70-595: Captain William Davies Evans (27 January 1790 – 3 August 1872) was a seafarer and inventor, though he is best known today for the Evans Gambit , a chess opening. Evans was born at St Dogwells , Pembrokeshire , Wales . It is almost certain that young Evans went to Haverfordwest Grammar School, the only school of any antiquity in Pembrokeshire. About the beginning of the century the family moved to Castle Pill,
140-560: A banquet held in his honor on April 4, 1859, a laurel wreath was placed over the head of a bust of Morphy, carved by the sculptor Eugène-Louis Lequesne . Morphy was declared by St. Amant "the first Chess player in the whole world". At a similar gathering in London, where he returned in the spring of 1859, Morphy was again proclaimed "the Champion of the Chess World". He may also have been invited to
210-464: A bout of gastroenteritis . In accordance with the medical wisdom of the time, he was treated with leeches , resulting in his losing a significant amount of blood. Although too weak to stand up unaided, Morphy insisted on going ahead with a match against the visiting German master Adolf Anderssen , considered by many to be Europe's leading player. The match between Morphy and Anderssen took place between December 20, 1858, and December 28, 1858, when Morphy
280-567: A few games (notably a famous 25-move win against Viswanathan Anand in Riga , 1995 ), which prompted a brief revival of interest in it. The most obvious and most usual way for Black to meet the gambit is to accept it with 4...Bxb4, after which White plays 5.c3 and Black usually follows up with 5...Ba5 (5...Be7 and the less common 5...Bc5 and 5...Bd6, the Stone–Ware Defence, are also played). White usually follows up with 6.d4. Emanuel Lasker 's line
350-511: A few of Morphy's own games. The column ended in August of 1860. After returning home in 1859, Morphy intended to start a career in law. He did not immediately cease playing serious chess; on a visit to Cuba in 1864, he played a number of games with leading players of that country, including Celso Golmayo Zúpide , the champion, all at odds of a knight. For the rest of his life, Morphy would not compete in another tournament or serious match without odds,
420-419: A formidable player. The arrangements were made, and a game was set up after dinner. When Morphy was brought in, Scott initially took offense to a child being offered as his opponent, believing he was being made fun of. However, after being assured that his wishes had been scrupulously obeyed, and that Morphy was a chess prodigy who would prove his skill, Scott agreed to play. Morphy easily defeated Scott in both of
490-457: A lengthy game, conceding that it was a draw—Paul spoke up, stating that Ernest should have won. This surprised the two men, who had not realized that Paul knew the rules of the game, let alone any notion of strategy . They were even more surprised when Paul proved his claim by resetting the pieces and demonstrating the win his uncle had missed. Biographer Frederick Milnes Edge dismisses this anecdote as apocryphal, however. In 1845, Ernest acted as
560-436: A longer article in which Morphy was mentioned. Both articles have been criticized for the use of unreliable historical sources. Fine wrote that Morphy "arranged women's shoes into a semi-circle around his bed", and this has been widely copied and embellished upon. But it is a misquotation from a booklet written by Morphy's niece, Regina Morphy-Voitier. She wrote: Now we come to the room which Paul Morphy occupied, and which
630-425: A match with Staunton, but none ever came through. Staunton was later criticized for avoiding a match with Morphy, although his peak as a player had been in the 1840s and he was considered past his prime by the late 1850s. Staunton is known to have been working on his edition of the complete works of Shakespeare at the time, but he also competed in a chess tournament during Morphy's visit. Staunton later blamed Morphy for
700-509: A number of years, instead focusing on his education. Diligent in his studies, he received a bachelor's degree in 1854 from Spring Hill College in Mobile, Alabama, with his graduating thesis detailing what he saw as the narrow logical limits on justifications for war and secession by the southern states. He proceeded to spend an additional year on campus studying mathematics and philosophy, and in May 1855
770-433: A persecution complex; he sued his brother-in-law, for example, and tried to provoke a duel with a friend. His best friend Charles Maurian noted in some letters that Morphy was "deranged" and "not right mentally". In 1875, his mother, brother and a friend tried to admit him to a Catholic sanitarium, but Morphy was so well able to argue for his rights and sanity that they sent him away. On the afternoon of July 10, 1884, Morphy
