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93-593: By the 1950s, Vickers had 300 employees, controlled a chain of 300 service stations in an area from Iowa to Colorado , and fielded the Wichita Vickers, an Amateur Athletic Union basketball team playing in the National Industrial Basketball League . The team was successful, winning a share of the 1957-58 league championship. Dick Boushka , a member of the United States basketball team in

186-553: A professional association . Professional magazines may derive revenue from advertisement placements or advertorials by companies selling products and services to a specific professional audience. Examples include Advertising Age , Automotive News , Broadcast , The Bookseller , and The Stage . Being on the cover of certain magazines is considered an honor or distinction. Examples include Time , Rolling Stone , Vogue and Sports Illustrated . See, for example: See also cover art . The magazine cover indicator

279-466: A tanker truck into each tank by gravity through a separate capped opening located on the station's perimeter. Fuel from the tanks travels to the dispenser pumps through underground pipes. For every fuel tank, direct access must be available at all times. Most tanks can be accessed through a service canal directly from the forecourt. Older stations tend to use a separate pipe for every kind of available fuel and for every dispenser. Newer stations may employ

372-487: A 3:1 ratio. Focusing more narrowly, MediaFinder.com found that 93 new magazines were launched during the first six months of 2014, while only 30 closed in that time frame. The category which produced the most new publications was "Regional interest", of which six new magazines were launched, including 12th & Broad and Craft Beer & Brewing . However, two magazines had to change their print schedules. Johnson Publishing 's Jet stopped printing regular issues, making

465-545: A Mobil station in Canob Park in Richmond, Rhode Island . This led to regulations banning these types of tanks in 1985. However, tanks that ceased operation before 1986 are unlikely to have been recorded, and many underground tanks are thus unknowingly hidden beneath redeveloped land, contributing to soil, groundwater, and indoor air pollution. Because of the relatively small size of former stations (compared to larger brownfields),

558-493: A choice between full service and self service . Before 1970, full service was the norm, and self-service was rare. Today, few stations advertise or provide full service. Full service stations are more common in wealthy and upscale areas. The cost of full service is usually assessed as a fixed amount per US gallon. The first self-service station in the United States was in Los Angeles , opened in 1947 by Frank Urich. In Canada ,

651-545: A day. Filling stations typically offer one of three types of service to their customers: full service, minimum service or self-service. In Brazil, self-service fuel filling is illegal, due to a federal law enacted in 2000. The law was introduced by Federal Deputy Aldo Rebelo , who claims it saved 300,000 fuel attendant jobs across the country. Before 1998, filling stations in Japan were entirely full-service stations. Self-service stations were legalized in Japan in 1998 following

744-450: A female audience, emphasizing the traditional gender roles of the 19th century. Harper's Bazaar was the first to focus exclusively on couture fashion , fashion accessories and textiles. The inclusion of didactic content about housekeeping may have increased the appeal of the magazine for a broader audience of women and men concerned about the frivolity of a fashion magazine. In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with

837-491: A former filling station can lower property values, discourage development of land, and depress neighbouring property values and potential tax revenue. When areas are known to be contaminated by leaking underground storage tanks, the sale value of the land and neighbouring area drops. An analysis of residential properties in Cuyahoga County, Ohio estimated the loss at about 17% when within 300 feet (91 m) or one block of

930-453: A forum for public arguments by scholars and critical observers. The early periodical predecessors to magazines started to evolve to modern definition in the late 1800s. Works slowly became more specialized and the general discussion or cultural periodicals were forced to adapt to a consumer market which yearned for more localization of issues and events. Mass-circulation magazines became much more common after 1900, some with circulations in

1023-412: A law allowing for it in 2023, but stations are still required to provide full-serve for customers who want it. Magazines A magazine is a periodical publication , generally published on a regular schedule (often weekly or monthly), containing a variety of content . They are generally financed by advertising , purchase price , prepaid subscriptions , or by a combination of the three. In

