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34-460: The lure of gold in the 1850s attracted many miners, hunters, and stocker raisers. Conflicts between white settlers and Native Americans culminated in the Rogue River Wars of 1855–56. After their defeat, Native Americans were taken to reservations. Mining remnants such as pipe, flumes, trestles, and stamp mills can still be found in the wilderness. Environmental groups are advocating for

68-627: A 58,000-acre (23,000 ha) expansion of the wilderness to spare old-growth forest from potential logging initiated by the BLM, as well as an addition of 93 miles (150 km) of streams to the Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The proposal has been introduced multiple times in the U.S. Congress by Oregon's elected officials. The Wild Rogue Wilderness is unusual in that the management of the Wild and Scenic River permits motorboat operation and lodge construction for accommodation. This would not normally be allowed in

102-550: A designated wilderness area. Otters and salmon , including steelhead , inhabit the Rogue River within the wilderness, and black bears , ospreys , and great blue herons feed on the fish. Lizards , ticks , and rattlesnakes can be found in grassy areas above the river. Popular recreation activities in the Wild Rogue Wilderness include hiking, camping, rock climbing, fishing, and whitewater rafting. The Rogue River

136-565: A member of the Second Executive Committee , along with Peter G. Stewart and Osborne Russell . This body acted in place of a single executive, though it was replaced with a governor in 1845 to streamline the executive branch of the government. The first and only governor was George Abernethy . In 1848, Bailey was elected to the provisional legislature from the Champoeg district. In Oregon Bailey married Margaret Jewett Smith from

170-482: A mining camp in 1851 at the site of what later became Jacksonville. Indian attacks on miners that year led to U.S. Army intervention and fighting near Table Rock between Indians and the combined forces of professional soldiers and volunteer miner militias. John P. Gaines , the new territorial governor, negotiated a new treaty with some but not all of the Indian bands, removing them from Bear Creek and other tributaries on

204-707: Is one of the most popular whitewater runs in the world because of a steady water level due to upstream dams , sunny summer weather, and scenic forests and steep canyons. There are several hiking trails in the Wild Rogue, including the Rogue River National Recreation Trail, the Panther Ridge Trail along the northern border of the wilderness, and the Mule Creek Trail on the BLM portion of the wilderness. The Blossom fire of 2005 destroyed some of

238-725: The Coast Indian Reservation . It is now known as the Siletz Reservation , located on land along the Siletz River in the Central Coastal Range , about 15 miles northeast of Newport, Oregon . While the tribes originally spoke 10 distinct languages here, the surviving native language in the 21st century is Siletz Deen-ni, an Athabaskan language related to Tolowa. The interaction of the Rogue River Indians and

272-1038: The Methodist Mission on 4 March 1839. In 1842 he sold his farm for $ 300 and left the Oregon Country for the United States of America . The couple returned two years later in May 1844, having to spend $ 700 to purchase his old farm. Selling his farm for $ 1,275 in 1850, the Baileys by September 1853 had established a homestead in Champoeg . Bailey at this point was openly having sex with any willing native woman. The couple's marriage continued to deteriorate, with Margaret fearing William's violent behaviors. The two did not have any children and divorced in 1854. On 2 November 1855 Bailey remarried to Julia M. Sheil. Bailey developed his property in Champoeg. He died there on February 5, 1876. He

306-803: The Oregon Country , particularly the Willamette Valley . Bailey participated in the Champoeg Meetings that led to the creation of a provisional government in Oregon . He was selected as a member of that government, first on the executive committee and later in the Provisional Legislature of Oregon . William Bailey was born in Great Britain on January 13, 1807. In England he was said to have studied medicine, before emigrating with his mother to

340-545: The Willamette Cattle Company , Bailey, Gay and others were herding cattle north to the Willamette Valley when Gay shot and killed a native boy in revenge for earlier attacks against whites. The local Indians raided the cattle drive, but killed or drove off only a few cattle. The first known contact between these groups of indigenous people and Europeans occurred when British explorer George Vancouver anchored off Cape Blanco , about 30 miles (48 km) north of

