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33-502: Caslon was born in Cradley, Worcestershire in 1692 or 1693 and trained as an engraver in nearby Birmingham . In 1716, he started business in London as an engraver of gun locks and barrels and as a bookbinder's tool cutter. Having contact with printers, he was induced to fit up a type foundry , largely through the encouragement of William Bowyer . He died on 23 January 1766, and was buried in

66-487: A 10-storey block. These homes were popular on their construction due to modern convenience that many of their occupants had never previously experienced, but within 20 years the estate was one of the most notorious in the West Midlands . Many of the homes had fallen into disrepair, and the local area was plagued by drug-taking, theft, vandalism and car crime. The local ambulance crew would refuse to answer calls from houses on

99-601: A Hebrew created for William Bowyer in 1726, and a Coptic for Wilkins first used in 1731. His first Latin typefaces were a roman and italic cut in the pica size (12pt), of a style that was fully realized by the publication of his foundry's specimen sheet in 1734. Caslon's typefaces were inspired by the Dutch Baroque types, the most commonly used types in England before Caslon's faces. Caslon typefaces were immediately popular and used for many important printed works, including

132-452: A neighbourhood in terminal decline, and by the end of the 1990s it was one of the worst estates in the West Midlands . Vandalism, graffiti, litter, drug-taking, burglaries and car crime were rife, and these problems had contributed to an increasing number of empty properties on the estate. Demand for properties was low, and by the end of the year 2000, local residents started to work in conjunction with local council officials to try to determine

165-544: A result of forfeiture and political favours. In 1473, following the forfeiture of it by James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond , it passed to the Crown, and King Edward IV gave the largest part of it to his Queen. She had built a chapel, dedicated to Erasmus , the Dutch humanist, adjoining the abbey church at Westminster , and endowed it with the manors of Cradley and Hagley , but the manor reverted to Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond , when

198-826: A short time. He commenced business in a separate Foundry with two fellow workman who helped to find the capital 1764 – 1792. When Jackson died in 1792 it was William Caslon I's grandson, William Caslon III who purchased the foundry in Salisbury Square. Following the death of William Caslon I in 1766, his son William Caslon II took over the Caslon Foundry, running it with the assistance of his wife, Elizabeth née Cartlich, until his own death in 1778. Elizabeth Caslon then continued to manage it jointly with her two sons, William Caslon III (1754–1833) and Henry Caslon (c.1755–1788) trading as "Elizabeth Caslon and Sons". Henry died in 1788, and in 1792 William III sold his share of

231-516: A solution to the estate's plight. A consultation process with residents showed that 80% were in favour of demolition, and within a year all of the residents had been rehoused. Demolition took place in 2003 and the site has since been sold for private residential development. Tanhouse Estate is situated to the south of Cradley adjoining the countryside, and on its completion consisted of several hundred low-rise council homes, several blocks of flats up to three storeys high, two 20-storey tower blocks and

264-408: Is less famous for coal mining than chain making, but between 1850 and 1950 the collieries were no less important than the chain works in the local economy and for the legacy they left. The coal mining and chain making that made Cradley famous are now in the past, and most of the other iron-based trades have declined to a shadow of their former selves. The legendary football player , Steve Bloomer

297-599: The attainder was reversed by Henry VII . In 1564, the 7th Earl's grandson sold it, together with Oldswinford , Hagley and Clent , to Sir John Lyttleton of Frankley. The boundary of Cradley, as re-surveyed in 1733, has remained virtually unchanged ever since. During the English Civil War , Parliamentary troops were quartered in Cradley. Renowned typeface designer William Caslon is believed to have been born in Cradley in 1693, although there are those who maintain that he

330-483: The 19th century as a centre of iron chain making, though the most important centre was the adjacent (but distinct) Cradley Heath . The chain was made on a hearth by hammering cut lengths of red-hot wrought iron rod into oval links, one link passing through the next to form a cable. The anchors and chain for the Titanic were made at N. Hingley and Sons , a firm founded in Cradley, but which had moved to nearby Netherton by

363-572: The Foundry was acquired by T. W. Smith and partners. However, the Company name remained H. W. Caslon and Co. Ltd., and continued running until 1937, when it was acquired by Stephenson Blake. Meanwhile, following his sale of his share in the original foundry in 1792, William Caslon III had purchased (in the same year) the Salisbury Square foundry from the estate of the recently deceased Joseph Jackson, and renamed it W. Caslon & Son. In 1807, W. Caslon & Son

