Misplaced Pages

#749250

65-843: William Stevenson may refer to: Government and politics [ edit ] Sir William Stevenson (colonial administrator) (1805–1863), Governor of Mauritius William E. Stevenson (1820–1883), American politician, Governor of West Virginia William Ernest Stevenson (born 1870s), Northern Irish Senator William Francis Stevenson (1861–1942), U.S. Congressman from South Carolina William H. Stevenson (1891–1978), U.S. Congressman from Wisconsin William Stevenson (judge) (1934–2021), Canadian Supreme Court justice William Stevenson (New Zealand politician, born 1901) (1901–1983), New Zealand industrialist and philanthropist William Stevenson (New Zealand politician, born 1864) (1864–1935), member of

130-518: A British colony from 1707 and a Crown colony in 1866. The Colony was primarily used for sugarcane production, and experienced many slave rebellions over the course of British rule. Jamaica was granted independence in 1962. In late 1654, English leader Oliver Cromwell launched the Western Design armada against Spain's colonies in the Caribbean . In April 1655, General Robert Venables led

195-438: A British supervisor known as a superintendent. Among the population of Africans trafficked for slavery, one was named Ancoma. In the 1750s, one captive named Ancoma escaped and formed a community made up of other escaped captives in what is now known as Saint Thomas Parish . In 1759, Ancoma was eventually killed by a Maroon woman and another woman, both his captives. However, his community continued to thrive, and probably formed

260-513: A force of three warships and 29 transport ships that landed at Port Morant in eastern Jamaica, where they burnt plantations, destroyed over 50 sugar-works, kidnapped hundreds of slaves, and killed and tortured many white colonists. Du Casse then sailed down the southern coast, eventually landing at Carlisle Bay, with the object of marching on to Spanish Town . However, a militia company of planters and their slaves defeated du Casse, who then destroyed Carlisle Bay, and withdrew to St Domingue . When

325-541: A prominent place visible from the encampment of rebels. Many of the rebels, confidence shaken, returned to their plantations. Tacky and 25 or so men decided to fight on. Tacky and his men went running through the woods being chased by the Maroons and their legendary marksman, Davy the Maroon . While running at full speed, Davy shot Tacky and cut off his head as evidence of his feat, for which he would be richly rewarded. Tacky's head

390-469: A small faction of the Maroons of Trelawny Town accepted these conditions (and were later re-captured and sold back into slavery, to be shipped off to Cuba and the American state of Georgia), overwhelmingly Maroon communities remained bastions of hope and freedom for escapees. Maroon warfare and continued successful attacks on plantations continued to serve as a driving force behind Britain's decision to emancipate

455-551: A son, William Lawrence Stevenson, and a daughter, who married Colonel Sir Francis Marindin . His second wife was Caroline Octavia Biscoe, and their son was Francis Seymour Stevenson , M.P. He died of dysentery in 1863. Colony of Jamaica The Crown Colony of Jamaica and Dependencies was a British colony from 1655, when it was captured by the English Protectorate from the Spanish Empire . Jamaica became

520-568: A treaty under pressure from both white Jamaicans and the Leeward Maroons. In exchange for securing their freedom, the Maroons were asked to agree not to harbour new runaway slaves, but rather to help catch them. This last clause in the treaty naturally caused a split between the Maroons and the rest of the black population, although from time to time runaways from the plantations still found their way into new maroon settlements, such as those run by Three Fingered Jack (Jamaica) . Another provision of

585-577: A week to reach its conclusion. Apongo himself was hung up in chains for three days, after which he was to be taken down and burnt to death, according to his sentence. The remaining rebels then fell under the leadership of an escaped slave named Simon, which took refuge in the Cockpit Country at a place called High Windward, from which they mounted a number of attacks on nearby plantations in Saint Elizabeth Parish . In October, in one such raid,

650-508: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages William Stevenson (colonial administrator) He was born to one of the oldest English families on Jamaica . He was the son of William James Stevenson of Kingston. His mother ( née James) was descended from Colonel Richard James, who was the first person born of English parents in British Jamaica. Stevenson's grandmother ( née Lawrence)