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1116-441: A long tradition. One of the earliest satirical magazines was Diyojen which was launched in 1869. There are around 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones are Penguen (70,000 weekly circulation), LeMan (50,000) and Uykusuz . Historical examples include Oğuz Aral 's magazine Gırgır (which reached a circulation of 500,000 in the 1970s) and Marko Paşa (launched 1946). Others include L-Manyak and Lombak . Publishing

1209-474: A lower fuel consumption are ordered not directly from an oil company, but from an intermediary. Many premium brands have fully automated pay-at-the-pump facilities. Premium stations tend to be highly visible from highway and freeway exits, utilizing tall signs to display their brand logos. Discount brands are often smaller, regional chains or independent stations, offering lower fuel prices. Most purchase wholesale commodity gasoline from independent suppliers or

1302-499: A member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for example, likelihood of having corporate purchasing authority, as determined from job title). This allows a high level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertiser's target audience, and it avoids wasted printing and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in

1395-485: A monthly record of current events along with entertaining stories, poems, and pictures. The first periodicals to branch out from news were Harper's and The Atlantic , which focused on fostering the arts. Both Harper's and The Atlantic persist to this day, with Harper's being a cultural magazine and The Atlantic focusing mainly on world events. Early publications of Harper's even held famous works such as early publications of Moby Dick or famous events such as

1488-449: A new subholding company, Vickers Energy Corporation. Vickers Energy was broken up and sold in 1980. Total Petroleum (North America), Ltd. purchased the refining and marketing assets of Vickers Petroleum, including a refinery in Ardmore, Oklahoma , pipelines , and 350 service stations. Mobil Oil purchased oil and gas producing unit TransOcean Oil. Doric Petroleum, a natural gas processor,

1581-621: A new understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political authority. The Moniteur Ottoman was a gazette written in French and first published in 1831 on the order of Mahmud II . It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire , edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime Porte . Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper Le Moniteur Universel . It

1674-463: A pre-payment or a payment at the pump during night hours. In the Republic of Ireland, most stations allow customers to pump fuel before paying. Some stations have pay-at-the-pump facilities. A large majority of stations allow customers to pay with a chip and pin payment card or pay in the shop. Many have a pay at the pump system, where customers can enter their PIN prior to refueling. Pre-payment

1767-429: A publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense; The Wall Street Journal is actually a newspaper . The word "magazine" derives from Arabic makhāzin ( مخازن ), the broken plural of makhzan ( مخزن ) meaning "depot, storehouse" (originally military storehouse); that comes to English via Middle French magasin and Italian magazzino . In its original sense,

1860-1053: A registered leaking tank. Active filling stations have similar negative effects on property values, with an analysis in Xuancheng , China finding a loss of 16% within 100 metres (330 ft) and 9% when between 301 metres (988 ft) and 600 metres (2,000 ft). In the United States and Canada, there are generally two marketing types of filling stations: premium brands and discount brands. Filling stations with premium brands sell well-recognized and often international brands of fuel, including Exxon / Mobil and its Esso brand, Phillips 66/Conoco/76 , Chevron , Mobil , Shell , Husky Energy , Sunoco (US), BP , Valero and Texaco . Non-international premium brands include Petrobras , Petro-Canada (owned by Suncor Energy Canada), QuikTrip , Hess , Sinclair , and Pemex . Premium-brand stations accept credit cards , often issue their own company cards ( fuel cards or fleet cards) and may charge higher prices. In some cases, fuel cards for customers with

1953-529: A sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the "Neue Frauen", "New Girl" – what Americans called the flapper. This ideal young woman was chic, financially independent, and an eager consumer of the latest fashions. Magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones. The first women's magazine targeted toward wives and mothers

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2046-402: A single pipe for every dispenser. This pipe houses a number of smaller pipes for the individual fuel types. Fuel tanks, dispenser and nozzles used to fill car tanks employ vapor recovery systems, which prevents releases of vapor into the atmosphere with a system of pipes. The exhausts are placed as high as possible. A vapor recovery system may be employed at the exhaust pipe. This system collects

