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48-819: Pulaski County Special School District No. 1 ( PCSSD ) is one of four public school districts in Pulaski County, Arkansas —along with the Little Rock School District , the North Little Rock School District , and the Jacksonville North Pulaski School District —accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education . PCSSD has its headquarters in Sweet Home , an unincorporated area near southeastern Little Rock ;

96-454: A school board ) may be elected, appointed by a political office holder, serve ex officio , or a combination of any of these. An independent school district is a legally separate body corporate and political . Most school districts operate as independent local governmental units with exclusive authority over K–12 public educational operations and policies. The extent of their control is set by state-level law. Litigation against school districts

144-481: A "board of trustees," "board of education," "school committee," etc.. This body usually appoints or hires an experienced public school administrator to function as the district's superintendent of schools – a district's chief executive . The superintendent oversees daily operations, decisions and implements the policies of the board. The school board may also exercise a quasi-judicial function in serious employee or student discipline matters. School districts in

192-408: A cafeteria to accommodate school lunches and a space for school programs. A major fire of unknown origins destroyed much of the school during the late 1950s. The new facility was constructed at the current school location of 4710 Frazier Pike, Little Rock, Arkansas. Shortly after court-mandated integration in the late 1960s, the black residents of College Station established a "boycott school" known as

240-603: A certain degree comparable to a school district. Other arrangements are possible: certain types of special schools in North Rhine-Westphalia are run by the Landschaftsverbände . There also exist private schools , mostly funded by the States, but run by private entities like churches or foundations. In Italy , school districts were established in 1974 by the " Provvedimenti Delegati sulla scuola " ("Assigned Laws [to

288-561: A decline in property tax revenues during and after the Great Recession . By 2016 there were about 13,000 school districts, and the average student population was about 5,000. Although these terms can vary slightly between various states and regions, these are typical definitions for school district constitution: These terms may not appear in a district's name, even though the condition may apply. In England and Wales , school boards were established in 1870, and abolished in 1902, with

336-411: A decrease of 38,127 or 35%. Many states had passed laws facilitating school district consolidation. In 1951 the majority of the school districts in existence were rural school districts only providing elementary education, and some school districts did not operate schools but instead provided transportation to other schools. The Midwest had a large number of rural school districts. Previously areas of

384-508: A former administrator of the district and McAlmont Elementary School, served as Pulaski Technical School before being renamed as Harris High School starting in the fall of 1963 and lasting until 1970 when the district reorganized its facilities as a result of desegregation and the facility became an elementary school. The high school's mascot of the Panthers remains today as Harris Elementary School's mascot. † denotes Title I school Primarily as

432-632: A minority of secondary schools , a few primary schools, and much further education . (Most schools are neither organized geographically nor publicly managed, although the Department of Education inspects and funds them and pays teachers' salaries.) Each ETB area comprises one or more local authority areas , with city or county councilors forming the bulk of the ETB board. The ETBs was formed in 2005 by amalgamating Vocational Education Committees established in 1930, also based on local government areas. In Hong Kong ,

480-710: A result of desegregation or the need to replace aging facilities, numerous facilities have been renamed or closed including the following: J. C. Cook High School (a Black school in Wrightsville ) was closed as a result of desegregation and repurposed as an integrated J. C. Cook Elementary School until 1976. School district In the U.S., most K–12 public schools function as units of local school districts. A school district usually operates several elementary , middle , and high schools . The largest urban and suburban districts operate hundreds of schools. While practice varies significantly by state (and in some cases, within

528-450: A school system that is separate but similar to a town's or a county's powers. These include the power to enter contacts, use eminent domain , and to issue binding rules and regulations affecting school policies and operations. The power of school districts to tax and spend is generally more limited. For example, many school districts in New York state require a majority of voters living in

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576-706: A single school district." Noting that most modern school districts were formed by consolidating one-room school districts in the first seven decades of the 20th century, Fischel argues that "outside the South, these consolidations were consented to by local voters" who "preferred districts whose boundaries conformed to their everyday interactions rather than formal units of government" and that "[t]he South ended up with county-based school districts because segregation imposed diseconomies of scale on district operations and required larger land-area districts." In New York , most school districts are separate governmental units with

