42-1083: William Gibbons may refer to: William Gibbons (explorer) ( fl. 1612 ), English explorer of Canadian waters; see Baffin Bay § History William Gibbons (physician) (1649–1728), English physician William Gibbons (American politician) (1726–1800), American lawyer and delegate to the Continental Congress William Gibbons (British politician) (1898–1976), British politician William Conrad Gibbons (1926–2015), American historian and foreign policy expert William D. Gibbons (1825–1886), African-American Baptist minister William M. Gibbons (1919–1990), American lawyer and railroad executive Bill Gibbons , American attorney Bill Gibbons (basketball) , American basketball coach Billy Gibbons (born 1949), American guitarist See also [ edit ] Bill Gibbins (1872–1956), chairman of Everton F.C. [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
84-624: A marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean . It is sometimes considered a sea of the North Atlantic Ocean . It is connected to the Atlantic via Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea . The narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean . The bay is not navigable most of the year because of the ice cover and high density of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas. However,
126-602: A polynya of about 80,000 km (31,000 sq mi), known as the North Water , opens in summer on the north near Smith Sound . Most of the aquatic life of the bay is concentrated near that region. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of Baffin Bay as follows: On the North. A line from Cape Sheridan , Grant Land ( 82°35′N 60°45′W / 82.583°N 60.750°W / 82.583; -60.750 ) to Cape Bryant , Greenland. On
168-612: A permanent organization was formed and statutes for its operations were prepared. The IHB, now the IHO, began its activities in 1921 with 18 nations as members. The Principality of Monaco was selected as the seat of the Organization as a result of the offer of Albert I of Monaco to provide suitable accommodation for the Bureau in the Principality. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
210-524: A result of mixing of Arctic and Atlantic waters; their temperature is about −0.5 °C (31.1 °F) and salinity is 34.5 ‰. In winter, 80% of the bay is covered with continuous ice, floating ice and fast ice . In some winters, the continuous ice stretches from shore to shore. The ice is most abundant in March and least in August–September. In summer, drifting ice remains in the central and western parts of
252-520: A town was built at Nanisivik to support lead and zinc production at the Nanisivik Mine —the first Canadian mine in the Arctic. The mine was closed in 2002 due to declining resources and metal prices. Whereas the town still has a functional seaport and an airport, as of the 2006 census , it has an official population of zero. Baffin Bay was the epicenter of a 7.3 magnitude earthquake in 1933 . This
294-498: Is an intergovernmental organization representing hydrography . As of May 2024 , the IHO comprised 100 member states. A principal aim of the IHO is to ensure that the world's seas, oceans and navigable waters are properly surveyed and charted. It does this through the setting of international standards for hydrographic surveys, the co-ordination of the endeavors of the world's national hydrographic offices, and through its capacity building program. The IHO enjoys observer status at
336-601: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Baffin Bay#History Baffin Bay ( Inuktitut : Saknirutiak Imanga ; Greenlandic : Avannaata Imaa ; French : Baie de Baffin ; Danish : Baffinbugten ), located between Baffin Island and the west coast of Greenland , is defined by the International Hydrographic Organization as
378-533: Is less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft) deep near the coast, where the sea bottom is covered with gravel, crushed stone and sand. In the centre, there is a deep pit called the Baffin Basin , reaching 2,136 m (7,008 ft) (see depth map ), which is mostly covered in silt . Currents form a cyclonic circulation . On the eastern periphery, in summer, the West Greenland Current transports water from
420-454: Is the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle . It caused no damage because of its offshore location and the small number of the nearby onshore communities. The northwestern part of the bay remains one of the most seismically active regions in eastern Canada. Five earthquakes of magnitude 6 have occurred here since 1933. The latest strong earthquake occurred on 15 April 2010 and had