2139-456: A small selection of grocery items, such as milk or eggs. Some also sell propane or butane and have added shops to their primary business. Conversely, some chain stores , such as supermarkets , discount stores , warehouse clubs , or traditional convenience stores, have provided fuel pumps on the premises. In North America the fuel is known as "gasoline" or "gas" for short, and the terms " gas station " and " service station " are used in

2232-421: A special membership card to be eligible for the discounted price, or pay only with the chain's cash card , debt card or a credit card issuer exclusive to that chain. In some areas, such as New Jersey , this practice is illegal, and stations are required to sell to all at the same price. Some convenience stores, such as 7-Eleven and Circle K , have co-branded their stations with one of the premium brands. After

2325-401: A variety of services, such as providing bottled water or tissues, and cleaning free of charge. But most have switched to self-service. Some large full-service stations have many services, such as tire pressure charging, automatic car washing, and self-cleaning. Some of them are free to gas customers who spend more than a certain amount. In the past, filling stations in the United States offered

2418-683: Is The Scots Magazine , which was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in publication totalling over 90 years weaken that claim. Lloyd's List was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; and though its online platform is still updated daily it has not been published as a magazine since 2013 after 274 years. Under the Ancien Régime , the most prominent magazines were Mercure de France , Journal des sçavans , founded in 1665 for scientists, and Gazette de France , founded in 1631. Jean Loret

2511-511: Is a facility that sells fuel and engine lubricants for motor vehicles . The most common fuels sold are gasoline (or petrol) and diesel fuel . Fuel dispensers are used to pump gasoline, diesel, compressed natural gas , compressed hydrogen , hydrogen compressed natural gas , liquefied petroleum gas , liquid hydrogen , kerosene , alcohol fuels (like methanol , ethanol , butanol , and propanol ), biofuels (like straight vegetable oil and biodiesel ), or other types of fuel into

2604-617: Is at the filling station next to Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst in Wrightstown . New Jersey prohibited self-service in 1949, with the passage of "Retail Gasoline Dispensing Safety Act," after lobbying by service station owners. That laws states that "Because of the fire hazards directly associated with dispensing fuel, it is in the public interest that gasoline station operators have the control needed over that activity to ensure compliance with appropriate safety procedures, including turning off vehicle engines and refraining from smoking while fuel

2697-435: Is dispensed." Proponents of the prohibition cite safety and jobs as reasons to keep the ban. Of note, the ban does not apply to the pumping of diesel fuel at filling stations (though individual filling stations may prohibit this); nor does it apply to the pumping of gasoline into boats or aircraft. Oregon prohibited self-service in a 1951 statute prohibiting that listed 17 different justifications, including flammability ,

2790-435: Is pay-at-pump only. Customers at the supermarket will receive a discount voucher which offers discounted fuel at their forecourt. The amount of discount varies depending on the amount spent on groceries at the supermarket, but normally starts at 4 cents a litre. In New Zealand, BP has an app for smartphones that detects a user's location, then allows one to select the type of fuel, which pump, and how much to spend. The amount

2883-475: Is some evidence that living near a filling station is a risk for childhood leukemia . In addition to long-term exposure, there are bursts of short-term exposures to benzene when tanker trucks deliver fuel. High levels of benzene have been detected near stations across urban, suburban, and rural environments, though the causes (such as road traffic or congestion) can vary by location. Gas station attendants have suffered adverse health consequences depending on

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2976-547: Is still known as Esso (the forerunner company name, Standard Oil or S.O.) in many places, most noticeably in Canada and Singapore. In Brazil, the main operators are Vibra Energia and Ipiranga , but Esso and Shell ( Raízen ) are also present. In Mexico, the historical monopoly filling station operator, and still the largest, is Pemex , but ever since Mexico's energy laws were gradually liberalized starting from 2013, foreign brands such as Shell, BP , Mobil and Chevron , as well as