715-599: Is of great encouragement to the negroes of the island in general", the Assembly then decided to "bring in a bill to reduce the said Francis Williams to the state of other free negroes in this island". This legislation made it illegal for any black person in Jamaica to strike a white person, even in self-defence. After slavery was abolished in the 1830s, sugar plantations used a variety of forms of labour including workers imported from India under contracts of indenture . Starting in

SECTION 10

#1732881014750

780-653: The Cockpit Country , while those under Juan de Bolas established themselves in modern-day Clarendon Parish, Jamaica and served as a "black militia" for the English. The third chose to join those who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live and intermarry with the Arawak people. Each group of Jamaican Maroons established distinct communities of Free black people in Jamaica in the mountainous interior. They survived by subsistence farming and periodic raids of plantations. Over time,

845-492: The Duke of Albemarle , who was more interested in treasure hunting than in planting, turned the planter oligarchy out of office. After the duke's death in 1688, the planters, who had fled Jamaica to London , succeeded in lobbying James II to order a return to the pre-Albemarle political arrangement and the revolution that brought William III and Mary to the throne in 1689 confirmed the local control of Jamaican planters belonging to

910-410: The colonial militia to attack them, but the Maroons successfully fought a guerrilla campaign against them in the mountainous interior, and forced the colonial authorities to seek peace terms to end the expensive conflict. In the early eighteenth century, English-speaking escaped Akan slaves (hailing originally from West Africa, specifically Ghana) were at the forefront of the Maroon fighting against

975-694: The 18th century. During the Seven Years' War of 1756–63, the British government sought to protect Jamaica from a possible French invasion. In 1760, at the height of the war, there were 16 warships stationed in Jamaica, compared to 18 in the Leeward Islands, and only 19 vessels assigned to the whole of the North American continent. Simon Taylor , who owned estates in the Jamaican parishes of St Thomas and St Mary,

1040-607: The Assembly. This settlement also improved the supply of slaves and resulted in more protection, including military support, for the planters against foreign competition. This was of particular importance during the Anglo-French War in the Caribbean from 1689 to 1713. However, even though the Spaniards no longer threatened Jamaica, the early English settlers had to ward off attacks from the French. In 1694, Jean-Baptiste du Casse led

1105-690: The British. Cudjoe (or "Kojo" in the original Akan) led the Leeward Maroons in western Jamaica, while Quao (or "Yaw" in the original Akan) and Queen Nanny were the leaders of the Windward Maroons in the Blue Mountains of eastern Jamaica. The rebellion finally ended, however, with the signing of peace agreements in 1739 and 1740. White planters later tried to sow seeds of division among Maroon communities by pressuring them to re-capture any escaped slaves, and to protect British property in exchange for no longer being attacked by British forces. Although

1170-404: The English buccaneers . But tropical diseases kept the number of whites well under 10,000 until about 1740. The white population increased, through migration from Britain, to 80,000 in the 1780s. Although the slave population in the 1670s and 1680s never exceeded roughly 9,500, by the end of the seventeenth century imports of slaves increased the black population to at least three times

1235-669: The English Governor of Jamaica invited buccaneers to base themselves at Port Royal on Jamaica, to help defend against Spanish attacks. Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the Battle of Ocho Rios in 1657 and the Battle of Rio Nuevo in 1658. Governor Edward D'Oyley succeeded in persuading one of the leaders of the Spanish Maroons , Juan de Bolas , to switch sides and join the English along with his Maroon warriors. In 1660, when Don Cristobal de Ysasi realised that de Bolas had joined

1300-407: The English captured Jamaica in 1655, the Spanish colonists fled. Since 1512, though slavery was forbidden due to the laws of Burgos there were no more than 400 African "free" workers living in the island. These former Spanish citizens created three Palenques , or settlements. Former citizens organised under the leadership of Juan de Serras allied with the Spanish guerrillas on the western end of

1365-464: The English, he admitted that the Spanish no longer had a chance of recapturing the island, since de Bolas and his men knew the mountainous interior better than the Spanish and the English. Ysasi gave up on his dreams, and fled to Cuba. For England, Jamaica was to be the 'dagger pointed at the heart of the Spanish Empire,' although in fact it was a possession of little economic value then. Despite