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396-566: The banks of the River Stour . Colley Gate is the name of the short road in the centre of Cradley. It was part of the ancient parish of Halesowen , but unlike much of the rest of that parish, which was an exclave of Shropshire , Cradley was always in Worcestershire , until the creation of the West Midlands county in 1974. This meant that for civil administrative purposes, Cradley formerly had

429-732: The business to his mother and his sister-in-law, Elizabeth née Rowe, Henry's widow: the two Elizabeth Caslons continued to run it until the elder Elizabeth's death in 1795. As a result of a legal dispute over the terms of her will, the Foundry was then thrown into Chancery and put up for auction in 1799. It was bought by the younger Elizabeth Caslon, who took into partnership a distant relative, Nathaniel Catherwood. Both partners died in 1809. The subsequent proprietors were: Henry Caslon II and F. F. Catherwood, 1809–1821; Henry Caslon II, H. W. Caslon and M. W. Livermore (trading as Caslon, Son and Livermore), 1821–1840; Caslon & Son, 1840–1850; H. W. Caslon and Co., 1850–1873. H. W. Caslon died in 1873, when

462-533: The churchyard of St Luke Old Street , London, where the family tomb is preserved (bearing his name and others). Though his name would come to be identified with an enduring style of Latin alphabet, Caslon's first typefaces were what contemporary typefounders called "exotics." His first design was an Arabic made at the English size (14pt), commissioned by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge before 1725, followed by

495-506: The county boundary in Herefordshire . In the 19th century a new settlement grew up in heathland on the other side of the river and became known as Cradley Heath . This was in the ancient parish of Rowley Regis . Previously the residents of Cradley had the right to graze their animals on that heath, subject to a small annual payment to the lord of the manor. Withgar, the last of the Saxons,

528-503: The death of Justin Howes in 2005, the revived H. W. Caslon & Company was no longer in business, and the expanded Founders Caslon is no longer offered in the retail market. Cradley, Worcestershire Cradley ( / ˈ k r eɪ d l i / ) is a village in the Black Country and Metropolitan Borough of Dudley , in the county of the West Midlands , England, near Halesowen and

561-461: The estate unless protected by police, due to a string of vandal attacks on ambulances. Two of the estate's tower blocks were razed to the ground in July 1999, and the site of both blocks has since been developed for housing. The remaining tower block was renovated at around the same time, and the estate's fortunes have since improved. William Caslon 's name lives on in the local Caslon Primary School that

594-618: The first printed version of the United States Declaration of Independence . Caslon's types became so popular that the expression about typeface choice, "when in doubt, use Caslon," came about. The Caslon types fell out of favour in the century after his death, but were revived in the 1840s. Several revivals of the Caslon types are widely used today. William Caslon I founded the Caslon Foundry in 1739, based on what previously had been Godfrey Head's (1685–1700). The other half of that business

627-466: The housing stock dates from after the First World War , and there is a substantial mix of private and council properties. Buses connect Cradley with Halesowen, Stourbridge and Birmingham . Cradley Heath and Lye railway stations are nearby. Two large housing development took place in Cradley during the 1960s and 1970s, Tanhouse Estate and Huntington Gardens. Huntington Gardens was situated in

660-570: The north of Cradley near the border with Cradley Heath , on the site of poor housing stock that had previously formed New Street, Victoria Street and Little Hill. The estate was completed by 1973 and consisted of 153 maisonettes and flats, as well as four lock-up shops. Residents also had access to garages as well as two sub stations. Some improvements were made to the already-troubled estate in 1988 - these amounted to nothing more than new porches, secured accesses, landscaping, fenced-off gardens and new playgrounds. But these improvements were inadequate for

693-505: The officers which a parish would have had. The population of the appropriate Dudley Ward (Cradley and Wollescote) taken at the 2011 census was 13,340. There are two villages named Cradley in the Midlands of England although the names are pronounced differently; the "other" Cradley lies about 30 miles to the southwest, near to the Malvern Hills in south Worcestershire, but just across

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726-516: The only three representatives of the trade in the country. Caslon had two apprentices in his Foundry, Thomas Cottrell and Joseph Jackson . They started a foundry of their own in direct competition to their employer in 1757. In 1759 Jackson entered the Navy leaving Cottrell to carry on alone. Jackson left the navy in 1763 and continued to be employed in Thomas Cottrell, Neveil's court 1759–1785 Foundry for