624-449: A state), most American school districts operate as independent local governmental units under a grant of authority and within geographic limits created by state law. The executive and legislative power over locally-controlled policies and operations of an independent school district are, in most cases, held by a school district's board of education. Depending on state law, members of a local board of education (often referred to informally as

672-473: A steady reduction of the pupil/teacher ratio from 16.60 to 1 (1997–98) to 14.84 to 1 (2011–12). The Pulaski County Special School District maintains four comprehensive public high schools . In 2011–12, PCSSD closed Oak Grove High School with the opening of the newly constructed Maumelle High School. The last school built in PCSSD prior to Maumelle High School was J. A. Fair High School , which subsequently moved to

720-634: Is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pulaski County , Arkansas , United States. The population was 600 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Little Rock – North Little Rock – Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km ), all land. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 469 people, 167 households, and 142 families residing in

768-427: Is common and some law firms specialize in education law. Districts typically maintain professional liability insurance in order to pay its settlements and legal liabilities. As of 2023 in most U.S. states, public school districts may lay taxes to fund their operations. In others, such as Maine , some school districts are able to lay taxes and others are not. Independent school districts often exercise authority over

816-401: Is the state's fifth largest district and encompasses a total 729 square miles (1,890 km), and includes most areas of the county—incorporated and unincorporated—excluding most areas within the city limits of Little Rock , Cammack Village , most areas within the city of North Little Rock , Jacksonville , and a section of McAlmont . Prior to July 1, 2016, the three school districts within

864-493: Is zoned to College Station Elementary School (which serves students in kindergarten through grade five), Fuller Middle School, and Wilbur D. Mills University Studies High School . The Pulaski County SSD established a school in College Station. From 1949 to 1963, Otis Lee Walker was the principal of the school, which was central to the community of College Station. It was originally a single-room white frame building located in

912-524: The Arkansas Department of Education abolished and dissolved the PCSSD School Board and fired its current superintendent, Dr. Charles Hopson amid alleged financial troubles and the aforementioned lack of completing required desegregation actions. This also lead to the state department taking over the school district. This district boundary includes, in addition to the Sweet Home CDP, the entirety of

960-659: The Education Bureau divides primary schools into 36 districts, known as school nets, for its Primary One Admission System . Of the 36 districts, districts 34 and 41 in Kowloon and districts 11 and 12 in Hong Kong Island are considered the most prestigious. In Iranian cities school kids normal registrations are limited by school districts, register is online at my.medu.ir and the parent sees schools within range online. College Station, Arkansas College Station

1008-773: The Midwest and West tend to cross municipal boundaries, while school districts in New England and the Mid-Atlantic regions tend to adhere to city, township, and/or county boundaries. As of 1951 school districts were independent governmental units in 26 states, while in 17 states there were mixes of independent school districts and school districts subordinate to other local governments. In nine states there were only school districts subordinate to local governments. In most Southern states, school systems operate either as an arm of county government or at least share coextensive boundaries with

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1056-671: The Unorganized Borough of Alaska were not served by school districts but instead served by schools directly operated by the Alaska Department of Education and by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) schools. The state schools were transferred to the Alaska State-Operated School System (SOS) after the Alaska Legislature created it in 1971; that agency was terminated in 1975, with its schools transferred to

1104-442: The county council and county borough councils becoming the local education authorities . In France, the system of the carte scolaire was dismantled by the beginning of the 2007 school year. More school choice has been given to French students; however, priority is given to those who meet the following criteria: In Germany , schools and teachers are predominately funded by the states of Germany , which also are in control of

1152-554: The Arkansas Department of Career Education (ACE), the Standards of Accreditation of Public Schools require that each school offer three programs of study in three different occupational pathway areas. In fall 2011, a new 44 acres (18 ha) campus facility for Sylvan Hills Middle School opened for grades 6-8 students and staff, replacing the original high school (1955-1967) / middle school (1967-2011) facilities located adjacent to

