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37-568: William Evans Burton (24 September 1804 – 10 February 1860) was an English actor, playwright, theatre manager and publisher who relocated to the United States. Born in London on 24 September 1804, Burton was the son of William George Burton (1774–1825), a printer and the author of Research into the religions of the Eastern nations as illustrative of the scriptures in 1805. Intended for

74-956: A son . The marriage was not a success, and partly due to this in 1834 Burton relocated to the United States, where he appeared in Philadelphia as Dr. Ollapod in The Poor Gentleman . He took a prominent place, both as actor and manager, in New York City, Philadelphia and Baltimore , the theatre which he leased in New York being renamed Burton's Theatre . He was very successful as Captain Cuttle in John Brougham 's dramatisation of Dombey and Son , and in other low comedy parts in plays from Charles Dickens 's novels. In 1837 in Philadelphia he established

111-416: A career in the church, Burton was a pupil at St. Paul's School in London, an institution associated also with the dramatic names of Robert William Elliston and Charles Mathews . At the age of 18, in consequence of the death of his father, the youth was called to take charge of the printing office, and also to be the support of a widowed mother. His first effort was to establish a monthly magazine. The attempt

148-412: A combination of the works of Shakespeare , popular melodramas , and new dramas, comedies or musical theatre works. The era of the actor-manager was geared to star performances, such as Irving 's role in the 1871 play The Bells . The system of actor-management waned in the early 20th century, as actor-managers were replaced first by stage managers and later by theatre directors . In addition,

185-407: A friend that Burton was a "blackguard and a villain." Poe's friend Joseph E. Snodgrass thought Burton's rumour-mongering was enough for Poe to sue for slander but Poe noted his own name-calling was enough for a countersuit. In late 1840, Burton sold his magazine to George Rex Graham for the price of $ 3,500 (one dollar for each subscriber), who transformed it into Graham's Magazine . Burton used

222-426: A literary critic himself for the magazine. To remain competitive, the magazine included better paper, more illustrations , and higher-quality printing, making production costs high. Poe became an editor in 1839, though Burton disliked Poe's harsh style of criticism. Even so, Poe's responsibilities increased whenever Burton left town to perform at other venues. It was under Burton that Poe began what has since been termed

259-626: A paragraph in English to save his life". Poe was fired by Burton in June 1840. Burton and Poe had a tumultuous working relationship. Burton tried selling the magazine without telling Poe, and Poe made plans to launch his own competing Philadelphia-based magazine called The Penn without mentioning it to Burton. Additionally, Burton may have written a particularly scathing negative review of Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket and spread rumours of his drunkenness, which Poe denied. Poe told

296-472: A permanent clientele that flocked to their productions. They could enlarge their audience by going on tour across the country, performing a repertoire of well-known plays, such as Shakespeare. The newspapers, private clubs, pubs and coffee shops rang with lively debates palming the relative merits of the stars of their productions. Henry Irving (1838–1905) was the most successful of the British actor-managers. Irving

333-508: A series of appeals the Supreme Court upheld her claim, thus establishing the rights of an alien to dower in the United States. William Evans Burton was the father of the English painter William Shakespeare Burton . Actor-manager An actor-manager is a leading actor who sets up their own permanent theatrical company and manages the business , sometimes taking over a theatre to perform select plays in which they usually star. It

370-480: A technical or scientific nature. This may include exploded views , cutaways , fly-throughs, reconstructions, instructional images, component designs, diagrams . The aim is "to generate expressive images that effectively convey certain information via the visual channel to the human observer". Technical and scientific illustration is generally designed to describe or explain subjects to a nontechnical audience, so it must provide "an overall impression of what an object

407-415: A writer likewise displayed themselves at an early age. In May 1833, a play from his pen, called Ellen Wareham , was first presented, and it is mentioned that this piece had the somewhat unusual fortune of being acted at five different theatres of London on the same evening. Burton went on to a large number of plays during his career. On 10 April 1823 Burton had married Elizabeth Loft, by whom in 1824 he had

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444-436: Is $ 70,650, while for science illustrators it is $ 72,277. Types of jobs range from research institutes to museums to animation. In the art world, illustration has at times been considered of less importance than graphic design and fine art . Today, however, due in part to the growth of the graphic novel and video game industries, as well as increased use of illustration in magazines and other publications, illustration

481-453: Is a famous image of the time. During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, the main reproduction processes for illustration were engraving and etching . In 18th Century England, a notable illustrator was William Blake (1757–1827), who used relief etching . By the early 19th century, the introduction of lithography substantially improved reproduction quality. In Europe, notable figures of

