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33-486: He was born at Litton, Derbyshire , on 17 January 1628, the son of William Bagshaw of Hucklow . His brother Adam Bagshaw had Wormhill Hall constructed, which remains with the Bagshawe family to the present day. William received his early education at country schools, and met puritan ministers Rowlandson of Bakewell and Bourn of Ashover . He entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge , in 1646. He preached his first sermon in

66-577: A country gentleman, attended the parish church, but continued to preach and regularly conducted a service on Thursday evenings in his own house. After the Declaration of Indulgence of 1672, he felt free to preach regularly in his former parish and in the neighbourhood, which was in the Peak District (also known as "The Peak") of Derbyshire, resulting in the moniker "Apostle of the Peak". The Peak District includes

99-488: A simple cross-shaped character, consisting of a horizontal and a vertical wedge ( 𒈦 ), read as maš "tax, yield, interest"; the superposition of two diagonal wedges results in a decussate cross ( 𒉽 ), read as pap "first, pre-eminent" (the superposition of these two types of crosses results in the eight-pointed star used as the sign for "sky" or "deity" ( 𒀭 ), DINGIR ). The cuneiform script has other, more complex, cruciform characters, consisting of an arrangement of boxes or

132-701: A simplification of a ligature for et "and" (introduced by Johannes Widmann in the late 15th century). The letter Aleph is cross-shaped in Aramaic and paleo-Hebrew . Egyptian hieroglyphs with cross-shapes include Gardiner Z9 – Z11 ("crossed sticks", "crossed planks"). Other, unrelated cross-shaped letters include Brahmi ka (predecessor of the Devanagari letter क) and Old Turkic (Orkhon) d² and Old Hungarian b , and Katakana ナ na and メ me . The multiplication sign (×), often attributed to William Oughtred (who first used it in an appendix to

165-557: A symbol in Buddhism , Jainism and Hinduism , and widely popular in the early 20th century as a symbol of good luck or prosperity before adopted as a symbol of Nazism in the 1920s and 30s. Cross shapes are made by a variety of physical gestures . Crossing the fingers of one hand is a common invocation of the symbol. The sign of the cross associated with Christian genuflection is made with one hand: in Eastern Orthodox tradition

198-682: The 2nd century AD to succeeding Ichthys in aftermaths of that new religion's separation from Judaism . Clement of Alexandria in the early 3rd century calls it τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον ("the Lord's sign") he repeats the idea, current as early as the Epistle of Barnabas , that the number 318 (in Greek numerals , ΤΙΗ) in Genesis 14:14 was a foreshadowing (a "type") of the cross (the letter Tau) and of Jesus (the letters Iota Eta ). Clement's contemporary Tertullian rejects

231-702: The European Bronze Age the cross symbol appeared to carry a religious meaning , perhaps as a symbol of consecration, especially pertaining to burial. The cross sign occurs trivially in tally marks , and develops into a number symbol independently in the Roman numerals (X "ten"), the Chinese rod numerals ( 十 "ten") and the Brahmi numerals ("four", whence the numeral 4 ). In the Phoenician alphabet and derived scripts ,

264-527: The Patriarchal cross (☦), Cross of Lorraine (☨) and Cross potent (☩, mistakenly labeled a " Cross of Jerusalem "). The following is a list of cross symbols, except for variants of the Christian cross and Heraldic crosses , for which see the dedicated lists at Christian cross variants and Crosses in heraldry , respectively. The swastika or crux gammata (in heraldry fylfot ), historically used as

297-450: The cardinal points , or the unity of a vertical axis mundi or celestial pole with the horizontal world (Koch, 1955). Speculation of this kind became especially popular in the mid- to late-19th century in the context of comparative mythology seeking to tie Christian mythology to ancient cosmological myths . Influential works in this vein included G. de Mortillet (1866), L. Müller (1865), W. W. Blake (1888), Ansault (1891), etc. In

330-475: The village green . This was the birthplace in 1628 of William Bagshaw , the celebrated Nonconformist divine called the "Apostle of the Peak". This Derbyshire location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cross A cross is a compound geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines , usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in

