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55-565: The Wildlife WayStation was a 160-acre animal sanctuary (65 ha) in Sylmar, California in northern Los Angeles County dedicated to rescuing and rehabilitating wild and exotic animals. A charitable corporation located within the boundaries of Angeles National Forest , the facility was founded in 1976 by animal activist Martine Colette, who resigned in May 2019 as president and chief operating officer. Martine Colette came to Hollywood in 1965 and built

110-459: A low kill shelter euthanizes few animals and usually operates programs to increase the number of animals that are released alive. A shelter's live release rate is the measure of how many animals leave a shelter alive compared to the number of animals they have taken in. A no kill shelter practices a very strict high live release rate, such as 90%, 95%, or even 100%. Since there is no standard of measurement, some shelters compare live releases to

165-514: A pet store chain in Atlanta . It provided for the licensing and regulation of pet shops, stables, kennels, and animal shelters, and it established, for the first time, minimum standards of care. The Georgia Department of Agriculture was tasked with licensing animal shelters and enforcing the new law through the Department's newly created Animal Protection Division. An additional provision, added in 1990,

220-413: A sanctuary and a shelter; for instance, some animals may be in residence temporarily until a good home is found and others may be permanent residents. The mission of sanctuaries is generally to be safe havens, where the animals receive the best care that the sanctuaries can provide. Animals are not bought, sold, or traded, nor are they used for animal testing . Additionally, no parts of nor secretions from

275-536: A costume design business. She founded the Wildlife WayStation in 1976 as she saw the need for a refuge for wild and exotic animals. In addition to large animals such as big cats and bears, it at one time housed the largest group of chimpanzees in the Western United States. Although the intent was to rehabilitate the animals, many remained for the rest of their lives. A distemper epidemic in 1992 closed

330-651: A large population of their kind and can be easily overwhelmed or agitated. Because of this, they can be held for a certain amount of time before being admitted to the general public. In this time, veterinarians study the new animal's behavioral and dietary habits and try for a smooth transition into the sanctuary's environment. Also, some species of animals, dogs for example, are social creatures. In isolation they get lonely and become depressed. Animal sanctuaries often accommodate these types of animals by putting them in living quarters where they're in groups or pairs that they fit well with. Enrichment activities are also available for

385-466: A location. The need for cetacean sanctuaries is  quickly emerging due to shifting regulations and changes in public attitudes toward cetaceans in captivity. With an estimated 3,600 cetaceans in captivity globally, the need for spacious natural ocean environments that provide feeding and care is increasing, as globally marine parks and aquariums move away from whales and dolphins in their facilities. A primary criticism of commercial facilities

440-462: A new era of professionalism to the possession of native animals for rehabilitation purposes. The Wildlife WayStation housed about 400 wild and exotic animals, including lions , tigers , leopards , mountain lions , jaguars , bobcats , bears , primates , deer , coyotes , and wolves . Many animals in the facility were the property of people who found they were unwilling or unable to continue to keep their so-called exotic pets and either abandoned

495-437: A period of time, called stray hold . After the holding period, an animal is considered forfeited by its owner, and may become available for adoption. Animals involved in attacks or bites are placed in quarantine and are not available for adoption until investigations or legal cases are resolved. Animal control's interest is mainly public safety and rabies control . Many shelter policies allow individuals to bring in animals to

550-437: A proper reason. Generally, proper reasons are slaughtering or hunting for food production (cats and dogs are excepted from that), control of infectious diseases, painless killing "if continued life would imply uncurable pain or suffering" or if an animal poses a danger to the general public. The latter will be a reason for euthanasia only if an authority concerned with public safety orders it based on an investigation. Because of

605-440: A shelter has four outcomes: return to owner, adoption , transfer to another shelter or rescue facility, or euthanasia . Return to owner is when a stray animal, that was found and housed at the shelter, is picked up by its owner. Most animal shelters practice adoption, where an animal in their care is given or sold to an individual who will keep it and care for it. Some shelters work with rescue organizations , giving an animal to

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660-498: A specific dog breed, or they pull hard-to-adopt animals such as those with health or behavioral issues with the intention of rehabilitating the animal for a future adoption. Many rescues don't have brick and mortar locations but operate out of a home or with foster partners. A foster will temporarily take animals from the shelter to their home to give them special attention or care, such as a newly whelped litter of puppies, or an animal recovering from an illness. An animal sanctuary