759-594: The time the chain and anchors were made. Chain making was not the first or only iron trade carried on in Cradley and the neighbouring towns. For hundreds of years nails had been made in the Black Country, and many thousands of men and women were employed in the trade. It was the staple industry until the mid-19th century. Nail making by hand went into decline after the introduction of machine made nails in about 1830 and many nail makers adapted their smithies and forges , and redirected their skills to making chain. Cradley

792-513: Was a British historian of printing and lettering. Howes was a curator of the Type Museum of London and wrote on the work of Edward Johnston and William Caslon ; his book Johnston's Underground Type on the Johnston lettering commissioned and used by London Underground and its predecessors remains the standard work on the topic. He also worked as a book and font designer and was working on

825-582: Was born in Bridge Street, Cradley on 20 January 1874. Organisations and publications such as the Black Country Society and The Black Country Bugle keep the name of Cradley well known to thousands of people. Many local pubs have been demolished in recent years,"The Black Horse" and "The Bulls Head" were both situated in Overend and have made way for private housing. More recently (2008) "The Top Crown"

858-502: Was born in Halesowen. Cradley was formerly a township and chapelry in the parish of Hales-owen, in 1866 Cradley became a separate civil parish , on 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished. In 1951 the parish had a population of 9846. In 1770, John Wesley visited Cradley, and wrote: The Evangelicals , who had broken away from the established church, built a chapel in Cradley in 1789. The local Anglican church, St. Peter's,

891-569: Was built after the Second World War . A secondary modern school was built to serve Cradley in 1939, just before the outbreak of the Second World War , and was named Homer Hill Secondary Modern School. In 1972, however, a reorganisation of education in Halesowen saw the school closed and the buildings occupied by Homer Hill Middle School. This reorganisation saw 5-7 infant, 7-11 junior and 11-16/18 secondary schools replaced by 5-9 first, 9-13 middle and 13-16/18 secondary schools. However, this system

924-538: Was built by a group of Dissenters who gathered together to form the Independent Congregational Society. However, a special Act of Parliament in 1799 ( 39 Geo. 3 . c. lxxii), passed on 12 July 1799, took St. Peter's into the Church of England . The Dissenting tradition remained strong, and many local Unitarian , Wesleyan , Methodist and Baptist churches flourished. Cradley achieved prominence in

957-514: Was passed to William Caslon IV . In 1819, William IV sold the business to the new Sheffield foundry of Blake, Garnett & Co. In 1837, the Salisbury Square Caslon Foundry became the property of Stephenson, Blake & Co. In 1998, Justin Howes reestablished the Caslon foundry, under the name H. W. Caslon & Company Limited , with an expanded version of ITC Founder's Caslon as the company's initial product. However, following

990-502: Was purchased by John James, son of Thomas James. John James in the period 1716–1764 also built up by purchase what became the leading English type foundry of the 18th and early 19th centuries. He acquired moiety of half of Robert Mitchell and Jacob Ilive in 1740. A later and important purchase was the foundry of Thomas Grover in 1758. James ultimately combined under his own direction nine old English Foundries. John James, William Caslon I and John Baskerville were left by consolidation as

1023-497: Was razed to the ground. Although Cradley was historically a village in its own right, increasing residential development during the first half of the 20th century has been it swallowed up into Halesowen so it became not only part of the Halesowen Borough, but also part of the town of Halesowen. Cradley's old High Street is located along what is now known as Colley Lane. A number of pre-1900 homes remain in Cradley, but most of

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1056-522: Was scrapped in September 1982 on the reintroduction of the traditional age ranges in Halesowen. Homer Hill Middle School was consequently closed and reorganised into Cradley High School , an 11-16 comprehensive school. The school was rebuilt between 1987 and 1992, with the fully completed new school being opened on 5 June 1992. It closed 16 years later. Justin Howes Justin Howes (1963–2005)

1089-484: Was the last lord to live within the manor. His house, which was very likely on the site of the old "Farther Leys Barn" (Fatherless Barn) was no doubt a timber built structure like a barn, his family living at one end while his servants and ceorls occupied the other where they slept on straw. Cradley appears in the Domesday Book thus: The manor of Cradley was bought and sold over the centuries, and also changed hands as

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