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58-513: Marschall was born in Augsburg , Kingdom of Bavaria , in 1886. In 1906, he entered the Kaiserliche Marine as a Seekadett . During World War I he served as a watch officer on Kronprinz Wilhelm . In 1916, he was trained as a U-boat commander and captained both UC-74 and UB-105 by war's end. He sank 41 merchant ships and two troopships, for a total of 119,170 GRT, and was awarded

116-559: A siege ensued through the winter of 1634/35 and thousands died from hunger and disease. During the Swedish occupation and the siege by Catholic troops, the population of the city was reduced from about 70,000 to about 16,000. Diseases such as typhus and the plague ravaged the city. In the first half of the 17th century Augsburg was pivotal in the European network of goldsmiths . Augsburg attracted goldsmith journeymen from all over Europe and in

174-674: A creative centre for sculptors and musicians . Augsburg became the base of the Holbein family, starting with Hans Holbein the Elder . The composer Leopold Mozart was born and educated in Augsburg. Rococo became so prevalent that it became known as "Augsburg style" throughout Germany. Augsburg benefitted majorly from the establishment and expansion of the Kaiserliche Reichspost in the late 15th and early 16th century. This postal system, which

232-480: A lot of his endeavours, meant that the imperial city became "the dominant centre of early capitalism" of the sixteenth century, and "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire". From Maximilian's time, as the "terminuses of the first transcontinental post lines" began to shift from Innsbruck to Venice and from Brussels to Antwerp , in these cities, the communication system and

290-595: A population of 100,000, as per the Bavarian Gemeindeordnung . The mayor of Augsburg has been Eva Weber of the Christian Social Union (CSU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows: The Augsburg city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and

348-513: A population of 304,000 and 885,000 in its metropolitan area. After Neuss , Trier , Worms , Cologne and Xanten , Augsburg is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum and named after the Roman emperor Augustus . It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in

406-712: A population of about 30,000. This put it on a level with cities like Cologne and Prague . Augsburg passed 100,000 residents in 1909 and the population has grown steadily since then. Augsburg is twinned with: The main road link is autobahn A 8 between Munich and Stuttgart . Public transport is very well catered for. It is controlled by the Augsburger Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Augsburg transport and tariff association, AVV) extended over central Swabia. There are seven rail Regionalbahn lines, five tram lines, 27 city bus lines and six night bus lines, as well as several taxi companies. The Augsburg tramway network

464-405: A smaller Kaserne for former Luftwaffe communications units. The American military presence in the city started with the U.S. 5th Infantry Division stationed at FLAK Kaserne from 1945 to 1955, then by 11th Airborne Division , followed by the 24th Infantry Division , U.S. Army VII Corps artillery, USASA Field Station Augsburg and finally the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade , which returned

522-404: A two-hour action, Glorious and her accompanying destroyers were all sunk, in exchange for damage to Scharnhorst (struck by one of Acasta's torpedoes , and one shell from each of the destroyers). To this day it is still not known why Marschall abandoned over 1600 Royal Navy sailors from the sinking of the 3 RN ships to their deaths, despite there being no other RN assets in the area. Although

580-470: Is also present when native speakers speak in SHG. Similarly, there is only one alveolar fricative phoneme /s/ , which is shared with most other southern dialects. Most Swabian-speakers are unaware of the difference between /s/ and /z/ and do not attempt to make it when they speak Standard German. The voiced plosives, the post-alveolar fricative, and the frequent use of diminutives based on " l " suffixes gives

638-709: Is located in central and southeastern Baden-Württemberg (including its capital Stuttgart and the Swabian Jura region) and the southwest of Bavaria ( Bavarian Swabia ). Furthermore, Swabian German dialects are spoken by Caucasus Germans in Transcaucasia . The dialects of the Danube Swabian population of Hungary , the former Yugoslavia and Romania are only nominally Swabian and can be traced back not only to Swabian but also to Franconian , Bavarian and Hessian dialects, with locally varying degrees of influence of

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696-658: Is now 35.5 km-long after the opening of new lines to the university in 1996, the northern city boundary in 2001 and to the Klinikum Augsburg (Augsburg hospital) in 2002. Tram line 6, which runs 5.2 km from Friedberg West to Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), opened in December 2010. In December 2021, tram line 3 was extended southward to the neighboring city of Königsbrunn . There is one station for intercity bus services in Augsburg: Augsburg Nord, located in