SECTION 20

#1732881014750

1430-537: The Frontier plantation in Saint Mary Parish , led a group of enslaved Africans in taking over the Frontier and Trinity plantations while killing their enslavers. They then marched to the storeroom at Fort Haldane , where the munitions to defend the town of Port Maria were kept. After killing the storekeeper, Tacky and his men stole nearly 4 barrels of gunpowder and 40 firearms with shot , before marching on to overrun

1495-474: The Jamaican Maroons of Juan de Serras. Morgan achieved some success against the Maroons, who withdrew further into the Blue Mountains, where they were able to stay out of the reach of Morgan and his forces. On 7 June 1692, a violent earthquake struck Port Royal. Two-thirds of the town sank into the sea immediately after the main shock. According to Robert Renny in his 'An History of Jamaica' (1807): "All

1560-431: The Maroons came to control large areas of the Jamaican interior. In the second half of the seventeenth century, de Serras fought regular campaigns against the English forces, even attacking the capital of Spanish Town , and he was never defeated by the English. In the early eighteenth century, Maroon forces frequently defeated the British in small-scale skirmishes. In response, the British colonial authorities dispatched

1625-694: The New Zealand Legislative Council Other [ edit ] Sir William Stevenson (poet) (1530–1575), English poet William Stevenson (physician) (1719?–1783), Irish physician William Stevenson (publisher) (1741–1821), English publisher and author William Stevenson (Scottish writer) (1772–1829), Scottish nonconformist preacher and writer; father of Elizabeth Gaskell William Bennet Stevenson (c. 1787 – after 1830), British explorer of South America William Stevenson (minister) (1805–1873), Scottish minister and antiquarian William Ford Stevenson (1811–1852), Fellow of

1690-508: The North American colonies, the farmers switched, leading to a boom in the Caribbean economies. Sugar was rapidly becoming more popular in Britain, where it was used in cakes and to sweeten teas . In the eighteenth century, sugar replaced piracy as Jamaica's main source of income and Jamaica became the largest exporter of sugar in the British Empire. Sugar became Britain's largest import by

1755-1052: The Royal Society William Grant Stevenson (1849–1919), Scottish sculptor and painter William Stevenson (bishop) (1878–1945), Australian Anglican bishop William Stevenson (sailor) (1889–1953), English sailor who was part of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition William Stevenson (athlete) (1900–1985), U.S. Olympic athlete, lawyer, and ambassador William Stevenson (canoeist) (born 1923–1992), Canadian canoeist William Stevenson (Canadian writer) (1924–2013), British-born Canadian author and journalist William "Mickey" Stevenson (born 1937), Motown songwriter and record producer Willie Stevenson (born 1939), footballer Willie Stevenson (baseball) , American baseball player See also [ edit ] Bill Stevenson (disambiguation) William Stephenson (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

1820-471: The Spanish while sponsoring privateers to attack Spanish ships and rob Spanish coastal towns. While the merchants most certainly had the upper hand, the privateers were an integral part of the operation. Nuala Zahedieh , a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, wrote, "Both opponents and advocates of so-called 'forced trade' declared the town’s fortune had the dubious distinction of being founded entirely on

1885-529: The Windward Maroons. By 1739, the colonial authorities recognised that they could not defeat the Maroons, so they offered them treaties of peace instead. In the same year, the colonial authorities, led by Governor Edward Trelawny , sued for peace with the Leeward Maroon leader, Cudjoe , described by Jamaican planters as a short, almost dwarf-like man who for years fought skilfully and bravely to maintain his people's independence. Some writers maintain that during

1950-585: The agreement was that the Maroons would serve to protect the island from invaders. The latter was because the Maroons were revered by the British as skilled warriors. Following the peace treaties of 1739–1740, virgin land was opened up to settlement, and Jamaica's economy flourished in the period of peace that followed. Five official Maroon towns were established in the aftermath of the treaties – Accompong ; Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) ; Nanny Town , later known as Moore Town , Scott's Hall (Jamaica) , and Charles Town, Jamaica , living under their own rulers and

2015-441: The annual value of the island’s sugar exports, which at Port Royal prices did not exceed £10,000 at this time." However, many successful privateers and buccaneers became integrally involved in the growing sugar industry , human trafficking, and the acquisition of large numbers of enslaved Africans. In the 1670s and 1680s, in his capacity as an owner of a large population of humans he kept enslaved, Morgan led three campaigns against