462-621: Is the largest polynya of the Canadian Arctic and covers the Smith Sound between the Ellesmere Island and Greenland. This polynya has a stable position and existed for at least 9,000 years. It was first described in 1616 by William Baffin and was named North Water by whalers of the 18–19th centuries. The North Water provides air to ice algae and zooplankton and is characterized by abundant fauna. Of about 20,000 beluga whales living in
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#1732869368910504-705: The Greenland authorities have offered a large number of off-shore concessions for potential hydrocarbon (oil and gas) extraction. The largest concession-areas are located in seas west of Greenland; primarily in Baffin Bay and the Davis Strait , but with several smaller concessions in the Greenland Sea in the east also. International Hydrographic Organization The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) (French: Organisation Hydrographique Internationale )
546-719: The Hydrographic Dictionary and the Year Book are available to the general public free of charge from the IHO website. The IHO publishes the international standards related to charting and hydrography, including S-57, IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data , the encoding standard that is used primarily for electronic navigational charts . In 2010, the IHO introduced a new, contemporary hydrographic geospatial standard for modelling marine data and information, known as S-100. S-100 and any dependent product specifications are underpinned by an on-line registry accessible via
588-719: The United Nations , where it is the recognized competent authority on hydrographic surveying and nautical charting . When referring to hydrography and nautical charting in conventions and similar instruments, it is the IHO standards and specifications that are normally used. During the 19th century, many maritime nations established hydrographic offices to provide means for improving the navigation of naval and merchant vessels by providing nautical publications, nautical charts, and other navigational services. There were substantial differences in hydrographic procedures charts, and publications. In 1889, an International Maritime Conference
630-648: The 10th and 15th centuries. The English explorer John Davis was the first recorded European to enter the bay, arriving in 1585. In 1612, a group of English merchants formed the "Company of Merchants of London , Discoverers of the North-West Passage ". Their governor Thomas Smythe organized five expeditions to explore the northern coasts of Canada in search of a maritime passage to the Far East . Henry Hudson and Thomas Button explored Hudson Bay , William Gibbons Labrador , and Robert Bylot Hudson Strait and
672-593: The 20th century in order to preserve the wildlife population. For example, the quota for polar bears in the bay area is 105 per year. There are about 400 plant and tree species on the bay shores, including birch , willow , alder and plants adapted to salty soils , as well as lyme grass , mosses, and lichens. These serve as food for caribou and rodents, such as lemming . Resident fish species include polar cod , Arctic flounder ( Pleuronectidae , Liopsetta ), four-horned sculpin and capelin , whereas cod , haddock , herring , halibut , and rattail migrate from
714-551: The Atlantic Ocean to the North. In its western part, the Baffin Island Current brings the Arctic waters to the south. The climate is Arctic with frequent storms, especially in winter. Average January temperatures are −20 °C (−4 °F) in the south and −28 °C (−18 °F) in the north. In July, the average temperature is 7 °C (45 °F). The annual precipitation is 100–250 mm (3.9–9.8 in) on
756-550: The Atlantic. The birds are represented by the little auk , snowy owl , willow ptarmigan , rock ptarmigan , gyrfalcon , Arctic redpoll and guillemots . Most of them migrate to the south during the winter. The US Geological Survey has estimated that at least 13% of the world's undiscovered oil deposits and 30% of the world's undiscovered gas pockets are located in the Arctic, with the seas around Greenland potentially holding large amounts of natural gas and lesser amounts of crude oil and natural-gas liquids . Accordingly,
798-485: The Baffin Bay, some 15,000 are concentrated at the North Water. Other abundant animals of the region include walrus , narwhal , harp seal , bearded seal , ringed seal , bowhead whale , rorquals and polar bear . All aquatic mammals crucially depend on the availability of open water; they have very limited ability to maintain breathing holes in ice and are all vulnerable to attacks by the polar bear when breathing at
840-514: The Convention on the IHO, the secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General, supported by two Directors. As before, all three senior members of the secretariat continue to be elected to their positions by the Member States at the regular Assembly of the IHO (formerly, IHO Conferences). The secretariat staff comprise a number of technical specialists, administrators, and support personnel. The bulk of