754-523: Is on the Munich–Augsburg and Ulm–Augsburg lines and is connected by ICE and IC services to Munich , Berlin , Dortmund , Frankfurt , Hamburg and Stuttgart . As of December 2007, the French TGV connected Augsburg with a direct High Speed Connection to Paris . In addition EC and night train services connect to Amsterdam , Paris and Vienna and connections will be substantially improved by

812-570: Is used in an ironic way to describe a small unit of measure and is deemed appropriate to use in front of small children (compare Bubenspitzle ). German broadcaster SWR 's children's website, Kindernetz , explained the meaning of Muggeseggele in their Swabian dictionary in the Swabian-based TV series Ein Fall für B.A.R.Z. In many regions, the Swabian dialect is spoken with a unique intonation that

870-701: The Bavarian part of Swabia , Germany, around 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of the Bavarian capital Munich . It is a university town and the regional seat of the Regierungsbezirk Swabia with a well preserved Altstadt (historical city centre). Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg . It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg ), with

928-570: The Dachau concentration camp outside Augsburg supplied approximately 1,300 forced labourers to local military-related industry, especially the Messerschmitt AG military aircraft firm, headquartered in Augsburg. In 1941 Rudolf Hess , without Adolf Hitler 's permission, secretly took off from a local Augsburg airport and flew to Scotland, crashing in Eaglesham , to the south of Glasgow. His objective

986-811: The Dutch Republic . The coalition was formed to defend the Electorate of the Palatinate and fought against France in the Nine Years' War . The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss or the Final Recess of 1803, saw the annexation of nearly all of the 51 Free Imperial Cities, excepting Augsburg and five others. However, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, Napoleon encouraged his German allies to annex their smaller neighbours, and Augsburg lost its independence. It

1044-516: The Marineoberkommando West shortly before the end of the war. From 1945–47 he was held as a prisoner of war. Marschall died in Mölln , West Germany , in 1976. Augsburg Augsburg ( UK : / ˈ aʊ ɡ z b ɜːr ɡ / , OWGZ -burg ; US : / ˈ ɔː ɡ z -/ , AWGZ - ; German: [ˈaʊksbʊʁk] ; Swabian German : Ougschburg ) is a city in

1102-660: The Pour la Mérite , Germany's highest military honour. While in the Reichsmarine , Marschall served primarily as a Vermessungsoffizier (surveying officer) and in different staff positions. At the end of 1934 he became commander of the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer . As a Konteradmiral in 1936, he joined the Naval High Command and headed the operations division. During the Spanish Civil War Marschall commanded

1160-518: The Singold . The oldest part of the city and the southern quarters are on the northern foothills of a high terrace, which has emerged between the steep rim of the hills of Friedberg in the east and the high hills of the west. In the south extends the Lechfeld, an outwash plain of the post ice age between the rivers Lech and Wertach, where rare primeval landscapes were preserved. The Augsburg city forest and

1218-665: The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1629, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution , which restored the legal situation of 1552. However, the edict was revoked in April 1632, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden occupied Augsburg. In 1634, the Swedish army was defeated at the nearby Battle of Nördlingen . By October 1634, Catholic troops had surrounded Augsburg. The Swedish army refused to surrender and

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1276-448: The bank and metal businesses of the merchant families Fugger , Welser and Hochstetter . These families held a near total monopoly in important industries. Monopolies were considered criminal in contemporary laws and these families' practices were criticised by Martin Luther himself, but as Emperor Charles V needed their financial assistance, he cancelled the charge in the 1530s. In

1334-579: The 0 °C isotherm, a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). The water systems of Augsburg have been the site of innovations in hydraulic engineering for centuries. Augsburg was built on top of an aquifer fed by the Lech and Wertach rivers, which provided purified groundwater that ran through the city through springs and streams. The canals channelling this water through the city were first mentioned in 1276, and by 1416 waterworks, pumps and water towers were added to distribute this water effectively. In 1545 Augsburg

1392-515: The 11th century. Augsburg was granted the status of a Free Imperial City on 9 March 1276 and from then until 1803, it was independent of its former overlord, the Prince-Bishop of Augsburg . Frictions between the city-state and the prince-bishops were to remain frequent however, particularly after Augsburg became Protestant and curtailed the rights and freedoms of Catholics . With its strategic location at an intersection of trade routes to Italy,