715-415: A temporary placement. A retail rescue takes advantage of right-of-first-choice of the free or cheap inventory of animals from shelters to flip shelter-pulled animals under the banner of 'adoption', with little or no retraining or veterinary care in between pulling a dog and selling it. They may also obtain animals cheaply from auctions or puppy mills and command high dollar for their adoptions under

770-473: Is a secondary role of FAS. Investing in transforming visitors' and volunteers' perspectives on animal agriculture is a key component of FAS, enlisting farmed animal residents as "ambassadors" of their species to serve a fundraiser role. Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka have outlined two different types of FAS models. FAS can be distinguished by ascribing to either refuge and advocacy model or intentional community model. Refuge- and advocacy-based models are

825-400: Is accepted by sanctuaries in the form of volunteering, monetary contributions, donations of food and materials, spreading the word, and in some cases, adoption. One of the most important missions of sanctuaries, beyond caring for the animals, is educating the public. The ultimate goal of many sanctuaries is to change the way that humans think of, and treat, non-human animals. On the basis of

880-401: Is an alternative to euthanasia for difficult-to-adopt animals; it is a permanent placement which may include secure kenneling and care by staff experienced in the handling of animals with serious aggression or permanent behavioral problems, or a home for aged animals that will be cared for until their natural death. Adoption and sending to rescue or sanctuary are permanent placements; fostering is

935-536: Is creating a coastal sanctuary for beluga whales and orcas in Port Hilford, Nova Scotia and plans to welcome their first residents in late 2023, assuming the project gets the required federal and provincial permits. The National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland , is seeking a Caribbean location to create a warm water seaside dolphin sanctuary to become the permanent home for the dolphins currently at their facility. And

990-684: Is home to approximately 1,600 animals. According to the sanctuary, "Best Friends has become the heart of a collaborative no-kill movement, and a model for the future of animal welfare," and the sanctuary hopes to "bring the entire nation to no-kill in 2025." While there are many ways to donate and support animal sanctuaries throughout the United States, many sanctuaries have begun bringing awareness to their causes on social media with ranging, but largely significant success. Many have brought in tens or hundreds of thousands of followers. Social media has become an opportunity for sanctuaries to raise awareness of

1045-550: Is sometimes policy to euthanize animals that are not claimed quickly enough by a previous or new owner. In Europe, of the 30 countries included in a survey, all but six (Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy and Poland ) permitted euthanizing non-adopted animals. The shelter industry has terminology for their unique field of work, and though there are no exact standards for consistent definitions, many words have meanings based on their usage. Animal control has

1100-582: Is that animals are expected to perform unnatural behaviors for audiences in spaces that are small and cannot adequately approximate a natural setting. The first cetacean sanctuary for belugas opened in August 2020 by SEA LIFE Trust, as two belugas "Little Grey" and "Little White" were transported 6,000 miles from an aquarium in China to the first open-water whale sanctuary for belugas in Iceland . The Whale Sanctuary Project

1155-462: Is the priority and the mission is to provide an environment where the cetacean residents can thrive. Animal sanctuary services include spaying and neutering , hygiene, and physical well-being. These services are mainly performed by licensed veterinarians . Other positions that can be held by people at sanctuaries include specialized animal trainers, groomers, and volunteers . When it comes to new residents, they are typically not used to living with

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1210-584: The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) for compliance with the Animal Welfare Act . Animal shelter An animal shelter or pound is a place where stray, lost, abandoned or surrendered animals – mostly dogs and cats – are housed. The word "pound" has its origins in the animal pounds of agricultural communities, where stray livestock would be penned or impounded until they were claimed by their owners. While no-kill shelters exist, it

1265-591: The Dogs Trust . In the United States there is no government-run organization that provides oversight or regulation of the various shelters on a national basis. However, many individual states regulate shelters within their jurisdiction. One of the earliest comprehensive measures was the Georgia Animal Protection Act of 1986, a law enacted in response to the inhumane treatment of companion animals by

