William Russell Robinson (February 5, 1942 – June 9, 2020) was an American politician who served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1989 to 2002.
66-525: William , Will , or Bill Robinson may refer to: Academics [ edit ] William Robinson (fl. 1670), founder of the Robinson's School in Penrith, Cumbria William Robinson (benefactor) (1794–1864), American school founder William Callyhan Robinson (1834–1911), American law professor at Yale William I. Robinson (born 1959), professor of sociology at
132-427: A crown estate ("Penred Regis"), along with a group of others locally, including Carlatton , Castle Sowerby , Gamblesby , Glassonby , Langwathby , Great Salkeld , Little Salkeld and Scotby . The group became known as the "Queen's Hames" ("Queen's Homes") from 1330 onwards. Membership of the group fluctuated over time. In 1187 a sub-set including Penrith, Langwathby, Great Salkeld, Gamblesby, Glassonby and Scotby
198-679: A market and fair was granted in 1223 by Henry, and arable farming produced good yields and taxes. Tensions between the English Crown's agents in Cumberland and the Scottish agents attempting to defend the rights of the Scottish king and his tenants in the liberty of Penrith, may have influenced the mindset of the Scots leading up to the outbreak of the Wars of Scottish Independence . King Edward I took Penrith and
264-522: A rebellion of 1536/1537 known as the Pilgrimage of Grace . Eight town residents were executed as a result. The motives seem to have been partly religious, partly to do with a desire for more English government protection against Scottish raids. The reformation went on apace afterwards – the Augustinian Priory was dissolved and the two chantry bequests closed later. The Strickland bequest partly funded
330-567: A small cross found immediately to the west of St Andrew's Church , known as the "Giant's Grave" and "Giant's Thumb" (c. 920s), have long prompted speculation. They may have been separate items brought together by an antiquary or they may be a genuine group. They appear to be an Anglo-Norse fusion of Christian and Norse motifs, but it is still debated whether they are linked to the King of the Strathclyde Cumbrians, Owain ap Dyfnwal (fl. 934) . It
396-564: A stable foundation, canted at the centre of the road. The two forts close to where Penrith is today would have had a vicus , an ad-hoc civilian settlement nearby, where farmers supplying food to the forts, and traders and others supplying goods and services lived and died. There is evidence of continuous settlement throughout the Roman period and into the post-Roman era. Penrith's history has been defined primarily by its strategic position on vital north–south and east–west communications routes. This
462-599: A sub-post office, a Co-op store and other shops, all now closed. Until the 1970s, Castletown had its Church of England St Saviour's in Brougham Street, acting as a chapel of ease to Penrith's parish church of St Andrew, originally built as a Primitive Methodist chapel. As of 2017, the Oasis Evangelical Church holds services at Brackenber Court sheltered housing complex in Musgrave Street. The Church in
528-462: A substantial underclass as well, as shown by possible poverty and poor nutrition causing a high death rate in 1587, when there may have been a typhus epidemic. The Bubonic plague may have caused some 615 deaths in 1597–1598, according to the vicar's register (2,260 according to a brass plaque inside St Andrew's Church). Penrith in Stuart times was affected by political and religious upheavals that saw
594-523: A supply centre for Parliament. In the second civil war starting in 1648, Brougham and Penrith castles were strategic assets. Major-General Lambert , the Parliamentary commander, took over Penrith in June 1648 until forced out by Scottish royalists aided by Sir Philip Musgrave of Edenhall. The Covenanters supported the future Charles II after 1648. He stayed at Carleton Hall in 1651 on his way south to defeat at
660-531: Is a 1960 graduate of Schenley High School . He earned a degree in political science from Ohio State University in 1964 and a master's degree in political science from Duquesne University in 1972. Robinson began his career as a member of the Pittsburgh City Council . He was first elected to represent the 19th legislative district in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1988. He
726-629: Is between the Rivers Petteril and Eamont and just north of the River Lowther . The town had a population of 15,181 at the 2011 census. It is part of historic Cumberland . From 1974 to 2015, it was an unparished area with no local council. A civil parish was reintroduced on 1 April 2015 with the first election for Penrith Town Council on 7 May 2015. The town was previously part of the 1974-created Eden District until 2023. The etymology of "Penrith" has been debated. Several writers argue for