1450-550: The 1555 Peace of Augsburg . The Fuggerei , the oldest social housing complex in the world, was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger . In 2019 UNESCO recognised the Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site because of its unique medieval canals and water towers and its testimony to the development of hydraulic engineering. Augsburg lies at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach and on

1508-525: The 16th century Augsburg became one of Germany's largest cities. Augsburg was a major manufacturing centre for textiles , armor , scientific instruments , as well as gold- and silver-smithing. The prolific printers of Augsburg also made the city the largest producer of German-language books in the Holy Roman Empire . Like other free imperial cities , Augsburg was an independent entity, and had authority over its tax policies. Augsburg's wealth attracted artists seeking patrons . The city rapidly became

1566-479: The 16th century. According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became "the dominant centre of early capitalism", having benefited from being part of the Kaiserliche Reichspost system as "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I . The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and

1624-614: The 18th century a large number of silversmiths and goldsmiths became master craftsman in Augsburg. In 1686 the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I formed the League of Augsburg , also known as the "Grand Alliance" after England joined in 1689. The coalition consisted at various times of Austria, Bavaria , Brandenburg , England, the Holy Roman Empire , the Electorate of the Palatinate , Portugal, Savoy , Saxony , Spain, Sweden, and

1682-573: The Bavarian State Government recognised this fact and promoted Augsburg to Metropole . Swabian German Swabian ( German : Schwäbisch [ˈʃvɛːbɪʃ] ) is one of the dialect groups of Upper German , sometimes one of the dialect groups of Alemannic German (in the broad sense) , that belong to the High German dialect continuum. It is mainly spoken in Swabia , which

1740-692: The Free Imperial City of Augsburg became a major trading centre. Augsburg produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles. Augsburg became the base of two banking families that rose to great prominence, the Fuggers and the Welsers . The Fugger family donated the Fuggerei part of the city devoted to housing for needy citizens in 1516, which remains in use today. In 1530, the Augsburg Confession

1798-865: The German naval forces off of the Spanish coast. He was promoted to Admiral and Flottenchef (fleet commander) in 1939. Admiral Marschall, flying his flag in battleship Gneisenau , led the German naval force which intercepted and sank the British auxiliary cruiser Rawalpindi on 23 November 1939, while on patrol off Faroe Islands . On 8 June 1940, during the latter part of the Norwegian Campaign , Marschall and part of his force (flagship Gneisenau , and her sister-ship Scharnhorst ) fell in with British aircraft carrier Glorious and two destroyers ( Acasta and Ardent ) about 280 miles west of Harstad , Norway . In

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1856-544: The German re-armament before the Second World War , the Wehrmacht enlarged Augsburg's one original Kaserne (barracks) to three: Somme Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Artillerie-Regiment 27); Arras Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 27) and Panzerjäger Kaserne (housing Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 27 (later Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27)). Wehrmacht Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27 was later moved to Füssen . The MAN factory at Augsburg

1914-481: The Lech valley heaths today rank among the most species-rich middle European habitats. Augsburg borders the nature park Augsburg Western Woods , a large forestland. The city itself is also heavily verdant. As a result, in 1997 Augsburg was the first German city to win the Europe-wide contest Entente Florale for Europe's greenest and most livable city. Augsburg is surrounded by the counties Landkreis Augsburg in

1972-648: The airport is used almost entirely by business airplanes. Augsburg is a vibrant industrial city. Many global market leaders namely MAN , EADS or KUKA produce high technology products like printing systems, large diesel engines, industrial robots or components for the Airbus A380 and the Ariane carrier rocket. After Munich , Augsburg is considered the high-tech centre for Information and Communication in Bavaria and takes advantage of its lower operating costs , yet close proximity to Munich and potential customers. In 2018

2030-481: The battle resulted in a German victory, Marschall had engaged Glorious despite orders to avoid action. Marschall's differences with the High Command on this subject, and the severe damage to Scharnhorst during the engagement, ensured that Marschall was replaced as Flottenchef by Admiral Günther Lütjens . Marschall led the inspection of naval education for two years beginning in the summer 1940. In 1942, Marschall