882-625: The East Coast to Cape Sherard (Cape Osborn) ( 74°35′N 80°30′W / 74.583°N 80.500°W / 74.583; -80.500 ) and across to Cape Liverpool, Bylot Island ( 73°44′N 77°50′W / 73.733°N 77.833°W / 73.733; -77.833 ); down the East coast of this island to Cape Graham Moore , its southeastern point, and thence across to Cape Macculloch ( 72°29′N 75°08′W / 72.483°N 75.133°W / 72.483; -75.133 ) and down
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#1732869368910924-628: The East coast of Baffin Island to East Bluff, its Southeastern extremity, and thence the Eastern limit of Hudson Strait ]. The area of the bay has been inhabited since c. 500 BC. Around AD 1200, the initial Dorset settlers were replaced by the Thule (the later Inuit ) peoples. Recent excavations also suggest that the Norse colonization of the Americas reached the shores of Baffin Bay sometime between
966-811: The East. The West Coast of Greenland. On the South. The parallel of 70° North between Greenland and Baffin Land. On the West. The Eastern limits of the North-West Passages [The East Coast of Ellesmere Island between C. Sheridan and Cape Norton Shaw ( 76°29′N 78°30′W / 76.483°N 78.500°W / 76.483; -78.500 ), thence across to Phillips Point ( Coburg Island ) through this Island to Marina Peninsula ( 75°55′N 79°10′W / 75.917°N 79.167°W / 75.917; -79.167 ) and across to Cape Fitz Roy ( Devon Island ) down
1008-461: The Greenland side and about twice as much near Baffin Island. The water temperature at the surface is below −1 °C (30 °F) in winter. In summer, it varies from 4–5 °C (39–41 °F) in the south-east to 0 °C (32 °F) and below at north-west. The salinity exceeds 34‰ (parts per thousand) in winter. In summer, it is 32‰ on the east and 30–31‰ on the west. Deep waters are formed as
1050-474: The IHO website. S-100 is aligned with the ISO 19100 series of geographic standards, thereby making it fully compatible with contemporary geospatial data standards. Because S-100 is based on ISO 19100, it can be used by other data providers for their maritime-related (non-hydrographic) data and information. Various data and information providers from both the government and private sector are now using S-100 as part of
1092-470: The IHO's technical and specialist expertise comes from Member States' personnel, often assisted by invited industry experts, who all provide technical contributions through participation in various IHO committees and working groups. A Council, comprising a sub-set of all the IHO Member States, meets annually and oversees the work of the IHO. A full description, together with details of the workings of all
1134-404: The area which became known as Baffin's Bay after his pilot William Baffin . Aboard Discovery , Baffin charted the area and named Lancaster , Smith , and Jones Sounds after members of his company. By the completion of his 1616 voyage, Baffin held out no hope of an ice-free passage and the area remained unexplored for another two centuries. Over time, his account came to be doubted until it
1176-399: The bay. Numerous icebergs are formed in this period and are brought, together with ice, to the Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland . The tides are semidiurnal , with an average height of 4 m (13 ft) and the maximum of 9 m (30 ft). Their speed varies between 1 and 3.7 km/h (0.62 and 2.30 mph) hour and the direction by as much as 180°. This variability results in
1218-504: The collision and crushing of fresh, old, and pack ice. Winds are predominantly north-western through the whole year. South-eastern and eastern winds are common in July and August. Between May and July (sometimes April), a significant portion of navigable open water ( polynya ) forms at the extreme north of the bay, presumably due to the relatively warm Greenland Current. With an area of about 80,000 km (31,000 sq mi) in summer, it
1260-474: The field of standardization since the IHO was founded. The IHO has encouraged the formation of Regional Hydrographic Commissions (RHCs). Each RHC coordinates the national surveying and charting activities of countries within each region and acts as a forum to address other matters of common hydrographic interest. The 15 RHCs plus the IHO Hydrographic Commission on Antarctica effectively cover
1302-432: The holes. The seals and walrus occupy areas of fast ice, which is essential for giving birth and raising the pups. Bearded seals feed near the bottom of the bay and therefore are restricted to the shallow waters. Ringed seal is the most common meal of the polar bear. It is also an occasional prey of the walrus and Arctic fox . Most large animals of the bay are being traditionally hunted, but the hunting has been restricted in
