78-651: Whyalla Norrie is a suburb of Whyalla on the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia . It was gazetted as a distinct suburb in 1967, and had its boundaries altered in 1975 and 2000. It is bounded by Iron Knob Road, Norrie Avenue, Broadbent Terrace and MacDouall Stuart Avenue. It is part of the City of Whyalla . It contains the Westland Shopping Centre, the largest shopping centre on the Eyre Peninsula. It also includes
156-453: A basis for the maps included in his Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture (1994) and the separate map published in 1996. The prevailing criticism of Tindale's influential overview of Australian tribes stresses the dangers in his guiding premise that there is an overlap between the language spoken by a group, and its tribal domains. In short, Tindale thought that speakers of
234-788: A doctorate by the Australian National University in 1980. During 1993 Tindale received unofficial confirmation of his appointment as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO); this was presented posthumously, to his widow Muriel. Also in 1993, the South Australian Museum board named a public gallery in his honour. The editor of Tindale's paper on Groote Eylandt in 1925, Edgar Waite, changed his drawn boundaries as dotted lines, obtrusively insisting that Aboriginal people were nomadic, and not place-bound. When Tindale finally managed to print, unaltered, his own map, he represented
312-714: A former steam train from the Iron Knob mines. The cottage and police lockup are both separately listed on the South Australian Heritage Register ; both buildings were relocated to the site in 1978. Whyalla Norrie was in the top five country localities in South Australia for real estate price growth in the decade to 2013. Whyalla Norrie has its own branches of the Rotary Club and Country Women's Association . Whyalla Whyalla / w aɪ ˈ æ l ə /
390-417: A later essay, argues that Tindale's map of Australian territories had not only achieved "iconic status", but had begun to exercise a deleterious impact on native title judgements made in suits that have been brought to court by Indigenous peoples following the landmark Mabo decision of 1992 , and negatively affect their rights to land tenure in a number of cases. In evaluating claims, there is, Burke argues,
468-443: A major work of reference even into the 21st century. He dedicated the book to German Pallottine missionary, linguist, and anthropologist Ernest Ailred Worms , with these words "To the memory of Father Ernest A. Worms whose active encouragement, beginning in the year 1952, led to the preparation of this work in its present form". The Adelaide Board for Anthropological Research began a programme for filming Aboriginal life in 1926, and
546-460: A mineral exploration boom, and Whyalla found itself well placed to benefit from new ventures, being situated on the edge of the Gawler Craton . The city experienced an economic upturn with the population slowly increasing and the unemployment rate falling to a more typical level. Whyalla has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Since its beginnings as Hummock Hill, the town has served as
624-488: A particular study of the primitive Hepialidae or ghost moth family of the order Lepidoptera . In the 1920s he began to revise understanding of the Australian Mantidae ( Archimantis mantids ) and mole crickets . A point of departure was a meticulous analysis of the male genitalia of each species, as a guide to more precise classification, and, starting in 1932, over three decades he wrote several papers reordering
702-587: A port for the shipment of iron ore from deposits along the Middleback Range. The port's first conveyor-belt loading system was installed in 1915 and was capable of loading 1,000 tonnes of ore per hour. In 1943, it took 5½-to-6 hours to load a single 5,000-ton freighter. In 2007, new transshipment handling processes were implemented, which allowed Arrium (formerly Onesteel) to load iron ore onto larger capesize bulk carrier vessels in deeper water. The transshipment process involves filling barges with ore that
780-545: A position as a library cadet at the Adelaide Public Library , together with another cadet, the future physicist, Mark Oliphant . In 1919, he began work as an entomologist at the South Australian Museum . From his early years, he had acquired the habit of taking notes on everything he observed, and cross-indexing them before going to sleep, a practice which he continued throughout his life, and which lay at
858-454: A tendency to exaggerate the value of the earliest ethnographic reports of anthropologists like A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, A. P. Elkin , Tindale and others, and privilege it over more recent scholarship, although the accuracy of many of these "classic" texts and papers has, over time, often come to be viewed sceptically by modern anthropologists. Specifically, Burke noted that in his magnum opus , Tindale had recognised and mapped in
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#1733086042714936-484: A trip out from Port Augusta hunting kangaroo with his brother and another man called Alf Rowarth. At that time there was no settlement between Middleback Station and the Point Lowly Lighthouse , and kangaroos were plentiful there. Burgoyne recalled that the tug Florrie ferried a crew there a week later and pegged out the settlement first known as Hummocky. It was officially founded as Hummock's Hill in 1901 by
1014-552: A year, accompanying the missionary Hubert E. Warren to sound out the area for an appropriate site for an Anglican mission, which as the Emerald River Mission , was subsequently established on west coast of Groote Eylandt . He followed this up with a further 9 months nearby on the mainland around the Roper River . Tindale wrote up his observations for the South Australian Museum in two continuous reports, which constitute