1320-656: The 1990s. No longer serving as a lifelong repository for strays and drop-offs, modern shelters have taken the lead in controlling the pet population, promoting pet adoption and studying shelter animals' health and behavior. To prevent animal euthanization, some shelters offer behavioral assessments of animals and training classes to make them more adoptable to the public. Most shelters also provide medical care that includes spaying and neutering to prevent overpopulation . Shelters and shelter-like volunteer organizations responded to cat overpopulation with trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs, which reduced feral cat populations and reduced

1375-597: The Archipelagos Institute of Marine Conservation is planning to create the Aegean Marine Life Sanctuary for previously captive dolphins on the island of Lipsi, south of Samos in the eastern Aegean Sea . Like other animal sanctuaries, cetacean sanctuaries adhere to a set of principles that put the animals first above the needs of the public, researchers, donors or other stakeholders. In cetacean sanctuaries, each animal's physical and mental well-being

1430-587: The Dog Control Act 1996. In Poland, it is allowed to euthanize animals in shelters only because of illness. However, it is permitted to kill blind litters as they are considered dependent. In the United Kingdom , animal shelters are more commonly known as rescue or rehoming centres and are run by charitable organizations. The most prominent rescue and rehoming organizations are the RSPCA , Cats Protection and

1485-566: The Riverdale Farm Sanctuary Project has launched a campaign to transform Riverdale Farms, an urban farm in Toronto into a FAS advocating for: 1) Animal Rescue, Refuge, and Advocacy, 2) Compassion and Nonviolence, 3) Ecological and Food Justice and Compassionate Interspecies Community. Expanding beyond the traditional role of a safe haven for farmed animals, sanctuaries can also be understood as playing political roles in transforming

1540-651: The abuse and cruelty that is present in many animal-based industries and educate the general population on how they can help. There are two primary organizations that provide accreditation and support for animal sanctuaries: the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries and the American Sanctuary Association . In the United States, sanctuaries must also be licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and regularly inspected by

1595-416: The animals are commodified, such as eggs, wool, or milk. The resident animals are given the opportunity to behave as natural as possible in a protective environment. What distinguishes a sanctuary from other institutions is the philosophy that the residents come first. In a sanctuary, every action is scrutinized for any trace of human benefit at the expense of non-human residents. Sanctuaries act on behalf of

1650-457: The animals, and the caregivers work under the notion that all animals in the sanctuary, human and non-human, are of equal importance. Most sanctuaries are not open to the public in the sense of a zoo ; that is, allowing unescorted public access to the facility. A legitimate sanctuary avoids activity that would place the animals in an unduly stressful situation. Most sanctuaries are also not government-funded and are usually nonprofit . Public help

1705-535: The animals, which were later found and rescued by Colette and the staff, or surrendered them to the WayStation, escaping further responsibility for the animals. The animals often arrived at the WayStation in poor health and were cared for by veterinarians. Martine Colette AKA Martine Dawson appeared as herself in the Samuel Fuller movie White Dog . Part of the film was shot on the premises. The Wildlife WayStation

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1760-527: The burden on shelters. In the United States , many government-run animal shelters operate in conditions that are far from ideal. In the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , many government shelters ran out of adequate space and financial resources. Shelters unable to raise additional funds to provide for the increased number of incoming animals have no choice but to euthanize them, sometimes within days. In 2012, approximately four million cats and dogs died in U.S. shelters. However, recent years have seen

1815-414: The effectiveness of the educational component of sanctuaries. The intentional community model addresses the shortcomings of the standard sanctuary model by focusing on movement building that includes a spectrum of speciesist issues such as developing farmed animal veterinary care that exist outside of standard practices that have aimed at meeting animal agricultural interests. The six characteristics of

1870-713: The efficiency of FAS's ability to reduce animal suffering as demonstrated in the "arithmetic of compassion", a utilitarian measure of advocacy that applies mathematical formulas to reduce the most suffering in light of individual lives. Jon Bockman of Animal Charity Evaluators , states, "expending too many resources on direct rescue results in less money directed toward education and a lower overall impact in helping animals, and all advocates should give consideration to this concern when deciding how best to help animals". FAS has, in some ways, evolved to more actions such as re-homing to increase sanctuary capacity and rescuing farmed animals in criminal or domestic cases. The educational role