2088-439: The court of Maximilian I). Several witch hunts occurred in Augsburg in the late 16th century. Following the 1585–1588 plague epidemic, southeast Germany was shattered by the 1589–1591 witch hunts. Following the 1592–1593 plague epidemic, cities in southeast Germany entered a period of inflation , marked by brutal witch hunts in urban areas. Religious peace in the city was largely maintained despite increasing tensions up to

2146-495: The creation of the planned Magistrale for Europe . The AVV operates seven Regionalbahn lines from the main station to: Starting in 2008, the regional services are planned to be altered to S-Bahn frequencies and developed long term as integrated into the Augsburg S-Bahn. Until 2005 Augsburg was served by nearby Augsburg Airport (AGB). In that year all air passenger transport was relocated to Munich Airport . Since then,

2204-609: The deaths of several hundred people. Following the war the three Kasernen changed hands confusingly between the American and Germans, finally ending up in US hands for the duration of the Cold War . They became the three main US barracks in Augsburg: Reese, Sheridan and FLAK. US Base FLAK had been an anti-aircraft barracks since 1936 and US Base Sheridan 'united' the former infantry barracks with

2262-465: The dialect a very "soft" or "mild" feel, often felt to be in sharp contrast to the harder varieties of German spoken in the North. Swabian is categorized as an Alemannic dialect, which in turn is one of the two types of Upper German dialects (the other being Bavarian ). The Swabian dialect is composed of numerous sub-dialects, each of which has its own variations. These sub-dialects can be categorized by

2320-436: The difference in the formation of the past participle of 'sein' (to be) into gwäa and gsei. The Gsei group is nearer to other Alemannic dialects , such as Swiss German . It can be divided into South-East Swabian , West Swabian and Central Swabian . The Danube Swabians from Hungary, Romania, and former Yugoslavia have been speaking several different Swabian dialects, called locally Schwowisch , some being similar to

2378-533: The former Kaserne to German hands in 1998. Originally the Heeresverpflegungshauptamt Südbayern and an Officers' caisson existed on or near the location of Reese-Kaserne but was demolished by the occupying Americans. From 1266 until 1548, the terms Stadtpfleger (head of town council) and Mayor were used interchangeably, or occasionally, simultaneously. In 1548 the title was finally fixed to Stadtpfleger , who officiated for several years and

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2436-498: The initial dialects. Swabian can be difficult to understand for speakers of Standard German due to its pronunciation and partly differing grammar and vocabulary. In 2009, the word Muggeseggele (a Swabian idiom ), meaning the scrotum of a housefly , was voted in a readers' survey by Stuttgarter Nachrichten , the largest newspaper in Stuttgart , as the most beautiful Swabian word , well ahead of any other term. The expression

2494-465: The news market started to converge. As the Fuggers as well as other trading companies based their most important branches in these cities, these traders gained access to these systems as well (despite a widely circulated theory which holds that the Fuggers themselves operated their own communication system, in reality they relied upon the imperial posts, presumably from the 1490s onwards, as official members of

2552-487: The north of the city. Augsburg has seven stations, the Central Station ( Hauptbahnhof ), Hochzoll , Oberhausen , Haunstetterstraße , Morellstraße , Messe and Inningen . The Central Station, built from 1843 to 1846, is Germany's oldest main station in a large city still providing services in the original building. It is currently being modernised and an underground tram station is built underneath it. Hauptbahnhof

2610-856: The original Swabian dialect, but also the Bavarian dialect, mostly with Palatine and Hesse mixed dialects. In this regard, the Banat Swabians speak the Banat Swabian dialect . The Baden-Württemberg Chamber of Commerce launched an advertising campaign with the slogan "Wir können alles. Außer Hochdeutsch." which means "We can [do] everything. Except [speak] Standard German" to boost Swabian pride for their dialect and industrial achievements. However, it failed to impress Northern Germans and neighboring Baden. Dominik Kuhn ( Dodokay ) became famous in Germany with Swabian fandub videos, dubbing among others Barack Obama with German dialect vocals and revised text. In

2668-891: The results were as follows: Augsburg is located in the Wahlkreis 253 Augsburg-Stadt constituency, which includes Königsbrunn and parts of the District of Augsburg ( Landkreis Augsburg ). Volker Ullrich of the CSU was directly elected to the Bundestag in the 18th German Bundestag . Indirectly elected to the Bundestag to adhere to the Landesliste were Ulrike Bahr for the SPD and Claudia Roth for Bündnis 90/Die Grünen . Augsburg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) or, following

