himself an efficient administrator of both college and university, attempting to bring them into conformity at all points with

1092-558: The Sixth's grand plan to eliminate Catholicism and replace it with Protestantism in a complete religious and cultural transformation of Irish society. On a personal level, his family dynasty flourished after his demise, particularly with the arrival of Cromwell's Puritan Age. His descendants include First Lords of the Admiralty , Secretaries of State, Keepers of the Privy Seal, First Lords of

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1144-515: The Treasury, and prime minister Lord Palmerston , whose name came from the family estate that is now a Dublin village. His son and grandson both lived from time to time in their city townhouse that is now part of The Temple Bar . The family continued to pay Dublin Corporation an annual ground rent of £40 for this property for almost 200 years. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

1196-735: The Victoria Cross William Chase Temple (1862–1917), American coal and lumber baron, owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates William Temple (bishop) (1881–1944), Archbishop of York and Archbishop of Canterbury William Horace Temple (1899–1988), Canadian temperance crusader, businessman, CCF member of the Ontario Legislature, 1948–1951 William F. Temple (1914–1989), British science fiction writer Bill Temple (footballer) , (1914–2006), English footballer [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

1248-556: The college aim of a Protestant seminary. He refused to encourage the Irish language within Trinity and regarded the destruction of the Irish language and culture as a necessary prerequisite to defeating the native Irish way of life. This in effect meant that Trinity's newly educated Protestant clergy were ill-equipped and unwilling to minister in Gaelic Ireland which made a mockery of King James

1300-548: The controversy attracted notice abroad, and this volume was reissued at Frankfort in 1584. Meanwhile, in 1582, Temple had concentrated his efforts on Piscator's writings, and he published in 1582 a second letter to Piscator with the latter's full reply. In 1581, Temple had supplicated for incorporation as M.A. at Oxford, and soon afterward he left Cambridge to take up the office of master of the Lincoln grammar school . In 1584, he published an annotated edition of Ramus's Dialectics . It

1352-487: The death of Ramus, included biographies, and were by disciples of sorts: Freigius (1574 or 1575), Banosius (1576), Nancelius  [ fr ] (1599), of whom only Nancelius was closely acquainted with the man. Followers of Ramus in different fields included Johannes Althusius , Caspar Olevianus , John Milton , Johannes Piscator , Rudolph Snellius and Hieronymus Treutler. He published fifty works in his lifetime and nine appeared after his death. Ong undertook

1404-452: The decree against him being canceled by Henry II , who came to the throne in 1547, through the influence of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine . He obtained a position at the Collège de Navarre. In 1551 Henry II appointed him a regius professor at the Collège de France , but at his request he was given the unique and at the time controversial title of Professor of Philosophy and eloquence . For

1456-512: The educational system in vogue at the University of Cambridge . Many of his innovations became features of the academic organisation of Dublin. By careful manipulation of the revenues of the college, he increased the number of fellows from four to sixteen, and the number of scholars from twenty-eight to seventy. The fellows he was the first to divide into two classes, making seven of them senior fellows, and nine of them junior. The general government of

1508-422: The institution he entrusted to the senior fellows. He instituted many other administrative offices, to each of which he allotted definite functions, and his scheme of college offices remained unchanged for many years. He drew up new statutes for both the college and the university, and endeavoured to obtain from King James I a new charter, extending the privileges which Queen Elizabeth I had granted in 1595. He

1560-500: The middle to the major term and minor term . As James Jasinski explains, "the range of rhetoric began to be narrowed during the 16th century, thanks in part to the works of Peter Ramus." In using the word "narrowed," Jasinski is referring to Ramus's argument for divorcing rhetoric from dialectic (logic), a move that had far reaching implications for rhetorical studies and for popular conceptions of public persuasion. Contemporary rhetoricians have tended to reject Ramus's view in favor of

1612-430: The murder of Cicero. A central issue is that Ramus's anti-Aristotelianism arose out of a concern for pedagogy . Aristotelian philosophy , in its Early Modern form as scholasticism showing its age, was in a confused and disordered state. Ramus sought to infuse order and simplicity into philosophical and scholastic education by reinvigorating a sense of dialectic as the overriding logical and methodological basis for