William Stevenson - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-446: The armada in an attack on Spain's fort at Santo Domingo , Hispaniola . However, the Spanish repulsed this poorly-executed attack, known as the Siege of Santo Domingo , and the English troops were soon decimated by disease, injured badly or possibly killed. Weakened by fever and looking for an easy victory following their defeat at Santo Domingo, the English force then sailed for Jamaica,

2145-471: The basis of the community of Jack Mansong later that century. The colony's enslaved Africans, who outnumbered their white captors by a ratio of 20:1 in 1800, mounted over a dozen major slave conspiracies (the majority of which were organised by Coromantins ), and uprisings during the 18th century, including Tacky's revolt in May 1760. In that revolt, Tacky, an enslaved Akan man forced to work as slave overseer on

2210-596: The colony of Jamaica in later years. Spanish resistance continued for some years after the English conquest, in some cases with the help of the Jamaican Maroons , but Spain never succeeded in retaking the island. The English established their main coastal town at Port Royal . Under early English rule, Jamaica became a haven of privateers , buccaneers , and occasionally outright pirates : Christopher Myngs , Edward Mansvelt , and most famously, Henry Morgan . In addition to being unable to retake their land, Spain

2275-434: The conflict, Cudjoe became increasingly disillusioned, and quarrelled with his lieutenants and with other Maroon groups. He felt that the only hope for the future was a peace treaty with the enemy which recognized the independence of the Leeward Maroons. In 1742, Cudjoe had to suppress a rebellion of Leeward Maroons against the treaty. In 1740, the even more rebellious Windward Maroons of the Blue Mountains also agreed to sign

2340-527: The disaster was not confined to Jamaica; in Boston , the Reverend Cotton Mather said in a letter to his uncle: "Behold, an accident speaking to all our English America." After the earthquake, the town was partially rebuilt. But the colonial government was relocated to Spanish Town, which had been the capital under Spanish rule . Port Royal was devastated by a fire in 1703 and a hurricane in 1722. Most of

2405-458: The early 18th century. In 1724, a white planter named William Brodrick insulted Francis Williams (poet) , who also ran a school for the children of Free black people in Jamaica . Brodrick called him a "black dog", whereupon Williams reacted by calling Brodrick a "white dog" several times. Brodrick punched Williams, as a result of which his "mouth was bloody", but Williams retaliated, after which Brodrick's "shirt and neckcloth had been tore (sic) by

2470-468: The eighteenth century, in part because the slave ships coming from the west coast of Africa preferred to first unload at the islands of the Eastern Caribbean . In 1673, there were nearly 8,000 white colonizers in Jamaica, and over 9,000 Africans kept in slavery. By 1690, that margin increased to 10,000 white colonizers and 30,000 Africans kept enslaved. . At the beginning of the eighteenth century,

2535-405: The enslaved Africans in Jamaica was considered by contemporaries to be amongst the most brutal in the world. Punishments heaped on enslaved African populations by white enslavers included forcing one enslaved person to defecate in the mouth of another enslaved person and then gagging the victim for several hours and forcing them to swallow it (a practice known as Derby's Dose), floggings, whippings to

2600-505: The fact that Jamaica was an English colony, Cromwell increased the island's white population by sending indentured servants and prisoners captured in battles with the Irish and Scots , as well as some common criminals. This practice was continued under Charles II , and the white population was also augmented by immigrants from the North American mainland and other islands, as well as by

2665-567: The foundations of a governing system that was to last for two centuries: a Crown-appointed governor acting with the advice of a nominated council in the legislature. The legislature consisted of the governor and an elected but highly unrepresentative House of Assembly . England gained formal possession of Jamaica from Spain in 1670 through the Treaty of Madrid . Removing the pressing need for constant defence against Spanish attack, this change served as an incentive to planting . For years, however,

William Stevenson - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-573: The island. Rebels numbering about 1,200 regrouped in the unsettled mountainous forests in western Jamaica, under the leadership of a rebel slave christened Wager, but going by his African name of Apongo. They attacked eight slave plantations in Westmoreland Parish and two in Hanover Parish , killing a number of whites. Whenever they were faced with defeat, many rebels committed suicide. Militia writers boasted that about 700 rebels were killed in