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#1732863354978792-557: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Penrith, Cumbria Penrith ( / ˈ p ɛ n r ɪ θ / , / p ɛ n ˈ r ɪ θ / ) is a market town and civil parish in the Westmorland and Furness district of Cumbria , England. It is less than 3 miles (5 km) outside the Lake District National Park and about 17 miles (27 km) south of Carlisle . It
858-507: Is now Dockray Hall (once the Gloucester Arms ) during building work on the castle. The latter was more of a palace than a military stronghold, with a chantry chapel endowed by Richard. The Tudor period saw the centralising tendencies of the Yorkist government continued. The English Reformation , economic and social progress, educational change, the rise of the non-noble landed gentry and
924-558: Is thought that Strathclyde British had settled in parts of north Cumbria in the 10th century. On 12 July 927, Eamont Bridge (or possibly the monastery at Dacre, Cumbria , or the site of the old Roman fort at Brougham or even the church at Penrith, or a combination of these) was the scene of a gathering of kings from throughout Britain as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the histories of William of Malmesbury and John of Worcester . Present were Athelstan , King of
990-646: The Angles , a Germanic tribe which moved west from Northumbria . The Celtic place-names in the region such as Penrith, Blencow , Culgaith , Penruddock , were now joined by settlements ending in "-ham" (estate) and "-ton" (farm), such as Askham , Barton , Clifton , Plumpton and Stainton . From about 870, the area became subject to Viking settlement by Norse from Dublin and the Hebrides, along with Danes from Yorkshire. Settlements with names ending in "-by" ("village") and "-thorpe" ("hamlet") were largely on higher ground –
1056-680: The Battle of Worcester . Because Penrith lacked borough or corporation status, governance fell on the local nobility, gentry and clergy, (such as Hugh Todd ). During the Commonwealth , Presbyterian "Godly rule" was administered at St Andrew's Church by the local Justice of the peace , Thomas Langhorne, who had bought Lowther's Newhall/Two Lions house. Meanwhile, Penrith benefited from work on restoration of Brougham and other castles, and by charitable donations undertaken by Lady Anne Clifford . The gradual rise in religious toleration eventually saw in 1699
1122-587: The Cumbric or Welsh pen "head, chief, end" (both noun and adjective) with the Cumbric rid , Welsh rhyd "ford", to mean "chief ford", "hill ford", "ford end", or Whaley's suggestion: "the head of the ford" or "headland by the ford". The centre of Penrith, however, lies about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the nearest crossing of the River Eamont at Eamont Bridge . An alternative has been suggested consisting of
1188-722: The English Civil War , the Commonwealth and the Glorious Revolution , but was spared any fighting. It also escaped the witch-craze phenomenon that afflicted other parts of England. The Union of the Crowns and suppression of the reiver clans such as the Grahams, gave Penrith relief from Scottish raiding and a boost to Penrith's commercial prosperity. James VI and I and his entourage of 800 visited Brougham Castle in 1617, which boosted commerce. However, Penrith's crossroads position on
1254-747: The Neville family , which had been promoted in the North by Richard II of England to offset the influence of the Percies . In 1396, Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and his wife Joan gained the manors of Penrith and Castle Sowerby: windows in St Andrew's Church may depict the Nevilles along with Richard II. Ralph probably started building Penrith Castle , which was continued by his son, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury , father of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ,
1320-577: The Penrith Grammar School , founded 1564, in the reign of Elizabeth I . Many governors of the new foundation in St Andrew's churchyard were rising Protestant gentry, who moved into various houses in Penrith: the families of Whelpdale (whose coat of arms adorns Dockray Hall), Carleton, Bost and Hutton (who had taken over the pele tower in Benson Row), and Richard Dudley of Yanwath Hall . The foundation
1386-516: The "Kingmaker", whose death in the Battle of Barnet in 1471 led Edward IV of England to grant the Castle and Penrith manors to Richard of Gloucester , the future Richard III, to keep them Yorkist . Richard III used Penrith as a base against the Scots and to promote a Yorkist "affinity" in the area to offset Lancastrian loyalties at nearby Brougham, Appleby ( Clifford ) and Greystoke ( Baron Greystoke ) and elsewhere. Tradition has Richard staying in what