3069-829: Is the government-owned Pertamina , although other companies such as TotalEnergies and Shell are increasingly found in big cities such as the capital Jakarta or Surabaya . In Taiwan, the government-owned CPC Corporation is the dominant player by number of stations, with the privately owned and operated Formosa Petrochemical Corporation and NPC  [ zh ] respectively in second and third place. Some companies, such as Shell, use their brand worldwide, however, Chevron uses its inherited brand Caltex in Asia Pacific, Australia and Africa, and its Texaco brand in Europe and Latin America. ExxonMobil uses its Exxon and Mobil brands but

3162-454: Is the norm in the US and customers may typically pay either at the pump or inside the gas station. Modern stations have pay-at-the-pump functions: in most cases credit, debit , ATM cards, fuel cards and fleet cards are accepted. Occasionally a station will have a pay-at-the-pump-only period per day, when attendants are not present, often at night, and some stations are pay-at-the-pump only 24 hours

3255-434: Is then deducted from the user's account. In British Columbia and Alberta, it is a legal requirement that customers either pre-pay for the fuel or pay at the pump. The law is called "Grant's Law" and is intended to prevent "gas-and-dash" crimes, where a customer refuels and then drives away without paying for it. In other provinces, payment after filling is permitted and widely available, though some stations may require either

3348-628: The 1956 Summer Olympics , was a standout player. Vickers discontinued its team sponsorship in 1960 due to competition with the NBA for players, but Boushka remained with the company and became president of Vickers Petroleum in 1963. In the 1950s, Vickers built service stations with a hyperbolic paraboloid roof design. The only remaining building with this design is the Vickers Petroleum Service Station , built in 1954 in Haysville, Kansas . It

3441-696: The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle . The Pennsylvania Magazine , edited by Thomas Paine , ran only for a short time but was a very influential publication during the Revolutionary War . The final issue containing the text of the Declaration of Independence was published in 1776. In the mid-19th century, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were general interest to begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history, political events, and social discussion. Unlike newspapers, they were more of

3534-510: The Lawson convenience store branding ). Previously, foreign filling station brands were also present in Japan: mainly Shell (operated by Idemitsu since its acquisition of Showa Shell Sekiyu in 2018–19, all rebranded to apollostation by 2023), Esso and Mobil (last operated by ENEOS Corporation under license from ExxonMobil, all rebranded to ENEOS in 2019). Most service stations allow the customer to pump

3627-466: The United Kingdom , and Ireland , the term " service station " describes any petrol station; Australians and New Zealanders also call it a " servo ". In India , Pakistan and Bangladesh , it is called a " petrol pump " or a " petrol bunk ". In Japanese , a commonly used term is gasoline stand although the abbreviation SS (for service station ) is also used. The first known filling station

3720-684: The United States , Canada , and the Caribbean. In some regions of Canada, the term " gas bar " (or "gasbar") is used. In the rest of the English-speaking world the fuel is known as "petrol", and the term " petrol station " or " petrol pump " is used. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand and South Africa " garage " and " forecourt " are still commonly used. Similarly, in Australia , New Zealand ,

3813-420: The central nervous system , and chlorinated solvents can cause liver and kidney problems. Benzene in particular causes leukemia and is associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma . People who work in filling stations, live near them, or attend school close to them are exposed to fumes and are at increased lifetime risk of cancer, with risk increased if there are multiple stations nearby. There

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3906-410: The mail , through sales by newsstands , bookstores , or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. Electronic distribution methods can include social media , email , news aggregators , and visibility of a publication's website and search engine results. The traditional subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories: In this model,

3999-533: The 1980s in Eastern Europe and especially in Soviet Union, but they were not built in other parts of Europe due to the stations' lack of safety in case of fire. The construction model for underground modular filling station makes the installation time shorter, designing easier and manufacturing less expensive. As a proof of the model's installation speed an unofficial world record of filling station installation

4092-531: The Bourbon kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for the new government, putting their appeals in terms of preserving civil order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics. Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop

4185-462: The Gulf Oil company was sold to Chevron, northeastern retail units were sold off as a chain, with Cumberland Farms controlling the remaining Gulf Oil outlets in the United States. Some countries have only one brand of filling station. In Malaysia, Shell is the dominant player by number of stations, with government-owned Petronas coming in second. In Indonesia, the dominant player by number of stations