374-591: The 1850s, Governor Stevens of the Washington Territory clashed with the U.S. Army over Indian policy: Stevens wanted to displace Indians and take their land, but the army opposed land grabs. White settlers in the Rogue River area began to attack Indian villages, and Captain Smith, commandant of Fort Lane , often interposed his men between the Indians and the settlers. In October 1855, he took Indian women and children into

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408-498: The American Ewing Young 's travel to Oregon in 1834. His party murdered several natives and buried their bodies on the island where the party was camped. These bodies were later discovered by the local tribe. They retaliated the next year, attacking an American fur trapping party that passed through. Four of the eight European-Americans were killed; William J. Bailey and George Gay were two survivors. In 1837, as part of

442-422: The Indians at first repulsed them; however, after nearly 200 volunteers launched an all-day assault on the remaining natives, the war ended at Big Bend (at RM 35 or RK 56) on the lower river. By then, fighting had also ended near the coast, where, before retreating upstream, a separate group of natives had killed about 30 whites and burned their cabins near what later became Gold Beach. Most of

476-527: The Native Americans were in the mountains southwest of present-day Roseburg armed with muzzleloaders , bows, and arrows and managed to hold off a group of "more than 300 ... dragoons, militiamen and volunteers". William J. Bailey William J. Bailey (January 13, 1807 – February 5, 1876) was a British-born physician who migrated to the United States, where he became a pioneer and politician in

510-741: The Rogue River Indians were removed in 1856 to reservations further north. About 1,400 were sent to the Coast Reservation in central Oregon, later renamed the Siletz Reservation . They were placed with other Indians who were from Coastal Salish tribes, such as the Tillamook, the Siletz, and the Clatsop. To protect 400 natives still in danger of attack at Table Rock, Joel Palmer , the Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs , ordered their removal to

544-573: The Rogue about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) downstream of it. Despite fears on both sides, violence in the watershed in the 1830s and 1840s was limited; "Indian seemed interested in speeding whites on their way, and they were happy to get through the region without being attacked." In 1847, the Whitman massacre and the Cayuse War in what became southeastern Washington raised fears among European settlers throughout

578-529: The Rogue in 1850, former territorial governor Joseph Lane negotiated a peace treaty with Apserkahar , a leader of the Takelma . It promised protection of Indigenous rights and safe passage through the Rogue Valley for European miners and settlers. ( see also: Battle of Evans Creek ) Miners began prospecting for gold in the watershed, including a Bear Creek tributary called Jackson Creek, where they established

612-474: The Siskiyou Mountains to look for beaver for the fur trade. Friction between indigenous tribes and European was relatively minor during these early encounters. In 1834, however, an HBC expedition led by Michel Laframboise was reported to have murdered 11 Rogue River natives, and shortly thereafter a party led by an American trapper, Ewing Young , shot and killed at least two more. The name Rogue River

646-585: The United States sometime before 1834. In the U.S. he enlisted in the Navy and traveled to the West Coast as a seaman, but deserted his ship in San Francisco. There is no evidence that he practiced medicine in the United States. William Bailey moved to Oregon from California in 1835, settling in the Willamette Valley . Bailey's group included John Woodward, George K. Gay , and John Turner . On this journey north,

680-591: The Willamette Valley. Later called the Applegate Trail , it passed through the Rogue and Bear Creek valleys and crossed the Cascade Range between present-day Ashland and south of Upper Klamath Lake. From 90 to 100 wagons and 450 to 500 emigrants used the new trail later in 1846, passing through Rogue tribe's homelands between the headwaters of Bear Creek and the future site of Grants Pass and crossing

714-454: The cattle drive was Ewing Young . In 1834 his party had killed several Rogue River natives on their journey to Oregon. This prompted their retaliation against Bailey's party the following year. When the wealthy Ewing Young died without a will or known heir in February 1841, discussions about forming a settler government based in the Willamette Valley began. During these settler meetings, Bailey

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748-574: The first European-American settlers traveling through the area was relatively peaceful. However, the situation changed drastically with the opening of the Oregon Trail and the gold rushes in northern California and later in eastern Oregon. Larger groups of settlers and miners entered the area, consuming without restrictions the natural resources on which the Indians relied for survival, competing for game and fish, and chopping down entire forests of oak trees. The first recorded hostilities were caused by