518-1098: Is a method of theatrical production used consistently since the 16th century, particularly common in 19th-century Britain and the United States. The first actor-managers, such as Robert Browne , appeared in the late 16th century, to be followed by another Robert Browne (no relation) and George Jolly in the 17th century. In the 18th century, actor-managers such as Colley Cibber and David Garrick gained prominence. The system of actor-management generally produced high standards of performance, as demonstrated by such 19th-century actors as William Macready , Charles Wyndham , Henry Irving , Frank Benson and Herbert Beerbohm Tree , by husband-wife teams such as Squire Bancroft and Effie Bancroft , Frank Wyatt and Violet Melnotte , William Hunter Kendal and Madge Robertson Kendal and Thomas and Priscilla German Reed , and by women stars, such as Lucia Elizabeth Vestris , Lucy Escott , Selina Dolaro , Evelyn Millard , Sarah Bernhardt , Sarah Thorne , Gertrude Kingston , Emily Soldene , Laura Keene and Lydia Thompson , among many others. In

555-636: Is a tradition that in the course of his wanderings he once played before George IV at Windsor . After several years in the provinces, he made his first London appearance in 1831 at the Pavilion Theatre as Wormwood in The Lottery Ticket , in which part he was much admired, and which he then acted there upward of fifty consecutive times. John Liston was then the reigning favourite in London ( Joseph Shepherd Munden , who died in 1832, being in decadence), and next to Liston stood John Reeve , upon whom it

592-698: Is being explored on this model as actors look to provide themselves with an artistic platform which they have the means to control. Examples include Kevin Spacey when he worked as the artistic director of the Old Vic in London , Samuel West when he briefly ran the Sheffield Crucible and Kenneth Branagh in the Kenneth Branagh Theatre Company. Illustration The origin of the word "illustration"

629-561: Is late Middle English (in the sense ‘illumination; spiritual or intellectual enlightenment’): via Old French from Latin illustratio (n-), from the verb illustrare . Contemporary illustration uses a wide range of styles and techniques, including drawing , painting , printmaking , collage , montage , digital design , multimedia , 3D modelling . Depending on the purpose, illustration may be expressive, stylised, realistic, or highly technical. Specialist areas include: Technical and scientific illustration communicates information of

666-443: Is now becoming a valued art form, capable of engaging a global market. Original illustration art has been known to attract high prices at auction. The US artist Norman Rockwell 's painting "Breaking Home Ties" sold in a 2006 Sotheby's auction for US$ 15.4 million. Many other illustration genres are equally valued, with pinup artists such as Gil Elvgren and Alberto Vargas , for example, also attracting high prices. Historically,

703-403: Is or does, to enhance the viewer's interest and understanding." In contemporary illustration practice, 2D and 3D software is often used to create accurate representations that can be updated easily, and reused in a variety of contexts. There is a Guild of Natural Science Illustrators and Association of Medical Illustrators. The Association of Medical Illustrators states that the median salary

740-473: Is thought that the earlier style of Burton was in a measure founded. In 1832 Burton obtained a chance to show his talents at the Haymarket Theatre —Liston having temporarily withdrawn—and there he played Marall to Edmund Kean as Sir Giles Overreach, and Mrs. Glover as Meg in A New Way to Pay Old Debts , a circumstance which he always remembered, and often mentioned with pride and pleasure. His talents as

777-572: The Gentlemen's Magazine , of which Edgar Allan Poe was for some time the editor. His magazine was intended for a general audience, incorporating the standard fare of poetry and fiction, but had a focus on sporting life like hunting and sailing. For the September 1837 issue Burton wrote an early example of the detective story , 'The Secret Cell', detailing a London policeman's efforts to trace an abducted girl and arrest her kidnappers. Burton likely served as

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814-487: The Dalziel Brothers , and Georges du Maurier . Although all fine art trained, their reputations were gained primarily as illustrators. Historically, Punch was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s. The magazine was the first to use the term " cartoon " to describe a humorous illustration and its widespread use led to John Leech being known as the world's first " cartoonist ". In common with similar magazines such as

851-438: The "Longfellow War", with Poe using his role as critic to anonymously accuse the popular poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism. Another critic, Willis Gaylord Clark , blamed Burton for allowing these literary attacks, telling Longfellow that Burton was: "a vagrant from England, who has left a wife and offspring behind him there, and plays the bigamist in this with another wife, and his whore besides; one who cannot write

888-427: The 19th century, developments in printing technology freed illustrators to experiment with color and rendering techniques. These developments in printing affected all areas of literature from cookbooks, photography and travel guides, as well as children's books. Also, due to advances in printing, it became more affordable to produce color photographs within books and other materials. By 1900, almost 100 percent of paper

925-407: The 19th century, the negative reputation of actors was largely reversed, and acting became an honored, popular profession and art. The rise of the actor as celebrity provided the transition, as audiences flocked to their favorite "stars." A new role emerged for the actor-managers who formed their own companies and controlled the actors, the production, and the financing. When successful, they built up