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1664-628: The new lord lieutenant, Robert Devereux , and 2nd Earl of Essex . It was a baptism of fire as their first great task was to suppress a major rebellion of the native Irish tribes who had now united with the Anglo-Normans . While Essex campaigned around the country, Temple stayed behind in Dublin that summer relaying news of military deployment and successes to the Royal Court, Essex, once Queen Elizabeth 's most trusted confidant and intimate advisor, now became

1716-525: The notion and definition) and judgment (comprising the judgment proper, syllogism and method). Here he was influenced by Rodolphus Agricola . This division gave rise to the jocular designation of judgment or mother-wit as the "secunda Petri". But what Ramus does here in fact redefines rhetoric. There is a new configuration, with logic and rhetoric each having two parts: rhetoric was to cover elocutio and pronuntiatio . In general, Ramism liked to deal with binary trees as method for organising knowledge. He

1768-507: The privy council. But about 1594, he joined the household of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex , and for many years performed secretarial duties for the earl in conjunction with Anthony Bacon , Henry Cuff , and Sir Henry Wotton . In 1597 he was, by Essex's influence, returned to parliament as a member for Tamworth in Staffordshire . He seems to have accompanied Essex to Ireland in 1599 and to have returned with him next year. When Essex

1820-452: The rhetoric manual. Memory, one of the five skills of traditional rhetoric, was regarded by Ramus as being part of psychology, as opposed to being part of rhetoric, and thus dispensed from his idea of rhetoric and dialectic. Brian Vickers said that the Ramist influence here did add to rhetoric: it concentrated more on the remaining aspect of elocutio or effective use of language, and emphasised

1872-519: The role of vernacular European languages (rather than Latin). Ramist reforms strengthened the rhetoricians' tendency to focus on style. The effect was that rhetoric was applied in literature. Invention involves fourteen topics, including definition, cause, effect, subject, adjunct, difference, contrary, comparison, similarity, and testimony. Style encompasses four tropes: metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, and irony. It also includes rules for poetic meter and rhythmical prose, figures corresponding to attitudes

1924-408: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Temple&oldid=1209155276 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1976-539: The seventeenth century. Later movements, such as Baconianism , pansophism , and Cartesianism , in different ways built on Ramism, and took advantage of the space cleared by some of the simplifications (and oversimplifications) it had effected. The longest-lasting strand of Ramism was in systematic Calvinist theology, where textbook treatments with a Ramist framework were still used into the eighteenth century, particularly in New England . The first writings on Ramism, after

2028-467: The unappreciated and maligned viceroy falling foul of the ageing queen. Both he and William Temple were ignominiously recalled to London that same autumn. In 1580, he replied in print to an attack on Ramus's position by Everard Digby . Adopting the pseudonym "Franciscus Mildapettus of Navarre" (Ramus had studied in youth at the Parisian Collège de Navarre ), he issued a tract against Digby. The work

2080-501: The use of arbitrary mnemonic devices. According to Ong this kind of spectacular thesis was in fact routine at the time. Even so, Ong raises questions as to whether Ramus actually ever delivered this thesis. Ramus, as graduate of the university, started courses of lectures. At this period he was engaged in numerous separate controversies. One opponent in 1543 was the Benedictine Joachim Périon  [ fr ] . He

2132-532: The various disciplines. He published in 1543 the Aristotelicae Animadversiones and Dialecticae Partitiones , the former a criticism on the old logic and the latter a new textbook of the science. What are substantially fresh editions of the Partitiones appeared in 1547 as Institutiones Dialecticae , and in 1548 as Scholae Dialecticae ; his Dialectique (1555), a French version of his system,

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2184-585: Was accused, by Jacques Charpentier , professor of medicine, of undermining the foundations of philosophy and religion. Arnaud d'Ossat , a pupil and friend of Ramus, defended him against Charpentier. Ramus was made to debate Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia) , over two days. The matter was brought before the parlement of Paris , and finally before Francis I . By him it was referred to a commission of five, who found Ramus guilty of having "acted rashly, arrogantly and impudently," and interdicted his lectures (1544). He withdrew from Paris, but soon afterwards returned,