1200-482: The CDP was $ 14,191, and the median income for a family was $ 14,464. Males had a median income of $ 25,893 versus $ 17,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 9,498. About 60.2% of families and 53.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 76.3% of those under age 18 and 28.3% of those age 65 or over. It is within the Pulaski County Special School District . It

1248-452: The CDP. As of the census of 2000, there were 766 people, 260 households, and 171 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 683.0 inhabitants per square mile (263.7/km ). There were 309 housing units at an average density of 275.5 per square mile (106.4/km ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 1.48% White , 95.78% Black or African American , 0.13% Native American , 0.78% Asian , and 1.83% from two or more races. 0.78% of

1296-546: The Government] about the school"). Each district must contain a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The national government attempted to link the local schools with local society and culture and local governments. The school districts were dissolved in 2003 by the "legge finanziaria" (law about the government budget) in an attempt to trim the national budget. In the Republic of Ireland, 16 Education and Training Boards (ETBs) administer

1344-621: The Little Rock School District. Joe T. Robinson High School moved to new facilities starting in the 1981–82 school year. North Pulaski High School was established in 1977, Wilbur D. Mills High School opened in 1969, and Sylvan Hills High School was founded in 1956 and moved to newer facilities in November 1968. Jacksonville High School was originally located on the site of present-day Jacksonville Elementary. Next, JHS moved to 1320 School Drive (now serving as Jacksonville Middle School) until

1392-540: The Pulaski County municipalities of Maumelle , Sherwood (including the former Gravel Ridge CDP ), and Wrightsville , as well as portions of Little Rock and North Little Rock. It also includes the portion of Alexander in Pulaski County, which is an exclave . It also includes the census-designated places of Sweet Home, College Station , Hensley , Landmark (formerly Parkers-Iron Springs), Natural Steps , Roland , and Woodson , as well as portions of McAlmont and

1440-451: The Pulaski County portion of Scott . Other unincorporated areas include Crystal Hill , and Ironton . The district extends into Saline County , where it serves a portion of Shannon Hills , into Lonoke County , which includes its portion of Scott CDP, and into Faulkner County . Since 1997–98, PCSSD has served approximately 17,500 to 20,000 students each year supported by approximately 1,100 to 1,400 full time equivalent teachers, with

1488-628: The Sylvan Hills High School and Sylvan Hills Elementary School campus. In August 2018, Fuller Middle School moved into the old buildings of Mills High School, constructed in 1969. The school was renamed as Mills Middle. A new Robinson Middle School was also opened. Along with the new Mills High School, these schools cost about $ 80 million. † denotes Title I school The Pulaski County Special School District operates 16 elementary schools including several magnet schools and specialty schools providing focus on particular subject areas. In 2008,

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1536-459: The United States tend to be different from the demographics of the students. This difference is "most pronounced in majority nonwhite jurisdictions and school districts with the largest racial achievement gaps ." There were 130,000 school districts in the country in 1930, with an average student population of 150. From 1942 to 1951 the number of school districts declined from 108,579 to 70,452,

1584-812: The William Jefferson Clinton Elementary Magnet School was named a National Blue Ribbon School , followed by a National Blue Ribbon School designation for Arnold Drive Elementary School in 2010. Sherwood Elementary's Odyssey of the Mind team takes the Arkansas State Tournament and went to the World Finals. Also, Dupree Elementary received a National School of Distinction status from the Schools Fight Hunger program. Harris Elementary School named in honor of Viola H. Harris,

1632-440: The annexation of J. A. Fair High School and other schools from PCSSD to LRSD in 1987. In 2007, the courts determined that all actions by LRSD were completed and that court supervision continues until NLRSD and PCSSD actions are completed. On May 19, 2011, the court determined that PCSSD had not completed nine of twelve actions required by court supervision with regards to being unitary in the desegregation case. On June 20, 2011,

1680-425: The county— Little Rock School District (LRSD), North Little Rock School District (NLRSD), and Pulaski County Special School District (PCSSD)—have been involved in a desegregation case that the courts determined were unconstitutionally segregated and placed under court supervision since 1982. The Pulaski County Special School District had a segregated administrative structure well into the late 1970s. Viola Harris