4278-558: The United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing , and in finance, Waters Magazine . For the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International . The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen , a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany. The Gentleman's Magazine , first published in 1741 in London

4371-438: The United States. In 2019, People Magazine ranked second behind ESPN Magazine in total reach with a reported reach of 98.51 million. Professional magazines, also called trade magazines , or business-to-business magazines are targeted to readers employed in particular industries. These magazines typically cover industry trends and news of interest to professionals in the industry. Subscriptions often come with membership in

4464-634: The abolition of the Special Petroleum Law, which led to the deregulation of the petroleum industry in Japan. Under current safety regulations, while motorists are able to self-dispense fuel at self-service stations, generally identified in Japanese as serufu ( セルフ ) , at least one fuel attendant must be on hand to keep watch over potential safety violations and to render assistance to motorists whenever necessary. Filling stations in South Korea offer

4557-409: The cost-per-acre to rehabilitate the land is higher; the total cost in the United States is not known but is in the billions of dollars. Individual cleanups may be complex, with some in Canada taking decades and costing millions of dollars both for the cleanup efforts and in legal fees to determine whether individuals, governments, or corporations are liable for costs. The cost of potential cleanup of

4650-463: The country's largest convenience store chain Oxxo , have also started operating filling stations. In the United Kingdom, the three largest are BP, Esso and Shell; the "Big Four" supermarket chains, Morrisons , Sainsbury's , Asda and Tesco , also operate filling stations, as well as some smaller supermarket chains such as The Co-operative Group and Waitrose . In Poland, the three largest operators are

4743-579: The country. In the mid-1960s in Moscow there were about 250 stations. A significant boost in retail network development occurred with the mass launch of the car " Zhiguli " at the Volga Automobile Plant , which was built in Tolyatti in 1970. Gasoline for other than non-private cars was sold for ration cards only. This type of payment system stopped in the midst of perestroika in the early 1990s. Since

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4836-469: The data from the dispenser may be transmitted via RS-232 , RS-485 or Ethernet to the point of sale, usually inside the filling station's building, and fed into the station's cash register operating system. The cash register system gives a limited control over the gasoline pump, and is usually limited to allowing the clerks to turn the pumps on and off. A separate system is used to monitor the fuel tank's status and quantities of fuel. With sensors directly in

4929-524: The dual Shell- Coles Express branding). Smaller operators include Costco , Liberty Oil , Seven & i Holdings (operates servos under the 7-Eleven convenience store branding) and Shell Australia . In India, the three major operators are the state-owned Hindustan Petroleum , Bharat Petroleum and Indian Oil Corporation , which together control approximately 87% of the market. Foreign brands such as BP (joint venture with Reliance Industries , branded as Jio-bp ) and Shell are also present. In Japan,

5022-536: The first self-service station opened in Winnipeg , Manitoba , in 1949. It was operated by the independent company Henderson Thriftway Petroleum, owned by Bill Henderson. In New Jersey, filling stations offer only full service (and mini service); attendants there are required to pump gasoline for customers. Customers, in fact, are prohibited by law from pumping their own gasoline. The only exception to this within New Jersey

5115-516: The first to distribute free road maps. The first alternative fuel station was opened in San Diego , California , by Pearson Fuels in 2003. Maryland officials said that on September 26, 2019, RS Automotive in Takoma Park , Maryland became the first filling station in the country to convert to an EV charging station . The majority of filling stations are built in a similar manner, with most of

5208-616: The four major operators are: Cosmo Oil , Idemitsu (under the brand names apollostation and Idemitsu ), ENEOS Corporation (under the brand names ENEOS , Express and General ) and San-Ai Oil (under the brand name Kygnus ). Smaller operators include: Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (under the brand name JA-SS  [ ja ] , except in Hokkaido where the brand name is Hokuren-SS ( ホクレンSS ) operated by Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives  [ ja ] ) and Mitsubishi Group (operates self-service stations under