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1344-563: The implementation of the e-Navigation concept that has been endorsed by the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO). Another in the series of publications of interest is S-23, Limits of Oceans and Seas . The 3rd edition dates back to 1953 while the potential 4th edition, started in 1986, has remained a draft since 2002. It was distributed to IHO members, but its official publication has been suspended pending agreement between South Korea and Japan regarding
1386-622: The magnitude of 5.1. Baffin Bay is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by the Baffin Island in the west, Greenland in the east, and Ellesmere Island in the north. It connects to the Atlantic through the Davis Strait, and to the Arctic through several narrow channels of Nares Strait. It is a northwestern extension of the North Atlantic and Labrador Sea. It can also be viewed as a long strait separating Baffin Island and Greenland. The bay
1428-404: The most convenient form to enable them to be readily used; of instituting a prompt system of mutual exchange of hydrographic information between all countries; and of providing an opportunity to consultations and discussions to be carried out on hydrographic subjects generally by the hydrographic experts of the world." This is still the major purpose of the IHO. As a result of the 1919 Conference,
1470-519: The organs of the IHO is available on the IHO website: www.iho.int The IHO develops hydrographic and nautical charting standards. These standards are subsequently adopted and used by its member countries and others in their surveys, nautical charts, and publications. The almost universal use of the IHO standards means that the products and services provided by the world's national hydrographic and oceanographic offices are consistent and recognizable by all seafarers and for other users. Much has been done in
1512-409: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Gibbons&oldid=1219815480 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1554-513: The secretariat was renamed the "IHO Secretariat," which consists of an elected Secretary-General, two supporting Directors, and a small permanent staff (18 in 2020) at the Organization’s headquarters in Monaco. Until 2016 the IHO was administered by a secretariat headed by a Directing Committee comprising a President and two Directors. Since 8 November 2016, upon the entry in to force of revisions to
1596-754: The world. The IHO, in partnership with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, directs the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans program. Establishment of the Chart Specifications Committee and International Charts: Most IHO publications, including the standards, guidelines and associated documents such as the International Hydrographic Review , International Hydrographic Bulletin ,
1638-482: Was confirmed by John Ross 's 1818 voyage. More advanced scientific studies followed in 1928, in the 1930s and after World War II by Danish, American and Canadian expeditions. Currently, there are a few Inuit settlements on the Canadian coast of the bay, including Arctic Bay (population 690), Pond Inlet (1,315) and Clyde River (820). Those settlements are accessed and supplied by air and annual sealifts . In 1975,
1680-538: Was established in June 1921 as the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB). In 1970, the organization adopted its current name as part of a new International Convention on the IHO, which was agreed upon by its member nations. The term "International Hydrographic Bureau" continued to describe the IHO's secretariat until 8 November 2016, when a major revision to the Convention took effect. Following this change,
1722-620: Was held at Washington, D.C. , and it was proposed to establish a "permanent international commission." Similar proposals were made at the sessions of the International Congress of Navigation held at Saint Petersburg in 1908 and the International Maritime Conference held at Saint Petersburg in 1912. In 1919, the national Hydrographers of Great Britain and France cooperated in taking the necessary steps to convene an international conference of Hydrographers. London
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1764-534: Was selected as the most suitable place for this conference, and on 24 July 1919, the First International Conference opened, attended by the Hydrographers of 24 nations. The object of the conference was "To consider the advisability of all maritime nations adopting similar methods in preparation, construction, and production of their charts and all hydrographic publications; of rendering the results in
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