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#1733085105935840-453: A private audience with Queen Victoria . At a simultaneous match against five masters, Morphy won two games against Jules Arnous de Rivière and Henry Edward Bird , drew two games with Samuel Boden and Johann Jacob Löwenthal , and lost one to Thomas Wilson Barnes . Upon his return to America, the accolades continued as Morphy toured the major cities on his way home. At the University of
910-767: A refugee of the Hungarian revolution of 1848 , had visited various American cities and competed successfully against the best local players. He accepted an invitation to Judge Morphy's house to play against Paul, now twelve years old. Löwenthal soon realized he was facing a formidable opponent: each time Morphy made a good move, Löwenthal's eyebrows shot up in a manner described by Ernest Morphy as " comique ". Löwenthal played three games against Morphy during his stay in New Orleans, with sources recording him as either having two losses and one draw , or as losing all three games. Beginning in 1850, Morphy played relatively little chess for
980-546: A stipulation he would stress repeatedly. Morphy was late to start his law career, not having done so by the time the American Civil War broke out in 1861. His brother Edward had joined the army of the Confederacy at the very beginning of the war, while his mother and sisters had emigrated to Paris. Not much is known about Morphy's Civil War service; David Lawson cites contemporary reports that Morphy had briefly been on
1050-464: A tempo, since the move b4 was, in the sense of development, unproductive, as is every pawn move, if it does not bear a logical connection with the centre. For suppose after 4...Bb6 5.b5 (to make a virtue of necessity and attempt something of a demobilizing effect with the ill-moved b-pawn move), 5...Nd4 and now if 6.Nxe5, then 6...Qg5 with a strong attack. After 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3, the bishop must move or be captured. The common retreats are listed here, with
1120-538: A trip worthwhile. The American Chess Association, it is reported, are about to challenge any player in Europe to contest a match with the young victor in the late passage at arms, for from $ 2,000 to $ 5,000 a side, the place of meeting being New York. If the battle-ground were to be London or Paris, there can be little doubt, we apprehend, that a European champion would be found; but the best players in Europe are not chess professionals, but have other and more serious avocations,
1190-473: Is 4...Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.d4 d6 7.0-0 Bb6 8.dxe5 dxe5 9.Qxd8+ Nxd8 10.Nxe5 Be6. This variation takes the sting out of White's attack by returning the gambit pawn and exchanging queens, and according to Fine, the resulting simplified position "is psychologically depressing for the gambit player" whose intent is usually an aggressive attack. Chigorin did a lot of analysis on the alternative 9.Qb3 Qf6 10.Bg5 Qg6 11.Bd5 Nge7 12.Bxe7 Kxe7 13.Bxc6 Qxc6 14.Nxe5 Qe6, which avoids
1260-404: Is a game of chess a mere pastime for him, but always a problem worthy of his steel, always a work of vocation, always as if an act by which he fulfills part of his mission. While Morphy generally played quickly, he "knew also how to be slow, as in some of his match-games with Anderssen". Morphy played before the advent of time controls, and sometimes faced opponents who played very slowly. During
1330-547: Is buried at the Belgian port of Ostend . This biographical article relating to a British chess figure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Evans Gambit The Evans Gambit is a chess opening characterised by the moves: The Evans Gambit is an attacking line of the Giuoco Piano . White offers a pawn to divert the black bishop on c5. If Black accepts, White can follow up with c3 and d4, ripping open
1400-488: Is often played by those unfamiliar with the Evans Gambit, and is arguably inferior to 5...Ba5, because 6.d4 attacks the bishop again and limits Black's options as compared with 5...Ba5 6.d4. The Anderssen Variation has often been considered one of the "safer" retreats and has been played by Viswanathan Anand . After 6.d4 Na5 White can attempt to maintain an initiative with 7.Be2 as played by Kasparov, or immediately recapture