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#17328633549781452-754: The 1908 Summer Olympics William Robinson (boxer) (born 1936), British Olympic boxer Yank Robinson (William H. Robinson, 1859–1894), American baseball player Others [ edit ] William Robinson (architect) (1645–1712), Surveyor General of Ireland from the 1670s until 1700 Sir William Robinson, 2nd Baronet (1705–1785) William Robinson (historian) (1777–1848), solicitor and barrister William Robinson (law reporter) (1801–1870), law reporter William Robinson (murder victim) (died 1868), 1860s murder victim in British Columbia, Canada William Stevens Robinson (1818–1876), American journalist William D. Robinson (1826–1890), founder of
1518-866: The 1990s and 2000s Bill Robinson (rugby league) (1934–2005), English rugby league footballer of the 1950s and 1960s Other sports [ edit ] Bill Robinson (basketball) (1949–2020), Canadian basketball player Bill Robinson (outfielder) (1943–2007), American baseball player and coach Bill Robinson (ice hockey) (1921–2008), Canadian ice hockey centreman Billy Robinson (1938–2014), British professional wrestler and trainer Bobby Robinson (baseball) (William L. Robinson, 1903–2002), American baseball player Will Robinson (basketball) (1911–2008), American college basketball coach William Robinson (cricketer, born 1847) (1847–1929), New Zealand cricketer William Robinson (cricketer, born 1863) (1863–1928), New Zealand cricketer William Robinson (swimmer) (1870–1940), British breaststroke swimmer in
1584-734: The Anglo-Saxons and then of the English, Constantín mac Áeda (Constantine II), King of Scots, Owain of Strathclyde , King of the Cumbrians, Hywel Dda , King of Wales, and Ealdred son of Eadulf , Lord of Bamburgh. Athelstan took the submission of some of these other kings, presumably to form some sort of coalition against the Vikings. The growing power of the Scots and perhaps of the Strathclyders, may have persuaded Athelstan to move north and attempt to define
1650-652: The Barn, Elim Pentecostal church, meets at the community centre at Gilwilly. The suburb has a community centre on the recreation ground at Gilwilly and until recently held an annual gala day and parade throughout Penrith. At one time in the mid-20th century elections were held amongst regulars at the Castle pub to find a Mayor of Castletown . There is longstanding rivalry between the Castletown and Townhead districts. William Russell Robinson A native of Pittsburgh , Robinson
1716-1177: The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers during the American Civil War William Robinson (banker) , Governor of the Bank of England, 1847 William Robinson (gardener) (1838–1935), Irish-born gardener and journalist William Robinson (inventor) (1840–1921), American electrical engineer and inventor of the failsafe track circuit for railroad signaling William J. Robinson (1867–1936), American physician, sexologist, and birth control campaigner William Sydney Robinson (1876–1963), Australian businessman, industrialist, and diplomat Billy Robinson (aviator) (1884–1916), American aviator William Leefe Robinson (1895–1918), British aviator Bill Robinson (fashion designer) (1948–1993), American fashion designer Bill Robinson (auto designer) (1925–2022), American automobile designer William W. Robinson (1819–1903), Union Army colonel William Robinson (sailor) (1902–1988), American round-the-world sailor [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
1782-538: The Bruce ). Meanwhile climatic change caused poor harvests. Penrith went from incipient economic growth in the early 14th century to poverty by the third decade. Recovery in the 1330s was again reversed by the devastating Scottish raid of 1345 ( David II of Scotland ) and the Black Death of 1348–1349 and subsequent years. However, Penrith, Castle Sowerby and the other manors were valuable as a source of royal income, paying debts
1848-1130: The California State Assembly United Kingdom [ edit ] William Robinson (by 1515-55/58) , MP for Worcester William Robinson (1534–1616) , MP for City of York William Robinson (fl. 1559) , MP for Bath Sir William Robinson, 1st Baronet (1655–1736), English member of parliament and Lord Mayor of York William Robinson (died 1717) (1668–1717), MP for Denbigh Boroughs in 1705 William C. F. Robinson (1834–1897), British colonial administrator and musical composer William C. Robinson (politician) (1861–1931), British Labour Member of Parliament William Edward Robinson (1863–1927), English merchant and Liberal Party politician William Albert Robinson (1877–1949), Welsh politician, member of parliament for St Helens William Robinson (Walthamstow East MP) (1909–1968), British Labour Party MP, 1966–1968 Other countries [ edit ] William Benjamin Robinson (1797–1873), Canadian fur trader and political figure William Robinson (runholder) (1814–1889), member of
1914-526: The Crown owed to those leading the fight against the Scots, such as Roger de Leybourne , Anthony de Lucy and Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle . There is evidence of a protective wall built round the town after the Scottish raid of 1345. This was strengthened in 1391 by the townspeople and Penrith's patron, William Strickland , Bishop of Carlisle, after another Scottish raid by the 1st Earl of Douglas in 1380, and others in 1383 and 1388, when Brougham Castle