2726-492: The west and Aichach-Friedberg in the east. The suburbs of Augsburg are Friedberg , Königsbrunn , Stadtbergen , Neusäß , Gersthofen , Diedorf . Neighbouring municipalities: Rehling , Affing , Kissing , Mering , Merching , Bobingen , Gessertshausen . The city of Augsburg was founded in 15 BC on the orders of Emperor Augustus . Emperor Augustus conducted extensive military campaigns and established administrative settlements. The Roman colony that became Augsburg

2784-408: The world to generate electricity from water and they are still in use today. On 6 July 2019 the Water Management System of Augsburg was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Augsburg has a population of about 300,000. It is the third largest city in Bavaria and the largest city in the Swabia region. In the 16th century, Augsburg was one of the largest cities in Holy Roman Empire , with

2842-428: Was annexed to the Kingdom of Bavaria . In 1817, the city became an administrative capital of the Oberdonaukreis , then administrative capital in 1837 for the district Swabia and Neuburg . During the end of the 19th century, Augsburg's textile industry again rose to prominence followed by the machine manufacturing industry. Augsburg was historically a militarily important city due to its strategic location. During

2900-411: Was composed of parts of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27. The Infanterie Regiment 40 remained in Augsburg until the end of the war, finally surrendering to the United States on 28 April 1945 when the U.S. Army occupied the city. The city and its Messerschmitt works were bombed on three occasions during the war. Collateral damage included the destruction of just under 25% of all homes in the city and

2958-403: Was known as Augusta Vindelicorum , meaning "the Augustan city of the Vindelici ". The settlement was established at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach . In 120 AD Augsburg became the administrative capital of the Roman province of Raetia . Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the fifth century AD, by Charlemagne in the eighth century and by Welf I, Duke of Bavaria in

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3016-433: Was named commanding admiral of occupied France and replaced Alfred Saalwächter as commander of Marinegruppenkommando West. On 1 February 1943 he was promoted to Generaladmiral , but was replaced as western commander by Theodor Krancke and deactivated later that spring. During the remainder of the war, Marschall was reactivated twice, once as Sonderbevollmächtigter (special agent) for the Danube , and once as commander of

3074-407: Was one of the first European towns to separate drinking water from water used for industry, effectively preventing water-borne diseases. The pumps and waterwheels also generated power for fountains and food processing, such as a 17th-century butcher's hall that still stands today. In the 19th and 20th centuries hydroelectic power plants were also installed. These power plants were some of the first in

3132-418: Was presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Augsburg . Following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, after which the rights of religious minorities in imperial cities were to be legally protected, a mixed Catholic–Protestant city council presided over a majority Protestant population; see Paritätische Reichsstadt . Augsburg's economic boom years occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to

3190-417: Was the first modern postal service in the world, was created through negotiations and agreements between the Taxis family represented by Franz von Taxis  [ de ] and the early Habsburgs monarches, notably Maximilian I , his son Philip the Handsome and grandson Charles V. Even when the Habsburg empire began to extend to other parts of Europe, Maximilian's loyalty to Augsburg, where he conducted

3248-434: Was the largest German manufacturer of engines for U-boats in World War II and became the target of the Augsburg Raid. When the Avro Lancaster bomber was new in service, the RAF sent 12 at low level to bomb the factory in daylight, on 17 April 1942. The bombers were intercepted en route and only five returned, all damaged. The factory was damaged but production continued; the factory was repeatedly bombed later. A subcamp of

3306-422: Was then awarded the title for life (though no longer governing), thus resulting confusingly, in records of two or more simultaneous Stadtpfleger . After the transfer to Bavaria in 1806, Augsburg was ruled by a Magistrate with two mayors, supported by an additional council of "Community Commissioners": the Gemeindebevollmächtige . As of 1907, the Mayor was entitled Oberbürgermeister , as Augsburg had reached

3364-508: Was to meet the Duke of Hamilton in an attempt to mediate the end of the European front of World War II and join sides for the upcoming Russian Campaign. The Reichswehr Infanterie Regiment 19 was stationed in Augsburg and became the base unit for the Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 40, a subsection of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27 (which later became the Wehrmacht Panzerdivision 17). Elements of Wehrmacht II Battalion of Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 99 (especially Wehrmacht Panzerjäger Kompanie 14)

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