782-470: The fort for their own safety; but a mob of settlers raided their village, killing 27 Indians. The Indians killed 27 settlers expecting to settle the score, but the settlers continued to attack Indian camps through the winter. On May 27, 1856, Captain Smith arranged the surrender of the Indians to the US Army, but the Indians attacked the soldiers instead. The commander fought the Indians until reinforcements arrived

816-470: The group fought with the Rogue River Indians , losing four of their eight members of the party. Woodward, Gay, Bailey, and Turner were the survivors. Years later, Bailey and Gay murdered a Native American youth in the same area in retaliation during a cattle drive north from California. Bailey was working in the Willamette Cattle Company cattle drive from Mexican-owned California to Oregon. Leading

850-544: The hiking trails, which were still closed at the end of 2007. Rogue River Wars The Rogue River Wars were an armed conflict in 1855–1856 between the U.S. Army , local militias and volunteers, and the Native American tribes commonly grouped under the designation of Rogue River Indians , in the Rogue River Valley area of what today is southern Oregon . The conflict designation usually includes only

884-555: The hostilities that took place during 1855–1856, but there had been numerous previous skirmishes, as early as the 1830s, between European American settlers and the Native Americans, over territory and resources. Following conclusion of the war, the United States removed the Tolowa and other tribes to reservations in Oregon and California. In central coastal Oregon, the Tillamook , Siletz , and about 20 other tribes were placed with Tolowa at

918-577: The mouth of the Rogue River, and native people visited the ship in canoes. In 1826, Alexander Roderick McLeod of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) led an overland expedition from HBC's regional headquarters in Fort Vancouver to as far south as the Rogue. In 1827, an HBC expedition led by Peter Skene Ogden made the first direct contact between the European and the inland Rogue River inhabitants when he crossed

952-608: The newly established Grande Ronde Reservation in Yamhill County, Oregon . The Massacre at Hungry Hill, also known as the Battle of Grave Creek Hills or Battle of Bloody Springs, was the largest massacre of the Rogue River Wars. It occurred on October 31, 1855. The Native Americans were camped with their women and children on the top of a hill, with the soldiers located across a narrow ravine about 1,500 feet deep. Two hundred of

986-595: The next day; the Indians retreated. A month later, they surrendered and were sent to reservations. Suffering from cold, hunger, and disease on the Table Rock Reservation, a group of Takelma returned to their old village at the mouth of Little Butte Creek in October 1855. After a volunteer militia attacked them, killing 23 men, women, and children, they fled downriver, attacking whites from Gold Hill to Galice Creek. Confronted by volunteers and regular army troops,

1020-640: The region. They formed large volunteer militias to fight indigenous people. Tensions intensified among the settlers passing through the Rogue River Valley in 1848 at the start of the California Gold Rush , when hundreds of men from the Oregon Territory passed through the Rogue Valley on their way to the Sacramento River basin. After native people attacked a group of miners returning along

1054-546: The south side of the main stem. At about the same time, more white emigrants, including families with women and children, were settling in the region. By 1852, about 28 donation land claims had been filed in the Rogue Valley. Further clashes in 1853 led to the Table Rock Treaty with the Rogue River tribe that established the Table Rock Indian Reservation across the river from the federal Fort Lane. As

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1088-591: The white population increased and Indian losses of land, food sources, and personal safety mounted, bouts of violence upstream and down continued through 1854–1855. In 1855, this friction culminated in open conflict, which lasted into 1856, and is now called the Rogue River War. The Guide to the Cayuse, Yakima, and Rogue River Wars Papers 1847–1858 at the University of Oregon summarizes the war as follows: Throughout

1122-410: Was apparently derived from French fur trappers, who called the river La Riviere aux Coquins, because they regarded the natives as rogues ( coquins ). The number of Europeans settlers entering the Rogue River watershed greatly increased after 1846, when a party of 15 men led by Jesse Applegate developed a southern alternative to the Oregon Trail ; the new trail was used by emigrants headed for

1156-476: Was selected as chairman of the committee to draft a constitution and laws for the region. The plans fell through due to the opposition by French-Canadians and instead only a probate court was established. Many participants in the talks were active in the later Champoeg Meetings, which led to the creation of the Provisional Government of Oregon. During the provisional government, William Bailey served as

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