1470-446: Is only natural". Garry Kasparov posited that Morphy's historical merit lies in his realizing the relevance of three principles that would be vital in later analysis of the game: rapid development , domination of the center , and creation of open files . These principles would only be formulated in the theoretical work of Wilhelm Steinitz a quarter-century later. Kasparov maintained that Morphy can be considered both
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#17330851059351540-404: Is the normal continuation. But due to the loss of tempo involved, most commentators consider declining the Evans Gambit to be weaker than accepting it and returning the pawn at a later stage. Black can also play the rare Countergambit Variation (4...d5), but this is thought to be dubious. Aron Nimzowitsch states in the book My System , however, that by declining the gambit Black has not lost
1610-418: The centre , while also opening diagonals to play Ba3 or Qb3 at some point, preventing Black from castling kingside and threatening the f7-pawn, respectively. If Black declines, the b4-pawn stakes out space on the queenside, and White can follow up with a4 later in the game, potentially gaining a tempo by threatening to trap Black's dark-square bishop . According to Reuben Fine ,
1680-517: The Glasgow Weekly Herald , but it is unclear when it first appeared in print. Morphy was born in New Orleans to a prominent wealthy family. His father Alonzo Morphy , of Spanish and Irish ancestry, was a lawyer. He later served as a Louisiana state legislator, Attorney General , and a Louisiana State Supreme Court Justice . Morphy's mother, Louise Thérèse Felicitie Thelcide Le Carpentier,
1750-440: The "forefather of modern chess" and "the first swallow – the prototype of the strong 20th-century grandmaster". World champions Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand , and Max Euwe have stated that Morphy's play was far ahead of its time. Euwe moreover described Morphy as "a chess genius in the most complete sense of the term". Bobby Fischer ranked Morphy among the ten greatest chess players of all time, and described him as "perhaps
1820-548: The City of New York , on May 29, 1859, John Van Buren , son of President Martin Van Buren , ended a testimonial presentation by proclaiming, "Paul Morphy, Chess Champion of the World". In Boston, at a banquet attended by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , Louis Agassiz , Boston mayor Frederic W. Lincoln Jr. , and Harvard president James Walker , Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes toasted "Paul Morphy,
1890-536: The Evans Gambit as "unreal" and "fairylike". The first analysis of the gambit was published in the Second Series of Progressive Lessons (1832) by William Lewis . The gambit became very popular and was played several times in the series of games between McDonnell and Louis de la Bourdonnais in 1834. Players including Adolf Anderssen , Paul Morphy and Mikhail Chigorin later took it up. The Evergreen Game won by Adolf Anderssen against Jean Dufresne opened with
1960-403: The Evans Gambit poses a challenge for Black since the usual defences (playing ...d6 and/or returning the gambit pawn) are more difficult to achieve than with other gambits . (Fine was once beaten by this gambit in a friendly game against Bobby Fischer , in just 17 moves. ) The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings has two codes for the Evans Gambit, C51 and C52. The gambit is named after
2030-401: The Evans Gambit. Eventually, however, the second world chess champion Emanuel Lasker dealt a heavy blow to the opening with a modern defensive idea: returning the pawn under favourable circumstances. The opening was out of favour for much of the 20th century, although John Nunn and Jan Timman played it in some games in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the 1990s, Garry Kasparov used it in
2100-623: The First American Chess Congress , to be held from October 6 to November 10, 1857, in New York. Morphy initially declined, but later changed his mind at the urging of Alexander Beaufort Meek , a judge and close family friend. The main event of the Congress was a 16-man knockout tournament, with each round consisting of short multi-game matches contested by the opponents. Also competing was the strong German chess master Louis Paulsen , who
2170-655: The German master Theodor Lichtenhein in the semifinals, and ultimately Paulsen himself in the finals, to win the tournament's grand prize. After his victory, Morphy was immediately hailed as the chess champion of the United States, but he appeared to be unaffected by his sudden fame. According to the December 1857 issue of Chess Monthly , "his genial disposition, his unaffected modesty and gentlemanly courtesy have endeared him to all his acquaintances." While staying in New York during