1925-542: The facility and responsibility for finding acceptable new homes for the animals. The use of chimps in research ended in 2015, making it difficult to find room for those in the refuge. They were the last animals left when they were able to move to Chimp Haven in Louisiana. After 2019, the total number of wildlife rehabilitation facilities in Southern California decreased. Changes to the regulations were expected to bring

1980-429: The first official farm sanctuary that opened in 1986. The daily tasks of a FAS involve the primary guardians, volunteers and at time visitors. Each day is structured by routines such as feeding, care and health procedures, as well as cleaning and maintenance. Points of conflict for sanctuaries include human intervention in matters of sterilizing animals and species segregation. Moreover, effective altruists have critiqued

2035-555: The geographies in which farmed animals are found serve as a corrective to forming human-farmed animal friendships. An example of the intentional sanctuary model can be found in the Microsanctuary Movement started by Rosemary and Justin Van Kleeck. The Microsanctuary Movement encourages city-dwellers to rescue farmed animals to expand what species are considered to be companion animals . Similarly, Darren Chang, co-founder of

2090-414: The intentional community model include: belonging, absence of fixed hierarchical relationships, self-determination , citizenship, dependent agency, and scaffolded choices and reconfigured spaces. These characteristics redress some of the critiques of the refuge and advocacy model by grounding sanctuary practices in animal agency and expanding the geographical boundaries of where animals can live. Expanding

2145-676: The location they were picked up. In Quebec , there are two types of animal shelters: Larger cities in Germany have a city shelter (Tierheim) for animals or contract with one of the many non-profit animal organizations in the country, which run their own shelters. Most shelters are populated by dogs, cats, and a variety of small animals like mice, rats, and rabbits. Additionally, there are so-called Gnadenhöfe ("mercy-farms") for larger animals that take cattle or horses from private owners who want to put them down for financial reasons. The Animal Protection Act prohibits killing of vertebrates without

2200-403: The most standard. These sanctuaries are found in traditional agricultural communities in part because of the physical and legal infrastructure. Six characteristics of this model include: duty of care, support for species-typical flourishing, recognition of individuality, non-exploitation, non-perpetuation, and awareness and advocacy. The latter characteristic has launched a series of questions into

2255-416: The municipal function of picking up stray dogs and cats, and investigating reports of animal abuse , dog bites or animal attacks . It may also be called animal care and control , and earlier was called the dog catcher or rabies control . Stray, lost or abandoned pets picked up off the streets are usually transported to the local animal shelter, or pound . Uncomplicated stray cases are usually kept for

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2310-402: The number of healthy, adoptable animals , while others compare live releases to every animal they took in – as such, the terms high kill, low kill, and no kill are therefore subjective. Shelter partners include rescue groups, fosters and sanctuaries. Rescue groups will often pull dogs from shelters, helping to reduce the number of animals at a shelter. A rescue group often specializes in

2365-800: The political and spatial lives of animal residents and their broader species communities leaning into pioneering a less-speciesist future. Cetacean sanctuaries are designed for autonomy and well-being, enabling as natural a life as possible in ocean water.  Lifetime of care is provided for these whales , dolphins , or porpoises . Like other wild animals who have spent much or all of their lives in zoos , cetaceans who have lived in marine parks for most or all of their lives are potentially poor candidates for reintroduction and, therefore, sanctuaries are an alternative to living on display or in entertainment facilities. Sanctuary site selection, as far as size, water quality, protection from hazards and weather events, and more, introduce unique considerations for finding

2420-415: The rescue rather than adopting it to an individual. Some jurisdictions mandate that shelters cooperate with rescues; some shelters utilize rescues to offload animals with health or behavior problems that they are not equipped to deal with. Many shelters practice some level of euthanasia. Euthanasia is the act of putting an animal to death. A high kill shelter euthanizes many of the animals they take in;

2475-496: The residents. There are currently over 1500 wildlife sanctuaries in the United States, ranging from elephant rehabilitation (The Elephant Sanctuary, Tennessee) to those caring for farm animals saved from slaughterhouses (Farm Animal Refuge, San Diego, California). The largest animal sanctuary in the United States is the Best Friends Animal Sanctuary near Kanab, Utah. This sanctuary spans across nearly 4,000 acres and