363-588: The 10th century. A wide variation of cross symbols is introduced for the purposes of heraldry beginning in the age of the Crusades . The cross mark is used to mark a position, or as a check mark , but also to mark deletion . Derived from Greek Chi are the Latin letter X , Cyrillic Kha and possibly runic Gyfu . Egyptian hieroglyphs involving cross shapes include ankh "life", ndj "protect" and nfr "good; pleasant, beautiful". Sumerian cuneiform had

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396-505: The 1618 edition of John Napier's Descriptio ) apparently had been in occasional use since the mid 16th century. Other typographical symbols resembling crosses include the dagger or obelus (†), the Chinese ( 十 , Kangxi radical 24 ) and Roman (X ten). Unicode has a variety of cross symbols in the " Dingbat " block (U+2700–U+27BF): The Miscellaneous Symbols block (U+2626 to U+262F) adds three specific Christian cross variants , viz.

429-466: The 2011 Census was 675 (including Cressbrook (within the parish) and the separate parish of Little Longstone). It is one mile from Tideswell and six miles from Bakewell . The village has a primary school, a public house (the Red Lion ) and a post office run by a co-operative of villagers. There are two churches, one at the east end of the village, and Christ Church at the west, on the outskirts of

462-570: The Roman world, furca replaced crux as the name of some cross-like instruments for lethal and temporary punishment, ranging from a forked cross to a gibbet or gallows . The field of etymology is of no help in any effort to trace a supposed original meaning of crux . A crux can be of various shapes: from a single beam used for impaling or suspending ( crux simplex ) to the various composite kinds of cross ( crux compacta ) made from more beams than one. The latter shapes include not only

495-462: The accusation that Christians are crucis religiosi (i.e. "adorers of the gibbet"), and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes. In his book De Corona , written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . While early Christians used the T-shape to represent

528-603: The beginning of the Upper Paleolithic , and throughout prehistory to the Iron Age . Also of prehistoric age are numerous variants of the simple cross mark, including the crux gammata with curving or angular lines, and the Egyptian crux ansata with a loop. Speculation has associated the cross symbol – even in the prehistoric period – with astronomical or cosmological symbology involving " four elements " (Chevalier, 1997) or

561-529: The chapel of Wormhill , in his native parish. From Tideswell he moved to Attercliffe , in Yorkshire. Here he occupied a twofold post, being assistant to the Rev. James Fisher of Sheffield , and chaplain in the family of Colonel John Bright. He received presbyterian ordination in 1651 at Chesterfield . On 11 June 1651 he married Agnes (baptised 19 April 1626), daughter of Peter Barker of Darley, North Yorkshire. Early in

594-613: The cross in writing and gesture, the use of the Greek cross and Latin cross , i.e. crosses with intersecting beams, appears in Christian art towards the end of Late Antiquity . An early example of the cruciform halo , used to identify Christ in paintings, is found in the Miracles of the Loaves and Fishes mosaic of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo , Ravenna (6th century). The Patriarchal cross , a Latin cross with an additional horizontal bar, first appears in

627-519: The cross symbol represented the phoneme /t/, i.e. the letter taw , which is the historical predecessor of Latin T . The letter name taw means "mark", presumably continuing the Egyptian hieroglyph "two crossed sticks" ( Gardiner Z9 ). The shape of the cross ( crux , stauros "stake, gibbet "), as represented by the Latin letter T , came to be used as a new symbol (seal) or emblem of Christianity since

660-474: The fourfold arrangement of other characters, including the archaic cuneiform characters LAK -210, LAK-276, LAK-278, LAK-617 and the classical sign EZEN (𒂡). Phoenician tāw is still cross-shaped in Paleo-Hebrew alphabet and in some Old Italic scripts ( Raetic and Lepontic ), and its descendant T becomes again cross-shaped in the Latin minuscule t . The plus sign (+) is derived from Latin t via

693-608: The gospels and always in the plural number to indicate a stake or pole. From the first century BC, it is used to indicate an instrument used in executions. The Greek word is used in descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross , which indicate that its normal shape was similar to the Greek letter tau ( Τ ). Due to the simplicity of the design (two intersecting lines), cross-shaped incisions make their appearance from deep prehistory; as petroglyphs in European cult caves, dating back to

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726-416: The instrument of Christ's crucifixion , replacing the native Old English word rood . The word's history is complicated; it appears to have entered English from Old Irish , possibly via Old Norse , ultimately from the Latin crux (or its accusative crucem and its genitive crucis ), "stake, cross". The English verb to cross arises from the noun c.  1200 , first in the sense "to make