William Davies Evans - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-508: The Morphy myth. [...] He was so far ahead of his rivals that it is hard to find really outstanding examples of his skill... Even if the myth has been destroyed, Morphy remains one of the giants of chess history." Morphy is mentioned in Walter Tevis 's 1983 novel The Queen's Gambit , as well as in the 2020 miniseries adaptation produced by Netflix, as the favorite player of Beth Harmon ,
2310-546: The Welsh sea captain William Davies Evans , the first player known to have played it. The first game with the opening is considered to be Evans– McDonnell , London 1827, although in that game a slightly different move order was tried (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.0-0 d6 and only now 5.b4). In his monthly Chess Life column, Andrew Soltis commented that Evans was "the first player to be widely honored for an opening we know he played". Dutch Grandmaster Paul van der Sterren described
2380-488: The chess club in the Imperial Palace would receive him with enthusiasm. Morphy offered to play a match with Harrwitz, giving odds of pawn and move , and even offered to find stakes to back his opponent, but the offer was declined. Morphy then declared that he would play no more formal matches, with anyone, without giving at least those odds. In Europe, Morphy was generally hailed as world chess champion. In Paris, at
2450-463: The exchange of queens, but reached no clear verdict. Instead White often avoids this line with 7.Qb3 Qd7 8.dxe5, when Black can return the pawn with 8...Bb6 or hold onto it with 8...dxe5, though White obtains sufficient compensation in this line. Alternatively, Black can meet 6.d4 with 6...exd4, when White can try 7.Qb3, a move often favoured by Nigel Short . 7.0-0 is traditionally met by 7...Nge7, intending to meet 8.Ng5 or 8.cxd4 with 8...d5 returning
2520-650: The failure to have a match, suggesting among other things that Morphy lacked the funds required for match stakes—a most unlikely charge given Morphy's popularity. Morphy also remained resolutely opposed to playing chess for money, reportedly due to family pressure. Seeking new opponents, Morphy crossed the English Channel to France. At Paris's Café de la Régence , the center of French chess, Morphy soundly defeated resident chess professional Daniel Harrwitz . While there, he also defeated eight opponents in blindfolded simultaneous exhibitions. In Paris, Morphy suffered from
2590-487: The fall of 1857, Morphy played 261 games, both with and without odds. In regular games, Morphy's overall record was 87 wins, 8 draws, and 5 losses. Also in 1857, Morphy founded the Chess Club of New Orleans, becoming its first President. Early in the following year, he was recruited by Daniel Fiske to serve as co-editor of his Chess Monthly publication, a position he held until the end of 1860. Up to this time, Morphy
2660-521: The famous French champion La Bourdonnais . Morphy gave numerous simultaneous exhibitions in both England and France, sometimes while blindfolded , in which he regularly played and defeated eight opponents at a time. Still only 21 years old, Morphy was now quite famous. While in Paris, he was sitting in his hotel room one evening, chatting with his companion Frederick Edge, when they had an unexpected visitor. "I am Prince Galitzin ; I wish to see Mr. Morphy",
2730-410: The game more seriously than even his strongest contemporaries. As Anderssen noted, I cannot describe better the impression that Morphy made on me than by saying that he treats chess with the earnestness and conscientiousness of an artist. With us, the exertion that a game requires is only a matter of distraction, and lasts only as long as the game gives us pleasure; with him, it is a sacred duty. Never
2800-429: The games they played, ending the second game by announcing a forced checkmate after only six moves. During 1848 and 1849, Morphy competed against the leading players in New Orleans. He played at least fifty games against Eugène Rousseau , considered to be the strongest of Morphy's opponents during this era, and lost at most five. In 1850, Hungarian chess master Johann Löwenthal visited New Orleans. Löwenthal,