1980-1223: The Erie County Legislature William Edmond Robinson (1920–1992), American politician in Missouri William G. Robinson (1926–2011), American politician in Massachusetts William P. Robinson Sr. (1911–1981), American politician in Virginia William P. Robinson Jr. (1942–2006), American politician in Virginia William Russell Robinson (1942–2020), American politician Lee Robinson (politician) (William Lee Robinson, born 1943), American politician in Georgia Will Robinson (Florida politician) , (born 1975), American politician in Florida William P. Robinson III (active since 1988), Rhode Island Supreme Court justice William M. Robinson , American politician from Mississippi William N. Robinson , member of
2046-565: The Gilwilly Industrial Estate and some of the Penrith or Myers Industrial Estate. The area, originally built for workers on the railway line, mostly consists of late 19th and early 20th-century terraced housing, including some council housing. Since the 1990s, private developments such as Greystoke Park, Castletown Drive and Castle Park have appeared. There was until March 2010 a pub in the suburb, The Castle Inn , and in previous years
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2112-684: The Myers or Dog Beck, flows through and under the south-west of the town, joining Thacka Beck near Tynefield Court. The Dog Beck section has also been known as Scumscaw Beck or Tyne Syke . In 2014 the pub chain Wetherspoons opened a branch in Penrith, naming it the Dog Beck . There are also streams or becks running through the Carleton area of the town. Castletown, west of the West Coast Main Line , includes
2178-680: The New Zealand Legislative Council William Rose Robinson (1822–1886), Governor of Madras, 1875 William Robinson (Ontario politician) (1823–1912), Canadian politician in Ontario William Robinson (Governor of Hong Kong) (1836–1912), British colonial governor in the Caribbean and Hong Kong William Alfred Robinson (Australian politician) (1852–1927), South Australian politician William Robinson (Tasmanian politician) (1879–1960), member of
2244-524: The Pennines (the present A66) came through. In doing so, they built the fort at Brougham ( Brocavum ) along with another road (the present A6) going north over Beacon Hill to the large fort at Plumpton (Voreda) – and from there northwards to Carlisle ( Luguvallium ). Brocavum may also have been built in order to have a military presence close to the centre of the Carvetti. The Roman fort of Voreda occupied
2310-562: The Penrith West Electoral Division of Cumbria County Council, while East, Carleton and Pategill wards combine as Penrith East division. Penrith North, along with the rural Lazonby ward, made up Penrith North division. In 2023, Cumbria County Council and the 6 District councils within the county were abolished and replaced by two new unitary authorities . Eden along with South Lakeland and the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness became
2376-2211: The Tasmanian Legislative Council William Walsh Robinson (1888–1972), farmer and politician in South Australia William Alfred Robinson (1905–1957), Liberal party member of the Canadian House of Commons Bill Robinson (Australian politician) (1907–1981), Australian senator Ken Robinson (Canadian politician) (William Kenneth Robinson, 1927–1991), member of Canadian parliament from Ontario Religion [ edit ] William Robinson (martyr) , Quaker martyr William Robinson (priest) (died 1642), Archdeacon of Nottingham William Robinson (theologian) (1886–1963), British theologian William Robinson (bishop) (1916–2002), Canadian Anglican bishop Sports [ edit ] Football and rugby [ edit ] William Robinson (American football) (born 1984), American football player William S. Robinson (active 1896–1899), American football coach Bill Robinson (American football) (1929–2016), American football player Bill Robinson (English footballer) (1919–1992), footballer for Sunderland, Charlton Athletic and West Ham United Billy Robinson (footballer, born 1925) (1925–1953), English footballer for Stockport County and Accrington Stanley Bill Robinson (footballer, born 1880) (1880–1967), Australian rules footballer with Essendon William Robinson (footballer, born 1880) (1880–1926), English footballer for Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers and Hull City Bill Robinson (footballer, born 1908) (1908–1968), Australian rules footballer with Melbourne Bill Robinson (Australian footballer, born 1919) (1919–2007), Australian rules footballer with Hawthorn Billy Robinson (Australian footballer) (1890–1969), Australian rules footballer for Carlton Billy Robinson (English footballer) (1903–?), English football centre half for Darlington, Southend United and Carlisle United Will Robinson (rugby league) (born 1971), Australian rugby league footballer of