2530-565: The roundup. The rescued animals were taken to the Waystation and cared for. The owners of Ligertown were charged with cruelty to animals. The Wildlife WayStation was seeking to move from its mountain location, possibly to the northern edge of Palm Springs, in 2007. It was looking to create an 80-acre facility (32 ha) outside the Angeles National Forest and downsize the original location to about 20 acres (8.1 ha). Suzanne Somers

2585-577: The ruling, all German animal shelters are practically no-kill shelters . Facilities must be led by a person who is certified in the handling of animals. Most shelters contract veterinarians to provide medical care. Goshalas are a type of shelter for homeless, unwanted or elderly cattle in India . Cows are venerated by many Hindus and slaughter of cattle is illegal in most places in the country. In New Zealand, dog pounds are run by each territorial local authority , which provide animal control services under

2640-718: The ruse of having 'rescued' the animal. A retail shelter operates like an ordinary animal shelter but with more of the flavor of a pet store than a traditional shelter by selling pet supplies. They may even obtain animals from out of the area to increase their inventory of animals, rather than serving only their geographic service area. Many shelters routinely spay or neuter all their adoptable animals and vaccinate them for rabies and other routine pet diseases. Shelters often offer rabies clinics or spay-neuter clinics to their local public at discount rates. Some shelters participate in trap–neuter–return programs where stray animals are captured, neutered and vaccinated, then returned to

2695-571: The sanctuary for almost a year. The sanctuary had been treating a large number of racoons and skunks with canine distemper, which crossed over to the big cats. 18 big cats died in this epidemic. In September 1995, the Waystation was contacted after some big cats escaped from Ligertown in Lava Hot Springs, Idaho . They rescued 27 lions and ligers from "filthy, feces-filled tunnels and pens," many of them in poor health and ranging from cubs to full grown adults, but 19 others were killed by authorities in

2750-667: The shelter, often called owner surrender , or relinquishing an animal. An open admission shelter will accept any animal regardless of reason, and is usually a municipal-run shelter or a private shelter with a contract to operate for a municipality. Municipal shelters may limit incoming animals to those from the area in which they serve. A managed admission shelter requires an appointment and will restrict admission of animals to fit their available resources. Limited admission shelters are usually private or non-profit shelters without municipal contracts, and they may limit their intake to only highly-adoptable and healthy animals. An animal in

2805-420: The types of animals being cared for, sanctuaries are of five types: Farmed animal sanctuaries (FAS) provide care, shelter and advocacy of farmed animal species such as chickens , cows , goats , fish , horses , pig , turkeys , and sheep . The farm sanctuary layout tends to resemble traditional farms however functions differently. FAS as a movement began with Gene Baur , the co-founder of Farm Sanctuary ,

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2860-442: Was mainly funded by generous visitors and donors. Animal sanctuary Unlike animal shelters , sanctuaries do not seek to place animals with individuals or groups, instead maintaining each animal until their natural death (either from disease or from other animals in the sanctuary). However, they can offer rehoming services, which can include veterinarians' help. In some cases, an establishment may have characteristics of both

2915-537: Was said to have been considering donating the land. In August 2009, a forest fire in the Angeles National Forest threatened the facility, and many of the animals were evacuated. In May 2016 numerous employees and volunteers were fired. In December 2017, the Creek Fire burned part of the facility, and animals were evacuated. State officials announced in 2019 that the facility had surrendered its state permits. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife took charge of

2970-543: Was the Humane Euthanasia Act , the first state law to mandate intravenous injection of sodium pentothal in place of gas chambers and other less humane methods. The law was further expanded and strengthened with the Animal Protection Act of 2000. Currently, it is estimated that there are approximately 5,000 independently-run animal shelters operating nationwide. Shelters have redefined their role since

3025-550: Was the focus of the first episode " Walk on the Wild Side " of Marcel's Quantum Kitchen on the SyFy channel . Martine Colette appeared as herself in S10E6 of Storage Wars ( “I Learned it From Watching You!" ) on April 26th, 2017. She appraised the value of a vintage bear trap after the seller confirmed that he would only be offering it to collectors. While onscreen, she mentioned that the refuge

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