2870-579: The good and bad sides of each: Black's most popular retreat according to Chessgames.com . It gets out of the way of White's centre pawns, and pins the c3-pawn if White plays 6.d4, but it has the drawback of removing the a5-square from the black queen's knight . Black usually subsequently retreats the bishop to b6 to facilitate ...Na5, which is particularly strong when White opts for the Bc4, Qb3 approach. The second most popular retreat according to Chessgames.com, with White scoring better than after 5...Ba5. This
William Davies Evans - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-468: The interests of which forbid such an expenditure of time as is required for a voyage to the United States and back again. Morphy returned to his home city with no further action. The New Orleans Chess Club determined that a direct challenge should be made to European champion Howard Staunton . Sir,—On behalf of the New Orleans Chess Club, and in compliance with the instructions of that body, we
3010-524: The leading English and French players, as well as the German Adolf Anderssen —again winning all matches by large margins. In 1859, Morphy returned to the United States, before ultimately abandoning competitive chess and receding from public view. Due to his early exit from the game despite his unprecedented talent, Morphy has been called "The Pride and Sorrow of Chess". This name has often been attributed to Sheriff Walter Cook Spens, chess editor of
3080-655: The match ... ... If Mr. Morphy—for whose skill we entertain the liveliest admiration—be desirous to win his spurs among the chess chivalry of Europe, he must take advantage of his purposed visit next year; he will then meet in this country, in France, in Germany, and in Russia, many champions whose names must be as household words to him, ready to test and do honor to his prowess. Eventually, Morphy went to Europe to play Staunton and other chess greats. Morphy made numerous attempts at setting up
3150-456: The most accurate player who ever lived". He noted that "Morphy [...] had enormous talent", and stated that he had the talent to defeat top players of any era. Reuben Fine disagreed with Fischer's assessment: "[Morphy's] glorifiers went on to urge that he was the most brilliant genius who had ever appeared. [...] But if we examine Morphy's record and games critically, we cannot justify such extravaganza. And we are compelled to speak of it as
3220-691: The most popular response for Black, is named for him. When playing against 1.d4 as Black, he favored the Dutch Defense (1...f5), but also tried the Queen's Gambit Declined . In his notes to the games of the La Bourdonnais – McDonnell chess matches he criticized the Sicilian Defense (1.e4 c5) and Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4); the only recorded instance of Morphy playing the Sicilian Defense as Black
3290-501: The name of an inlet of Milford Haven on the north side, just east of Milford town. Evans served at sea in the navy from 1804, when he was 14, until the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815. He was then transferred to the postal department. By 1819, he had reached the title of Captain of the sailing packet. Evans is known for inventing tri-coloured lighting on naval vessels designed to prevent collisions at night. For this invention he
3360-686: The particular pair he desired to wear. In a huge porte-manteau he kept all his clothes which were at all times neatly pressed and creased. With the White pieces, Morphy opted for 1.e4 except in a few games played at odds. He favored gambits such as the King's Gambit and Evans Gambit . With the Black pieces, Morphy usually answered 1.e4 with 1...e5 . In the Spanish Game , the Morphy Defense (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6),
3430-503: The pawn in many lines, rather than the materialistic 7...dxc3, which is well met by 8.Qb3 with a very dangerous initiative for the sacrificed pawns. Alternatively, 7...d6 8.cxd4 Bb6 is known as the Normal Position , in which Black is content to settle for a one-pawn advantage and White seeks compensation in the form of open lines and a strong centre. Alternatively, the gambit can be declined with 4...Bb6, when 5.a4 a6
3500-451: The pawn with 7.Nxe5. The Stone–Ware Defence, named after Henry Nathan Stone and Preston Ware , reinforces the e5-pawn and has been played by several grandmasters such as Andrei Volokitin , Alexander Grischuk and Loek van Wely . The Mayet Defence, named after Carl Mayet , is played very rarely as it undevelops a good bishop. Bibliography Paul Morphy Paul Charles Morphy (June 22, 1837 – July 10, 1884)
3570-399: The present, to entertain the thought of visiting Europe. It, therefore, becomes necessary to arrange, if possible, a meeting between the latter and the acknowledged European champion, in regard to whom there can be no scope for choice or hesitation—the common voice of the chess world pronounces your name ... Staunton made an official reply through The Illustrated London News , stating that it