2442-1376: The University of California, Santa Barbara William P. Robinson (born 1949), American educator, former president of Whitworth University William S. Robinson (1913–1996), American statistician who defined the ecological fallacy Bill Robinson (scientist) (1938–2011), New Zealand scientist, inventor of the lead rubber bearing W. C. Robinson (educator) (William Claiborne Robinson, 1861–1914), mathematics professor and president of Louisiana Tech University Entertainment [ edit ] William Robinson (painter, born 1799) (1799–1839), English portrait-painter W. Heath Robinson (1872–1944), British cartoonist and illustrator Bill Robinson (1878–1949), American tap dancer known as Mr. Bojangles W. C. Robinson (1884–1942), actor known as William Robinson Bill Robinson (author) (1918–2007), American nautical author Willie Robinson (1926–2007), American blues singer Bill Robinson (jazz singer) (born 1929), American jazz singer Smokey Robinson (born 1940), American R&B and soul singer born William Robinson, Jr. Will Robinson (music producer) (born 1967), British music producer William Robinson (painter, born 1936) (born 1936), Australian painter and lithographer William Ellsworth Robinson (1861–1918), American magician who used
2508-530: The Vikings were pastoralists, the Angles arable farmers. Examples are Melkinthorpe , Langwathby , Lazonby , and Ousby . Little and Great Dockray (not to be confused with the nearby village Dockray ) in Penrith itself are Norse names. The Penrith Hoard of Viking silver brooches was found in the Eden valley at Flusco Pike, Penrith, as were 253 pieces of silver at Lupton. Two cross-shafts and four hogbacks , along with
2574-556: The arrival of the Normans. A ditched oval enclosure surrounding the area now occupied by St Andrew's Church (a burh - hence "Burrowgate") has been excavated. A church on the site may date back to the time of Bishop Wilfrid , (c. 670s) whose patron saint was Saint Andrew . The Norman conquest of north Cumbria took place in 1092 under William Rufus , who retained Carlisle, Penrith and some other manors round Penrith as demesne . The Norman and Plantagenet rulers thereafter held Penrith as
2640-688: The boundaries of the various kingdoms. This is generally taken as the date of foundation of the Kingdom of England , whose northern boundary was the Eamont river, with Westmorland outside the control of Strathclyde. Penrith was effectively held by the Scottish king as overlord of the Strathclyde Cumbrians, until the Norman takeover in 1092. Thereafter Penrith's fortunes varied according to the state of play between England and Scotland over ownership of Cumberland, Westmorland and Northumbria. Penrith may have been founded before
2706-453: The departure of the Romans (c. 450 CE), the north became a patchwork of warring Celtic tribes ( Hen Ogledd ). One of these may have been Rheged , perhaps with a centre in the Eden valley and covering the area formerly held by the Carvetti. However, this has been disputed by historians. The Rheged Centre, just outside Penrith, commemorates the name. During the 7th century, the region was invaded by
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2772-791: The depredations of the plague all affected Tudor England, and Penrith was no exception. The eclipse of the Nevilles and Percies by the end of the Wars of the Roses opened the field for families such as the Cliffords , the Dacres and the Musgraves to jostle for position in the North (including those of the Sheriff of Cumberland , the Warden of the West March and the keeper of Penrith Castle). Penrith people were involved in
2838-416: The establishment, by the Quakers , of Penrith's second place of worship, the Friends' Meeting House in Meeting House Lane. Leading gentry of Cumberland and Westmorland gathered at the George Inn on 4 January 1688 at the behest of Lord Preston , the Lord Lieutenant of Cumberland and Westmorland . He was attempting to gauge the views of leading figures in the counties (deputy-lieutenants, and J.P.s ) on
2904-439: The hamlets of Carleton (now a suburb of Penrith), Bowscar, Plumpton Head and some of the village of Eamont Bridge. It was split into four wards – North, South, East and West – which remained the basic local-government divisions in the town until the 1990s. In the 1920s, Penrith Castle came into council possession, its grounds becoming a public park. Castle Hill (Tyne Close) Housing Estate was built nearby. Further council housing
2970-532: The historic county of Cumberland and has never been part of Westmorland . Penrith lies in the Eden Valley, just north of the River Eamont . Other local rivers bounding the town are the Lowther and Petteril . Thacka Beck flows through the town centre partly in a culvert, remaining mostly underground. It links the River Petteril and the River Eamont. For many centuries, the Beck provided Penrith's main water supply. Thacka Beck Nature Reserve provides flood storage to protect buildings in Penrith. Another stream,