1728-464: The district or the local government to approval their annual budget, but school districts in Virginia have no taxing authority and must depend on another local government (county, city, or town) for funding. A district's governing body, usually called a school board , is typically elected by direct popular vote but may be appointed by other governmental officials. The governing body might also be known as

1776-459: The headquarters has a Little Rock postal address. The current Pulaski County Special School District was established on July 21, 1927, by referendum pursuant of Act 152 of the 1927 Arkansas Acts by the Arkansas legislature joining thirty-eight independent school districts into a "special" school district. As of 2019–20, PCSSD has the sixth-highest student enrollment in the state. Geographically, PCSSD

1824-399: The main red-dirt road called Route 2 in Pulaski County. Route 2 is now known as Frazier Pike. Initially the school provided K-8 education, but during the 50s the higher grades of 7 and above were switched to Sweet Home, under the principalship of David Lyons who worked collaboratively with Otis Walker. Two additional frame buildings were added to the original location of the school providing for

1872-516: The newly created Alaska Unorganized Borough School District, which was broken apart into twenty-one school districts the following year. In the 2022 Census of Governments, the United States Census Bureau enumerated the following numbers of school systems in the United States: School districts in the US have reduced the number of their employees by 3.3%, or 270,000 between 2008 and 2012, owing to

1920-453: The old buildings of Mills High School, becoming Mills Middle School. The assumed course of study for students at each high school follows the Smart Core curriculum developed by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE), which requires each student to complete 22 units to graduate; 16 units are from the Smart Core and 6 units that are career focused in occupational pathway areas. According to

1968-504: The overall education policies. On the other hand, school buildings are mostly run and funded by municipal governments on different levels of the municipal system (municipalities proper, districts), depending on the size and specialization of a certain school or the population size of a certain municipality. As with other fields of government, for more specialized schools, special government bodies ("Zweckverband") can be established, where municipalities, and not voters, are members; these are to

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2016-435: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 260 households, out of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.5% were married couples living together, 32.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

2064-441: The power to levy taxes and incur debt, except for the five cities with a population of over 125,000 ( Buffalo , Rochester , Syracuse , Yonkers , and New York City ), where the schools are operated directly by the municipalities. The Hawaii State Department of Education functions as a single statewide school district, unique among states. According to a 2021 study, the demographics of voters who elect local school boards in

2112-576: The start of the 1969–70 school year, when it moved to 2400 Linda Lane. Jacksonville High School was removed from the Pulaski County Special School District on July 1, 2016, as part of the formation of the Jacksonville North Pulaski School District . A new campus for Wilbur D Mills High School was opened in August 2018. The school was built on the grounds that formerly held Fuller Middle School. The Fuller Middle School students moved into

2160-551: The state's counties. A 2010 study by economist William A. Fischel found that "two-thirds of medium-to-large American cities have boundaries that substantially overlap those of a single school district" with substantial regional and state variations in the degree of overlap, "ranging from nearly perfect congruence in New England , New Jersey, and Virginia, to hardly any in Illinois, Texas, and Florida." Older and more populous municipalities "tend to have boundaries that closely match those of

2208-408: Was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.43. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males. The median income for a household in

2256-572: Was named to honor Viola Harris and her dedication to the education of Black students in the rural communities of Pulaski County. Students in the Black Schools received the discarded and outdated textbooks from the white schools in the PCSSD. The desegregation litigation sought remedies for these historical disparities. After numerous actions were satisfied, the courts determined that LRSD to be unitary (or integrated) and generally coterminous with Little Rock's boundaries. In doing so, these actions led to

2304-477: Was the Assistant Superintendent for the segregated schools located in the rural predominantly Black communities of Pulaski County encompassing College Station, Sweet Home, Pankey, McAlmont and others. The Black teachers and principals reported to Viola Harris, and were paid significantly less than their white counterparts in the Pulaski County Special School District. The current Harris Elementary School

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