962-528: The Parisian Le Voleur , Punch realised good illustration sold as well as good text. With publication continuing into the 21st Century, Punch chronicles a gradual shift in popular illustration, from reliance on caricature to sophisticated topical observation. From the early 1800s newspapers , mass-market magazines , and illustrated books had become the dominant consumer media in Europe and the New World. By

999-416: The art of illustration is closely linked to the industrial processes of printing and publishing . The illustrations of medieval codices were known as illuminations , and were individually hand-drawn and painted. With the invention of the printing press during the 15th century, books became more widely distributed, and often illustrated with woodcuts . Some of the earliest illustrations come from

1036-562: The early 19th Century were John Leech , George Cruikshank , Dickens illustrator Hablot Knight Browne , and, in France, Honoré Daumier . All contributed to both satirical and "serious" publications. At this time, there was a great demand for caricature drawings encapsulating social mores, types and classes. The British humorous magazine Punch (1841–2002) built on the success of Cruikshank's Comic Almanac (1827–1840) and employed many well-regarded illustrators, including Sir John Tenniel ,

1073-465: The end of World War II a combination of social, financial and technological factors, combined with the rising popularity of film and radio, lead to the diminishing of the actor-manager system, with its last two great exponents being Sir Donald Wolfit and Sir Laurence Olivier , both of whom were actively working within a (by then) old fashioned framework. Though no longer the standard practice, modern actor-managers do exist and increasingly fringe work

1110-645: The imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time. Among the best-known illustrators of that period were N.C. Wyeth and Howard Pyle of the Brandywine School , James Montgomery Flagg , Elizabeth Shippen Green , J. C. Leyendecker , Violet Oakley , Maxfield Parrish , Jessie Willcox Smith , and John Rea Neill . In France , on 1905, the Contemporary Book Society commissioned Paul Jouve to illustrate Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book . Paul Jouve would devote ten years to

1147-733: The money from the sale to renovate his theatre, which eventually failed. Burton went on to become the editor of the Cambridge Quarterly and the Souvenir . He also wrote several books, including a Cyclopaedia of Wit and Humour in 1857. Burton died on 10 February 1860 in New York City. At the time of his death, he had collected a library of over 100,000 volumes, especially rich in books by and relating to William Shakespeare . He left his fortune to charity but his wife Elizabeth, from whom he had separated 26 years earlier, arrived from England to claim dower. Judgment initially went against her but after

William Evans Burton - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-435: The start were for the tragic, and it is known that late in life he still at times entertained the fancy that nature had intended him to be a tragedian . Burton was one of the funniest creatures that ever lived, but his interior nature was thoughtful and saturnine. He thought, felt, and understood tragedy, but when he came to act, he was all comedian. At the outset of his career he led the usual life of an itinerant actor. There

1221-474: The system of actor-management was adversely affected by factors such as the increasing cost of mounting theatrical productions, more corporate ownership of theatres, such as by the Theatrical Syndicate , Edward Laurillard and The Shubert Organization , a trend toward ensemble-style acting, and a move towards the financial security offered by long runs rather than rotating plays for a short period. After

1258-557: The time of ancient Egypt (Khemet) often as hieroglyph . A classic example of illustrations exists from the time of The Tomb of Pharaoh Seti I , c.  1294 BC to 1279 BC, who was father of Ramses II , born 1303 BC. 1600s Japan saw the origination of Ukiyo-e , an influential illustration style characterised by expressive line, vivid colour and subtle tones, resulting from the ink-brushed wood block printing technique. Subjects included traditional folk tales, popular figures and everyday life. Hokusai 's The Great Wave off Kanagawa

1295-558: Was a failure, but it brought him theatrical acquaintances, and under their influence he presently drifted toward the stage. The first step in his theatrical career, as usual, was to join an amateur dramatic society, and it is said that about this time he gave a performance of Hamlet somewhere on the Strand. In 1825 he was associated with a provincial company acting at Norwich , and elsewhere in England, and he played low comedy. His aspirations at

1332-445: Was machine-made, and while a person working by hand could produce 60-100lbs of paper per day, mechanization yielded around 1,000lbs per day. Additionally, in the 50-year period between 1846 and 1916, book production increased 400% and the price of books was cut in half. In America , this led to a "golden age of illustration" from before the 1880s until the early 20th century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with

1369-489: Was renowned for his Shakespearean roles, and for such innovations as turning out the house lights so that attention could focus more on the stage and less on the audience. His company toured across Britain, as well as Europe and the United States, demonstrating the power of star actors and celebrated roles to attract enthusiastic audiences. His knighthood in 1895 indicated full acceptance into the higher circles of British society. The 19th-century repertoire usually consisted of

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