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#17330851059353640-463: The rest of his life in idleness. When asked by admirers to return to chess competition, he refused. In 1883, Morphy encountered Wilhelm Steinitz on the street while Steinitz was visiting New Orleans, but declined to discuss chess with him. In accord with the prevailing sentiment of the time, Morphy esteemed chess only as an amateur activity, considering the game unworthy of pursuit as a serious occupation. Starting around 1875, Morphy showed signs of
3710-491: The second for Eugène Rousseau in his match against Charles H. Stanley , and took the young Paul along with him. By 1846, the nine-year-old Morphy was considered one of the best players in New Orleans. That year, General Winfield Scott visited the city while on his way to the war with Mexico . He informed his hosts that he wanted to spend an evening playing chess against a strong local opponent. While he only played infrequently, Scott enjoyed chess and considered himself to be
3780-789: The second game of their match in the First American Chess Congress finals, Paulsen required eleven hours for his moves. Löwenthal and Anderssen both later remarked that Morphy was very hard to beat, since he knew how to defend well and would draw or even win games despite getting into bad positions. At the same time, he was deadly when given a promising position. Anderssen especially commented on this, saying that, after one bad move against Morphy, one might as well resign . Explaining his poor record facing Morphy, Anderssen said "[Morphy] wins his games in Seventeen moves, and I in Seventy. But that
3850-586: The staff of Pierre Beauregard , as well as being seen at the First Battle of Manassas . Lawson also recounts a recollection by a Richmond resident in 1861 describing Morphy as being "an officer on Beauregard's staff". Other sources indicate that Beauregard considered Morphy to be unqualified, but that he had indeed applied for a staff position. During the war, he spent time both in New Orleans and abroad, spending time in Havana (1862, 1864) and Paris (1863). After
3920-421: The undersigned committee, have the honor to invite you to visit our city, and there meet Mr. Paul Morphy in a chess match ... ... it was suggested that Mr. Morphy, the winner at the late Congress and the present American champion, should cross the ocean, and boldly encounter the distinguished magnates of the transatlantic chess circles; but it unfortunately happens that serious family reasons forbid Mr. Morphy, for
3990-615: The visitor said, according to Edge. Morphy identified himself to the visitor. "No, it is not possible!" the prince exclaimed, "You are too young!" Prince Galitzin then explained that he was in the frontiers of Siberia when he had first heard of Morphy's "wonderful deeds". He explained, "One of my suite had a copy of the chess paper published in Berlin, the Schachzeitung , and ever since that time I have been wanting to see you." He then told Morphy that he must go to Saint Petersburg , Russia, because
4060-408: The war, Morphy remained unable to build a successful law practice. According to records, Morphy attempted at least three times to open and advertise a law office, with each endeavor ultimately being abandoned. It has been speculated that his celebrity as a chess player worked against him, overshadowing his attempted practice. Financially secure thanks to his family's fortune, Morphy essentially spent
4130-571: The world's Chess Champion". Consumer products including the "Morphy Hat" and the "Morphy Cigar" were named for him, as was the Morphy Baseball Club in Brooklyn. Morphy was engaged to write a series of chess columns for the New York Ledger , which started in August of 1859. They consisted primarily of annotating games of the La Bourdonnais – McDonnell chess matches of 25 years before, plus
4200-485: Was a musically talented woman from a prominent French Creole family. Paul grew up in an atmosphere of cultivated, genteel civility, where chess and music were the typical highlights of a Sunday home gathering. Sources differ about when and how Morphy learned to play chess. According to his uncle, Ernest Morphy, no one formally taught the young Morphy how to play chess; rather, he simply learned by watching others play. After observing Ernest and Alonzo abandon what had been