2795-611: The late eighteenth century. The sugar monoculture and slave-worked plantation society spread across Jamaica throughout the eighteenth century. The sugar industry was labour-intensive and the English brought hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans to Jamaica. In 1673, there were only 57 sugar estates in Jamaica, but by 1739, the number of sugar plantations grew to 430. By 1832, the median-size plantation in Jamaica had about 150 slaves, and nearly one of every four bondsmen lived on units that had at least 250 slaves. Jamaica eventually become one of Britain's most valuable colonies during

2860-509: The late seventeenth century, there were periodic skirmishes between the colonial militia and the Windward Maroons, alongside occasional slave revolts. In 1673 one such revolt in St. Ann's Parish of 200 enslaved Africans created the separate group of Leeward Maroons. These Maroons united with a group of Madagascars who had survived the shipwreck of a slave ship and formed their own maroon community in St. George's parish. Several more rebellions strengthened

2925-506: The men from injury in battle and loudly proclaimed that an Obeahman could not be killed. Confidence was high. Soon there were 70 to 80 mounted militia on their way along with some Maroons from Scott's Hall, who were bound by treaty to suppress such rebellions. When the militia learned of the Obeahman's boast of not being able to be killed, an Obeahman was captured, killed and hung with his mask, ornaments of teeth and bone and feather trimmings at

2990-489: The number of enslaved Africans in Jamaica did not exceed 45,000, but by 1713, the white population had declined to an estimated 7,000, while there were 55,000 enslaved Africans on the island. The population of enslaved Africans rose to about 75,000 in 1730, and passed the 100,000 mark in the 1740s. In 1778, the population of enslaved Africans passed 200,000, and by 1800 it had increased to over 300,000. The oppression of free Africans and free people of color increased during

3055-515: The number of whites. Beginning with the Stuart monarchy's appointment of a civil governor to Jamaica in 1661, political patterns were established that lasted well into the twentieth century. The second governor, Lord Windsor , brought with him in 1662 a proclamation from the king giving Jamaica's non-slave populace the rights of English citizens, including the right to make their own laws. Although he spent only ten weeks in Jamaica, Lord Windsor laid

3120-455: The numbers of this Leeward group. Notably, in 1690 a revolt at Sutton's plantation in Clarendon freed 400 enslaved Africans, who then joined and strengthened the Leeward Maroons. The Leeward Maroons inhabited "cockpits," caves, or deep ravines that were easily defended, even against troops with superior firepower. Such guerrilla warfare and the use of scouts, who blew the abeng (the cow horn, which

3185-485: The only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. Spanish Jamaica had been a colony of Spain for over a hundred years. In May 1655, around 7,000 English soldiers landed near Jamaica's Spanish Town capital. The English invasion force soon overwhelmed the small number of Spanish troops (at the time, Jamaica's entire population only numbered around 2,500). In the following years, Spain repeatedly attempted to recapture Jamaica, and in response in 1657

3250-401: The other nearly all the propertied inhabitants of Port Royal seem to have an interest in privateering." Forced trade was rapidly making Port Royal one of the wealthiest communities in the English territories of North America, far surpassing any profit made from the production of sugarcane . Zahedieh wrote, "The Portobello raid [in 1668] alone produced plunder worth £75,000, more than seven times

3315-403: The plantations at Heywood Hall and Esher. By dawn, hundreds of other enslaved Africans had joined Tacky and his followers. At Ballard's Valley, the rebels stopped to rejoice in their success. One newly freed captive from Esher decided to slip away and sound the alarm. Obeahmen (Caribbean magic practitioners) quickly circulated around the camp dispensing a powder that they claimed would protect

SECTION 50

#1732881014750

3380-453: The planter-dominated Jamaica House of Assembly was in continual conflict with the various governors and the Stuart kings; there were also contentious factions within the assembly itself. For much of the 1670s and 1680s, Charles II and James II and the assembly feuded over such matters as the purchase of slaves from ships not run by the royal English trading company. The last Stuart governor ,

3445-506: The point of loss of life, "pickling" which was whipping a person until there were open wounds and then placing the victim in a vat of salt and banana peppers (another part of Derby's Dose), hanging by the feet, gang rape, branding on the forehead, and more. In 1739, Charles Leslie wrote that, "No Country excels [Jamaica] in a barbarous Treatment of Slaves, or in the cruel Methods they put them to Death." Jamaica's Black African population did not increase significantly in number until well into