5301-411: The fuel before paying. In recent years, some service stations have required customers to purchase their fuel first. In some small towns, the customer may hand the cash to the attendant on the forecourt if they are paying for a set amount of fuel and have no change; but usually customers will enter the service centre to pay a cashier. Some supermarkets have their own forecourts which are unmanned and payment

5394-566: The fuel tank, the data is fed to a terminal in the back room, where it can be downloaded or printed out. Sometimes this method is bypassed, with the fuel tank data transmitted directly to an external database. The underground modular filling station is a construction model for filling stations that was developed and patented by U-Cont Oy Ltd in Finland in 1993. Afterwards the same system was used in Florida , US. Above-ground modular stations were built in

5487-424: The fueling installation underground, pump machines in the forecourt and a point of service inside a building. Single or multiple fuel tanks are usually deployed underground. Local regulations and environmental concerns may require a different method, with some stations storing their fuel in container tanks, entrenched surface tanks or unprotected fuel tanks deployed on the surface. Fuel is usually offloaded from

5580-924: The hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Some passed the million-mark in the 1920s. It was an age of mass media . Because of the rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover price fell sharply to about 10 cents. One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in politics, local government and big business, especially by Muckrakers. They were journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their own investigative journalism reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption . Muckraking magazines–notably McClure's –took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues such as child labor . The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at

5673-399: The laying of the world's first transatlantic telegraph cable ; however, the majority of early content was trickle down from British events. The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism and political debate, moving towards more opinionated pieces from the objective newspapers. The increased time between prints and the greater amount of space to write provided

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5766-473: The magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics. This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations,

5859-649: The major petroleum companies. Lower-priced stations are also found at some supermarkets ( Albertsons , Kroger , Big Y , Ingles , Lowes Foods , Giant , Weis Markets , Safeway , Hy-Vee , Vons , Meijer , Loblaws/Real Canadian Superstore , and Giant Eagle ), convenience stores ( 7-Eleven , Circle K , Cumberland Farms , QuickChek , Road Ranger , Sheetz , Speedway and Wawa ), discount stores ( Walmart , Canadian Tire ) and warehouse clubs ( Costco , Sam's Club , and BJ's Wholesale Club ). At some stations (such as Vons , Costco gas stations, BJ's Wholesale Club , or Sam's Club ), consumers are required to hold

5952-537: The middle and working classes. Periodicals were censored by the central government in Paris . They were not totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution. During the Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for various factions. Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793)

6045-465: The motoring public in Pittsburgh on December 1, 1913, at Baum Boulevard and St Clair's Street. Prior to this, automobile drivers pulled into almost any general or hardware store, or even blacksmith shops in order to fill up their tanks. On its first day, the station sold 30 US gallons (110 L) of gasoline at 27 cents per gallon (7 cents per litre). This was also the first architect-designed station and

6138-429: The partially state-owned PKN Orlen (including acquisitions Grupa Lotos and PGNiG ), followed by Shell and BP. Smaller operators include Auchan , AVIA International  [ de ] , Circle K , MOL Group and Żabka . In Australia, the major operators are Ampol , BP, Chevron Australia ( Caltex ), EG Australia , ExxonMobil Australia (Mobil), Puma Energy , United Petroleum and Viva Energy (mostly under

6231-404: The pavement, as little of it as possible should remain. Any liquids present on the forecourt will flow into a channel drain before it enters a petrol interceptor which is designed to capture any hydrocarbon pollutants and filter these from rainwater which may then proceed to a sanitary sewer , stormwater drain , or to ground. If a filling station allows customers to pay at the dispenser,

6324-620: The risk of crime from customers leaving their vehicles, toxic fumes, and the jobs created by requiring mini service. In 1982 Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure sponsored by the service station owners, which would have legalized self-service. Oregon legislators passed a bill that was signed into law by the Governor in May 2017 to allow self-service for counties with a total population of 40,000 or less beginning in January 2018. Governor Tina Kotek passed

6417-493: The saturation of automobile filling stations in Russia is insufficient and lags behind the leading countries of the world, there is a need to accommodate new stations in the cities and along the roads of different levels. The increase in automobile ownership after Henry Ford started to sell automobiles that the middle class could afford resulted in an increased demand for filling stations. The world's first purpose-built gas station