2236-454: Was also known as a mathematician, a student of Johannes Sturm . It has been suggested that Sturm was an influence in another way, by his lectures given in 1529 on Hermogenes of Tarsus : the Ramist method of dichotomy is to be found in Hermogenes. He had students of his own. He corresponded with John Dee on mathematics, and at one point recommended to Elizabeth I that she appoint him to

2288-620: Was born in Leicester in 1555. He was the son of Leicestershire man Anthony Temple, whose family name was said to descend from the Knight Templars , a once powerful monastic order during the Crusades, but which was outlawed by Pope Clement V . The rituals and the secrets of the order survived and many of the Knight Templars families came to prominence in 16th-century England when Protestantism

2340-491: Was dedicated in 1584, and Sidney invited Temple to become his secretary in November 1585, when he was appointed governor of Flushing . He was with Sidney during his fatal illness in the autumn of the following year, and his master died in his arms (17 October 1586). Sidney left him by will an annuity of £30. Temple's services were next sought successively by William Davison , the queen's secretary, and Sir Thomas Smith , clerk of

2392-558: Was dedicated to Philip Howard, 1st Earl of Arundel , whose acquaintance Temple had made while the earl was studying at Cambridge. Digby replied with great heat next year, and Temple retorted with a volume published under his name. This he again dedicated to his patron the Earl of Arundel, and he announced his identity with Mildapettus. He appended to the volume an elaborate epistle addressed to another Ramist, Johannes Piscator of Strasburg, professor at Herborn Academy . Temple's contributions to

2444-416: Was embraced. He was educated at Eton College and passed with a scholarship to King's College, Cambridge , in 1573. In 1576, he was elected a Fellow of King's College and graduated with a B.A. in 1577–8 and M.A. in philosophy in 1581. He became Master of Lincoln Grammar School that same year. Though originally destined for the law, he became a tutor in logic at his college. "In his logic readings," wrote

2496-488: Was engaged in organising his rebellion in London in the winter of 1600–1, Temple was still in his service, but he protested in a letter to Sir Robert Cecil , written after Essex's arrest, that he was kept in complete ignorance of the plot. Temple's fortunes were prejudiced by Essex's fall: Sir Robert Cecil is said to have viewed him with marked disfavour. Consequently, despairing of success in political affairs, Temple turned anew to literary study. In 1605 he brought out, with

2548-458: Was in London from May 1616 to May 1617 seeking to induce the government to accept his proposals, but his efforts failed. His tenure in the office of provost was not altogether free from controversy. He defied the order of Archbishop George Abbot that he and his colleagues should wear surplices in the chapel. He insisted that as a layman he was entitled to dispense with that formality. Privately he

2600-544: Was often in pecuniary difficulties, from which he sought to extricate himself by alienating the college estates to his wife and other relatives. Temple was knighted by the Lord Deputy of Ireland , Sir Oliver St. John on 4 May 1622, and died at Trinity College Dublin, on 15 January 1627, being interned in the old college chapel (since pulled down). At the date of his death negotiations were begun for his resignation owing to 'his age and weakness' His will, dated 21 December 1626,

2652-559: Was published at Cambridge and is said to have been the first book issued by the university press . A further reply to Piscator was appended. The dedication was to Sir Philip Sidney . In the same year, Temple contributed a long preface, in which he renewed with spirit the war on Aristotle, to the Disputatio de prima simplicium et concretorum corporum generatione , by a fellow Ramist, James Martin of Dunkeld , professor of philosophy at Turin . This also came from Thomas's press at Cambridge: it

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2704-404: Was republished at Frankfort in 1589. In the same place there was issued in 1591 a severe criticism of both Martin's argument and Temple's preface by an Aristotelian, Andreas Libavius , in his Quaestionum Physicarum controversarum inter Peripateticos et Rameos Tractatus (Frankfort, 1591). Temple's writings attracted the attention of Sir Philip Sidney , to whom the edition of Ramus's Dialectics

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