3036-611: The intention of King James II to introduce greater religious toleration. Partly due to efforts by John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale , the attendees were persuaded to give a non-committal reply. The Whig Lowther went on to contribute to securing the two counties for King William in the Glorious Revolution and advancing his career, unlike his local ( Tory ) rival Christopher Musgrave of Edenhall who had been more dilatory in his support for William. This exemplified local politics feeding into national politics. The economy of Penrith "continued to rely on cattle rearing, slaughtering and
3102-414: The large enclosure discovered there and assumptions about the strategic position of the Penrith area in the communications systems running north–south through the Eden Valley and east–west across Stainmore. Penrith itself was not established by the Romans, but they recognised the strategic importance of the place, especially near the confluence of the rivers Eamont and Lowther, where the Roman road crossing
3168-459: The local geology, as red sandstone is abundant in the area and was used for many buildings in Penrith. The origins of Penrith go far back in time. There is archaeological evidence of "early, concentrated and continuous settlement" in the area. The Neolithic (c. 4500–2350 BCE) or early- Bronze Age (c. 2500–1000 BCE) sites at nearby Mayburgh Henge , King Arthur's Round Table , Little Round Table, Long Meg and Her Daughters , and Little Meg , and
3234-444: The new unitary District of Westmorland and Furness . The first elections to the new authority took place in May 2022. Penrith was divided into two new wards for the new council – Penrith North (the former Eden council wards of Penrith North and East) and Penrith South (the former West, South, Carleton and Pategill wards). A nascent campaign has arisen, demanding that Penrith be included within Cumberland , given that it forms part of
3300-422: The north–south and east–west routes made it vulnerable to starving vagrants bringing disease. This plus a national food shortage may have led to a typhus epidemic in 1623. During the Civil War, Penrith's gentry were mostly Royalist, but Penrithians seem to have been neither for nor against the King. During the first war (1642–1646), General Leslie took over Brougham Castle for the Covenanters and Penrith became
3366-471: The other manors back into Crown possession (having been taken from the Scots and given to Bishop Anthony Bek ). Perhaps to underline the authority of the Crown, Edward also established an Augustinian Friary in 1291. This succumbed to the Reformation in 1539. The Friarage house was built on the site in 1717. With the Wars of Scottish Independence , Penrith suffered destruction by Scottish forces in 1296 ( William Wallace ), 1314, 1315–1316 and 1322 ( Robert
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#17328633549783432-411: The processing of cattle products" (leather goods, tanning, shoemaking). Penrith was an urban district from 1894 to 1974, when it merged into Eden District . It was coterminous with the civil parish of Penrith, although when the council was abolished, Penrith became an unparished area . The area had been an urban sanitary district presided over by a Local Board of Health. The district also contained
3498-410: The result was in favour. The first elections to this were held on 7 May 2015. Initially the town council was based in offices in St Andrews Place; however, since 2017, it has taken the former county council offices in Friargate. For electing councillors to Eden District Council and to Penrith Town Council, the civil parish of Penrith was divided into six wards : Penrith West and South wards made up
3564-409: The road had survived better at the edges of the field. The cobble and gravel surfaces seemed to have been ploughed out at the centre. The road was constructed by excavating a wide, shallow trench below subsoil level. Large cobbles were probably obtained nearby, as they did not appear frequently in the subsoil in the excavated area. They were added to the excavated subsoil dumped back into the cut to form
3630-463: The same pen element meaning "head, end, top" + the equivalent of Welsh rhudd "crimson". Research on the medieval spelling variants of Penrith also suggests this alternative etymology. The name "red hill" may refer to Beacon Hill, to the north-east of today's town. There is also a place called Redhills to the south-west, near the M6 motorway , and a place called Penruddock , about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Penrith. These names all reflect