759-573: The sequence is head-heart-right shoulder-left shoulder, while in Oriental Orthodox, Catholic and Anglican tradition the sequence is head-heart-left-right. Crossing the index fingers of both hands represents and a charm against evil in European folklore. Other gestures involving more than one hand include the "cross my heart" movement associated with making a promise and the Tau shape of the referee 's "time out" hand signal. Crossed index fingers represent

792-530: The shape of the Latin letter X , is termed a saltire in heraldic terminology. The cross has been widely recognized as a symbol of Christianity from an early period in that religion's history. Before then, it was used as a religious or cultural symbol throughout Europe, in western and south Asia (the latter, in the form of the original Swastika ); and in Egypt, where the Ankh was a hieroglyph that represented "life" and

825-405: The sign of the cross"; the generic meaning "to intersect" develops in the 15th century. The Latin word was influenced by popular etymology by a native Germanic word reconstructed as * krukjo (English crook , Old English crycce , Old Norse krokr , Old High German krucka ). This word, by conflation with Latin crux , gave rise to Old French crocier (modern French crosse ),

858-523: The term for a shepherd's crook , adopted in English as crosier . Latin crux referred to the gibbet where criminals were executed, a stake or pole, with or without transom , on which the condemned were impaled or hanged, but more particularly a cross or the pole of a carriage. The derived verb cruciāre means "to put to death on the cross" or, more frequently, "to put to the rack, to torture, torment", especially in reference to mental troubles. In

891-560: The towns of Buxton, Tideswell, Hucklow (Great and Little Hucklow), Litton and Wormhill, which were familiar places in William Bagshaw's early and later life. He lectured at Ashford , Malcoff , Middleton , Bradwell , Chelmorton and Hucklow . When the Declaration was recalled by Charles II, he continued to preach secretly. There were several ineffective warrants issued against him. While James II's 'Declaration for Liberty of Conscience'

924-518: The traditional †-shaped cross (the crux immissa ), but also the T-shaped cross (the crux commissa or tau cross ), which the descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross indicate as the normal form in use at that time, and the X-shaped cross (the crux decussata or saltire ). The Greek equivalent of Latin crux "stake, gibbet" is stauros , found in texts of four centuries or more before

957-425: The village on the road to Tideswell. Litton has a well dressing each summer. The display is set on a base of moist clay and the patterns formed from petals, seeds, mosses and lichens. When it was first classed as a village in the late 18th century there were only a few houses on the outskirts of Tideswell. Later on, however, a lead mine was built near Peter's Rock. An obelisk-style cross shaft lies atop steps on

990-581: The year 1652 he was appointed Vicar of Glossop, where he worked for the next ten and a half years and would have continued to do so if not for the passing of the second Act of Uniformity in 1662, which resulted in the ejection of 1,700 of the clergy of the Church of England. After the Restoration and the Act of Uniformity 1662 , he gave up his living and retired to Ford Hall near Chinley , in an adjacent parish. He lived as

1023-508: Was in force, and again through the beginning of William and Mary's reign, he was an incessant preacher. He died on 1 April 1702, and was buried next to his wife Agnes (died 1 June 1701) at Chapel-en-le-Frith , 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Buxton. A marble and alabaster memorial of 1880 in the church at Chapel-en-le-Frith contains a long inscription and mentions the following children of William and Agnes: John (born 8 January 1654) and Samuel (born 31 December 1656). His Life and Funeral Sermon

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1056-481: Was published by John Ashe (1704), and is the main source of information on his life. His great-grandson Samuel Bagshawe served as DL and JP for Derbyshire. He left manuscripts (fifty volumes) but little survived. His published books are all short. Their (abbreviated) titles are: Litton, Derbyshire Litton is a village and civil parish in the Peak District of Derbyshire , England. The population at

1089-457: Was used in the worship of the god Aten . The effigy of a man hanging on a cross was set up in the fields to protect the crops. It often appeared in conjunction with the female-genital circle or oval, to signify the sacred marriage, as in Egyptian amulet Nefer with male cross and female orb, considered as an amulet of blessedness, a charm of sexual harmony. The word cross is recorded in 11th-century Old English as cros , exclusively for

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