6510-417: The state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker , George Creel , and Brand Whitlock . Others, including Lincoln Steffens , exposed political corruption in many large cities; Ida Tarbell went after John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company . Samuel Hopkins Adams in 1905 showed the fraud involved in many patent medicines, Upton Sinclair 's 1906 novel The Jungle gave a horrid portrayal of how meat

6603-568: The statistics only entail the number of issues distributed, and not who reads them. This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. Because of costs (e.g., printing and postage) associated with the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free copies to everyone who requests one (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled circulation, deciding who may receive free subscriptions based on each person's qualification as

6696-422: The surrounding soil and water, posing health risks. Areas formerly occupied by stations are often contaminated, resulting in brownfields and urban blight . Underground storage tanks (USTs) were typically made of steel and were common in the United States, but were prone to corrosion. They received national attention in 1983 after an episode of 60 Minutes documented significant drinking water contamination from

6789-516: The tanks within vehicles and calculate the financial cost of the fuel transferred to the vehicle. Besides gasoline pumps, one other significant device which is also found in filling stations and can refuel certain (compressed-air) vehicles is an air compressor , although generally these are just used to inflate car tires . Many filling stations provide convenience stores , which may sell convenience food , beverages , tobacco products, lottery tickets , newspapers , magazines , and, in some cases,

6882-577: The technical sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Thus, Bloomberg Businessweek , which starts each issue anew with page one, is a magazine, but the Journal of Business Communication , which continues the same sequence of pagination throughout the coterminous year, is a journal. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed , for example the Journal of Accountancy . Non-peer-reviewed academic or professional publications are generally professional magazines . That

6975-847: The transition to digital format, though still printing an annual print edition. Ladies' Home Journal stopped their monthly schedule and home delivery for subscribers to become a quarterly newsstand-only special interest publication. According to statistics from the end of 2013, subscription levels for 22 of the top 25 magazines declined from 2012 to 2013, with just Time , Glamour and ESPN The Magazine gaining numbers. However, by 2024, some titles, notably outdoors magazines, appeared to be growing in popularity. The "seven sisters" of American women's magazines are Ladies' Home Journal , Good Housekeeping , McCall's , Woman's Day , Redbook , Family Circle and Better Homes and Gardens . Some magazines, among them Godey's Lady's Book and Harper's Bazaar , were intended exclusively for

7068-416: The type of fuel used, exposure to vehicle exhaust, and types of personal protective equipment (PPE) offered. Studies have noted higher levels of chromosomal deletions and higher rates of miscarriage , and workers have reported headaches, fatigue, throat irritation and depression. Exposure to exhaust and fumes has been associated with eye irritation, nausea, dizziness, and cough. Gasoline can leak into

7161-441: The vapors, liquefies them and releases them back into the lowest grade fuel tank available. The forecourt is the part of a filling station where vehicles are refueled. Gasoline pumps are placed on concrete plinths, as a precautionary measure against collision by motor vehicles. Additional elements may be employed, including metal barriers. The area around the gasoline pumps must have a drainage system. Since fuel sometimes spills onto

7254-457: The views of their readership and thereby were major elements in the changing political culture. For example, there were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of opinion among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of

7347-451: The word "magazine" referred to a storage space or device. In the case of written publication, it refers to a collection of written articles . This explains why magazine publications share the term with storage units for military equipment such as gunpowder , artillery and firearm magazines , and in French and Russian (adopted from French as магазин ), retailers such as department stores . Print magazines can be distributed through

7440-531: Was a very expensive industry in colonial times. Paper and printer's ink were taxed imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. Interstate tariffs and a poor road system hindered distribution, even on a regional scale. Many magazines were launched, most failing within a few editions, but publishers kept trying. Benjamin Franklin is said to have envisioned one of the first magazines of the American colonies in 1741,