3696-410: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Robinson&oldid=1221865397 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3762-410: The site now known as Old Penrith , five miles north of the town. The 18th-century antiquarian and vicar of Penrith, Dr.Hugh Todd , speculated that the Ala I Petriana may have been stationed there, giving its name to the subsequent town, but see the "Toponymy" section above. The Roman road from Manchester to Carlisle ran through the area. Excavations before an extension to Penrith Cemetery showed
3828-789: The stage name Chung Ling Soo Will Robinson, a fictional character in the Lost in Space television and film franchise, recognisable by his companion robot’s catchphrase "Danger, Will Robinson!" Politics [ edit ] United States [ edit ] William Robinson (Rhode Island official) (1693–1751), deputy governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Robinson Jr. (1785–1868), American politician and businessman William Erigena Robinson (1814–1892), United States Representative from New York William Whipple Robinson (active 1874–1906), Los Angeles City auditor William Robinson (Wisconsin politician) (1825–1895), English-born Wisconsin politician William F. Robinson (1913–2008), American politician in
3894-419: The stone circles at Leacet Hill and Oddendale are some of the visible traces of "one of the most important groups of prehistoric ritual sites in the region." In addition there have been various finds (stone axes, hammers, knives) and carvings found in the Penrith area. For the Celtic ( Iron Age ) era (c. 800 BCE – 100 CE), nearby Clifton Dykes has been proposed as the centre of the Carvetti tribe, due to
3960-603: Was built at Fair Hill and Castletown before the Second World War, and after the war at Scaws, Townhead and Pategill. The district was bordered on three sides by Penrith Rural District , the southern boundary marked by the River Eamont being with Westmorland . Penrith is in the parliamentary constituency of Penrith and Solway . Its Member of Parliament (MP) since 2024 is Markus Campbell-Savours ( Labour ). Since 2023, Penrith has had two levels of local government – Westmorland and Furness unitary authority (see below) and Penrith parish (town). Until 2023, for county purposes, it
4026-506: Was especially important in its early history, when Anglo-Scottish relations were fraught. Furthermore, Penrith was a Crown possession in its early phase, though often granted to favoured noble families. It did not become a chartered borough or a municipal corporation and had no representation in Parliament. It also gained growth from its proximity to the Inglewood Forest and to the fertile Eden valley , and largely depended upon agriculture, especially cattle rearing and droving . After
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#17328633549784092-422: Was first formed in 1866. Between 1894 and 1974, the Urban District council acted as the parish council, but on its abolition, its successor authority, Eden District Council, decided that Penrith would become an unparished area under the district council's direct control. In 2014 a referendum was held open to all registered voters in the unparished area of Penrith to see if they wanted a parish council for Penrith, and
4158-424: Was governed by Cumbria County Council , whose social services and education departments used to have area offices in the town. It was the seat of administration for Eden District Council , one of the largest districts by area in England and the most sparsely populated. It was based at offices in Penrith Town Hall and at the building now known as Mansion House, formerly Bishop Yards House. A civil parish of Penrith
4224-457: Was overseen by Sir Thomas Smith , one of Elizabeth's trusted Protestant counsellors. Penrith was not involved in the Rising of the North in 1569, despite involvement by Sir Richard Lowther and his younger brother Gerard, whose house in Penrith became the former Two Lions Inn . The merchant, Robert Bartram, may have built the Tudor House in St Andrew's Place (1563), indicating a trading class operating in Penrith. However, there may have been
4290-439: Was probably destroyed as well. It is thought that Strickland built and strengthened the "pele tower" in Benson Row, behind Hutton Hall. He also endowed a chantry (1395) in St Andrew's Church, (where the chantry priest may have taught music and grammar), and created Thacka Beck, diverting clean water from the River Petteril , which was notably valuable for the tanning and related industries. Strickland shared power in Penrith with
4356-399: Was referred to as the Honour of Penrith . From 1242 to 1295, the Honour of Penrith (created "the liberty of Penrith" by the Treaty of York in 1237) was in the hands of the King of Scots, in return for renouncing his claims to Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland. King Henry III had been reluctant to cede Penrith to the Scots, as it was a good source of Crown income: the right to hold
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