3510-438: The said Williams". Williams insisted that since he was a free black man, he could not be tried for assault, as would have been the case with black slaves who hit a white man, because he was defending himself. The Assembly, which comprised elected white enslavers, was alarmed at the success with which Williams argued his case, and secured the dismissal of Brodrick's attempts to prosecute him. Complaining that "Williams's behaviour

3575-411: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Stevenson&oldid=1216980471 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3640-550: The sea trade moved to Kingston. By the late 18th century, Port Royal was largely abandoned. In the mid-17th century, sugarcane had been brought into the English West Indies by the Dutch , from Brazil . Upon landing in Jamaica and other islands, they quickly urged local growers to change their main crops from cotton and tobacco to sugar cane. With depressed prices of cotton and tobacco, due mainly to stiff competition from

3705-510: The servicing of the privateers' needs and highly lucrative trade in prize commodities." She added, "A report that the 300 men who accompanied Henry Morgan to Portobello in 1668 returned to the town with a prize to spend of at least £60 each (two or three times the usual annual plantation wage) leaves little doubt that they were right". The forced trade became almost a way of life in Port Royal. Michael Pawson and David Busseret wrote "...one way or

3770-461: The shaking, the sand liquefied and the buildings, along with their occupants, appeared to flow into the sea. In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, it was common to ascribe the destruction to divine retribution on the people of Port Royal for their sinful ways. Members of the Jamaica Council declared: "We are become by this an instance of God Almighty's severe judgement." This view of

3835-474: The western conflict. Thistlewood noted the stench of death emanating from nearby woods, where white colonizers also reported encountering hanging bodies of African men, women and children. Rebels were surrendering every day. On July 3, the "King of the Rebels" Apongo was among those rebel Africans captured by the militia. Another rebel named Davie was executed by being put in the gibbets to starve to death, which took

3900-549: The wharves sunk at once, and in the space of two minutes, nine-tenths of the city were covered with water, which was raised to such a height, that it entered the uppermost rooms of the few houses which were left standing. The tops of the highest houses, were visible in the water, and surrounded by the masts of vessels, which had been sunk along with them." Before the earthquake, the town consisted of 6,500 inhabitants living in about 2,000 buildings, many constructed of brick and with more than one storey, and all built on loose sand. During

3965-514: Was descended from Henry Lawrence , President of Cromwell's Council of State , whose son founded a plantation in Jamaica in the 17th century. Stevenson was a barrister. He first served as superintendent of British Honduras from 1854–1857 before being appointed Governor of Mauritius in May 1857. He was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1862. He married a Miss Allwood, and had

SECTION 60

#1732881014750

4030-521: Was later displayed on a pole in Spanish Town until a follower took it down in the middle of the night. The rest of Tacky's men were found in a cave near Tacky Falls, having committed suicide rather than going back to slavery. The revolt did not end there, as other rebellions broke out all over Jamaica, many of which were attributed to Tacky's cunning and strategy. Other enslaved people learned of Tacky's revolt, which inspired unrest and disorder throughout

4095-530: Was no longer able to provide their colonies in the New World with manufactured goods on a regular basis. The progressive irregularity of annual Spanish fleets, combined with an increasing desperation by colonies for manufactured goods, allowed Port Royal to flourish and by 1659, two hundred houses, shops, and warehouses surrounded the fort. Merchants and privateers worked together in what is now referred to as "forced trade." Merchants would sponsor trading endeavors with

4160-498: Was one of the wealthiest men in the British Empire in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. During the eighteenth century, those men who survived tropical diseases, were, on average, 50 times wealthier than those who resided in the British Isles . Other notable planters in Jamaica who became wealthy as a result of owning slave plantations included Peter Beckford , Francis Price and Charles Ellis . The oppression of

4225-405: Was used as a trumpet) to warn of approaching militiamen, allowed the Maroons to evade, thwart, frustrate, and defeat any expeditions sent against them. In 1728, the British authorities sent Robert Hunter to assume the office of governor of Jamaica; Hunter's arrival led to an intensification of the conflict. However, despite increased numbers, the British colonial authorities were unable to defeat

#749250