7533-696: Was constructed in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1905 at 420 South Theresa Avenue. The second station was constructed in 1907 by Standard Oil of California (now Chevron ) in Seattle , Washington , at what is now Pier 32. Reighard's Gas Station in Altoona , Pennsylvania claims that it dates from 1909 and is the oldest existing filling station in the United States. Early on, they were known to motorists as "filling stations" and often washed vehicle windows for free. The first "drive-in" filling station, Gulf Refining Company , opened to

7626-451: Was issued weekly. Takvim-i vekayi was published a few months later, intended as a translation of the Moniteur into Ottoman Turkish . After having been edited by former Consul for Denmark " M. Franceschi ", and later on by " Hassuna de Ghiez ", it was lastly edited by Lucien Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s. Satirical magazines of Turkey have

7719-566: Was listed on the Kansas Historical Resource Inventory on August 3, 2019 and on the National Register of Historic Places on September 30, 2019. In September 1968, Swift and Company announced its intention to buy Vickers and the related Bell Oil Company. By March 1, 1969, the acquisition had been completed, and Jack Vickers, Jr. , was made a director of Swift. In 1973, Swift changed its name to Esmark and created

7812-565: Was located on Ana Costa Avenue, in front of the beach, in a corner that is located by the Hotel Atlântico, which occupies its area nowadays. It was owned by Esso and brought by Antonio Duarte Moreira, a taxi entrepreneur. In Russia , the first filling stations appeared in 1911, when the Imperial Automobile Society signed an agreement with the partnership "Br. Nobel". By 1914 about 440 stations functioned in major cities across

7905-601: Was made by U-Cont Oy Ltd when a modular filling station was built in Helsinki, Finland in less than three days, including groundwork. The safety of modular filling stations has been tested in a filling station simulator, in Kuopio , Finland. These tests have included for instance burning cars and explosions in the station simulator. Gasoline contains a mixture of BTEX hydrocarbons ( benzene , toluene , ethylbenzene , xylenes ). Prolonged exposure to toluene can cause permanent damage to

7998-465: Was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, dance and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he called a gazette burlesque , assembled in three volumes of La Muse historique (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy, while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward

8091-599: Was packed, and, also in 1906, David Graham Phillips unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they were not being helpful by raking up all the muck. According to the Research Department of Statista , closures of magazines outnumbered launches in North America during 2009. Although both figures declined during 2010–2015, launches outnumbered closures in each of those years, sometimes by

8184-613: Was published in 1852. Through the use of advice columns, advertisements , and various publications related to parenting , women's magazines have influenced views of motherhood and child-rearing. Mass-marketed women's magazines have shaped and transformed cultural values related to parenting practices. As such, magazines targeting women and parenthood have exerted power and influence over ideas about motherhood and child-rearing. Religious groups have used magazines for spreading and communicating religious doctrine for over 100 years. Jehovah's Witnesses ' primary magazine, The Watchtower ,

8277-449: Was sold to Petro-Lewis Corp. Total continued to use the Vickers name in marketing until 1993. After the sale of the company, members of the Vickers family, including sons Jack, Jr., Robert, and Thomas, continued as civic and business leaders in both Colorado and Kansas . Filling station A filling station (also known as a gas station [ US ] or petrol station [ UK ])

8370-450: Was started by Charles Taze Russell in July 1879 under the title Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence . The public edition of the magazine is one of the most widely distributed magazines in the world, with an average printing of approximately 36 million per issue. Magazines publishing stories and photos of high-profile individuals and celebrities have long been a popular format in

8463-592: Was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch , Germany , where Bertha Benz refilled the tank of the first automobile on its maiden trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim back in 1888. Shortly thereafter other pharmacies sold gasoline as a side business. Since 2008 the Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event. The first " posto de gasolina " of South America was opened in Santos, São Paulo , Brazil, in 1920. It

8556-456: Was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave , who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse, the quote being: "a monthly collection, to treasure up as in a magazine". Founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated weekly news magazine. The oldest consumer magazine still in print

8649-493: Was the most prominent editor. His L'Ami du peuple advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict censorship. Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of political crisis they expressed and helped shape

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