4270-401: Was already aware of Morphy's talent, and said openly beforehand that he would be the tournament's victor. Moreover, while the competition was underway Paulsen repeatedly stated that if Morphy were to visit Europe, he could prove his status as the game's greatest living player. As predicted by Paulsen, Morphy defeated James Thompson in the first round, his family friend Meek in the quarter-finals,
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#17330851059354340-573: Was an American chess player. During his brief career in the late 1850s, Morphy was acknowledged as the world's greatest chess master . A prodigy , Morphy emerged onto the chess scene in 1857 by convincingly winning the First American Chess Congress , winning each match by a large margin. He then traveled to Europe, residing for a time in England and France while challenging the continent's top players. He played matches with most of
4410-459: Was awarded a master's degree with the highest honors. Morphy went on to study law at the University of Louisiana (now Tulane University), receiving an LL.B. degree on April 7, 1857. It has been claimed that Morphy memorized the complete Louisiana Civil Code during the course of his studies. Not yet the required age to practice law, Morphy found himself with free time after graduation. That year, he received an invitation to participate in
4480-576: Was awarded £1500 by the British government and a gold chronometer and £200 from the Tsar of Russia. By 1818, he had learned the moves of chess. Around 1825–1826, on shore leave in London, Evans played Alexander McDonnell , beating the latter with what is now regarded in chess circles as the first Evans Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4). According to GM Andrew Soltis , Evans was "the first player to be widely honored for an opening we know he played". He
4550-660: Was during a game against Löwenthal in 1858. According to Garry Kasparov , [Morphy] became the most erudite player of his time. Fluent in French, English, Spanish, and German, he read Philidor's L'analyse , the Parisian magazine La Régence , Staunton's Chess Player's Chronicle , and possibly also Anderssen's Schachzeitung (at least, he knew all of Anderssen's published games). He studied Bilguer's 400-page Handbuch —which consisted partly of opening analyses in tabular form, and also Staunton's Chess Player's Handbook . Morphy approached
4620-576: Was found dead in his bathtub in New Orleans at the age of 47. According to the autopsy, Morphy had suffered a stroke brought on by entering cold water after a long walk in the midday heat. A lifelong Catholic, Morphy was buried in the family tomb in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1, New Orleans, Louisiana. The mansion was sold by the family in 1891, and later became the site of the restaurant Brennan's . Ernest Jones published an article of psychoanalytic discussion of Morphy. Reuben Fine published
4690-442: Was not possible for him to travel to the United States and that Morphy must come to Europe if he wished to challenge him and other European chess players. ... The terms of this cartel are distinguished by extreme courtesy, and with one notable exception, by extreme liberality also. The exception in question, however (we refer to the clause which stipulates that the combat shall take place in New Orleans!) appears to us utterly fatal to
4760-472: Was not well known or highly regarded in Europe. Despite his dominance of the American chess scene, the quality of his opponents was relatively low compared to Europe, where most of the best chess players lived. European opinion was that they should not have to make the journey to the United States to play a young and relatively unknown player, especially as the United States had few other quality players to make such
4830-439: Was separated from his mother's by a narrow hall. Morphy's room was always kept in perfect order, for he was very particular and neat, yet this room had a peculiar aspect and at once struck the visitor as such, for Morphy had a dozen or more pairs of shoes of all kinds which he insisted in keeping arranged in a semi-circle in the middle of the room, explaining with his sarcastic smile that in this way, he could at once lay his hands on
4900-415: Was still only 21 years of age. Despite his illness Morphy triumphed easily, winning seven while losing two, with two draws . When asked about his defeat, Anderssen claimed to be out of practice, but also admitted that Morphy was in any event the stronger player and that he was fairly beaten. Anderssen also attested that in his opinion, Morphy was the strongest player ever to play the game, even stronger than
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