1092-635: Is a city in South Australia . It was founded as "Hummocks Hill", and was known by that name until 1916. It is the fourth most populous city in the Australian state of South Australia after Adelaide , Mount Gambier and Gawler and along with Port Pirie and Port Augusta is one of the three towns to make up the Iron Triangle. As of June 2018, Whyalla had an urban population of 21,742, having declined at an average annual rate of -0.75% year-over-year over
1170-540: Is a key research tool for Australian Aboriginal people to discover evidence of their family lineage and connection with community. On the outbreak of World War 2, Tindale tried to enlist, but was rejected because of his poor eyesight. When Japan precipitated war with the United States however, Tindale's knowledge of Japanese, rare in Australia at the time, made him an asset for military intelligence. In 1942 Tindale joined
1248-543: Is accessible to tourists via several museums and public tours. Visitors can view the ex- HMAS Whyalla from the Lincoln Highway and take a guided tour of it via the Whyalla Maritime Museum. The ship is a retired World War II-era corvette and was the first ship built in the city of Whyalla during the war. It was relocated to the highway in 1987. The Whyalla Maritime Museum features various displays commemorating
1326-485: Is best remembered for his work mapping the various tribal groupings of Aboriginal Australians at the time of European settlement, which he based on his fieldwork and other sources, leading to the publication of his Map showing the distribution of the Aboriginal tribes of Australia in 1940. This interest began with a research trip to Groote Eylandt where Tindale's helper and interpreter, a Ngandi man, impressed him with
1404-652: Is located at Nicolson Avenue Primary School. Whyalla is in the City of Whyalla local government area along with Point lowly and some sparsely inhabited areas around it. Primary schools in Whyalla include Whyalla Town Primary School, Fisk Street Primary School, Long Street Primary School, Hincks Avenue Primary School, Memorial Oval Primary School, Whyalla Stuart Campus, Nicolson Avenue Primary School, Sunrise Christian School, St Teresa's and Our Lady Help of Christians (both Samaritan College). Norman Tindale Norman Barnett Tindale AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993)
1482-708: Is presented at the volunteer-run Mount Laura Homestead National Trust Museum, which is located near the Westlands shopping centre. One of the main tourist attractions of Whyalla is the world-renowned beach, and the many attractions based around it. Especially the shops and pop-ups in the car park. In the late 1990s the annual migration of the Australian giant cuttlefish Sepia apama to shallow, inshore rocky reef areas in Spencer Gulf north of Whyalla became recognised by divers and marine scientists. Divers and snorkellers can see
1560-477: Is presently held by Labor MP Eddie Hughes . Giles was previously held by Labor MP Lyn Breuer from 1997 until her retirement in 2014. In federal politics, the city is part of the division of Grey , and has been represented by Liberal MP Rowan Ramsey since 2007. Grey is held with a margin of 8.86% and is considered safe-liberal. The results shown are from the largest polling station in Whyalla Norrie – which
1638-517: Is suspect, since there is evidence he disregarded the in situ observations of reliable earlier ethnographers in favour of material he later gathered from informants among the remnants in places like Palm Island . Margaret Sharpe has found problems with Tindale's mapping in South East Queensland , since he generally located other groups where Sharpe puts the Yugambeh people . When Tindale
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#17330860427141716-416: Is then transferred into the receiving vessels at one of three transshipment anchorages. In the financial year 2014–15, 12.5 million tonnes of haematite ore was exported from Whyalla using the transshipment process. In October 2015 Arrium loaded its largest capesize cargo via transshipment. The FPMCB Nature was loaded with approximately 205,698 wet metric tonnes (wmt) of iron ore – significantly more than
1794-462: The Iron Triangle Limited . The station was demolished in 2012. Some iron ore is exported from Whyalla. In 2007, steps were being taken to export iron ore mined at Peculiar Knob near Coober Pedy , 600 km away. To meet this increased demand, a balloon loop was installed in 2012 at the port for both gauges. Whyalla Airport is 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southwest of
1872-480: The 2016 census of Population, there were 21,751 people in Whyalla. The Lincoln Highway passes directly through Whyalla. The city is served by a coach bus service operated by Stateliner which operates four services to and from Adelaide (via Port Augusta) each week day (less on weekends) and one service each way to Port Lincoln . There are however occasional exceptions to the week day route due to lack of demand to travel through Whyalla. The BHP Whyalla Tramway
1950-518: The BHP Whyalla Tramway , which transported iron ore from Iron Knob in the Middleback Range to the sea. Its first shipment was transported across Spencer Gulf to Port Pirie , where it was used in lead smelters as a flux . A jetty was built to transfer the ore and the first shipment was sent in 1903. The early settlement consisted of small cottages and tents clustered around the base of
2028-641: The Cape Barren Island Aboriginal reserve said that this contributed to their decision to advocate assimilation ("absorption") as a solution to "the half-caste problem". Tindale's vast collection, held at the South Australian Museum , is made up of genealogical information about Aboriginal communities throughout Australia, journals, papers, sound and film recordings, drawings, maps, photographs, vocabularies and personal correspondence. Each State Library in Australia holds copies of Tindale material pertaining to their respective state; for example,
2106-464: The Lincoln Highway . The urban area consists of the following suburbs laid from east to west extending from a natural hill known as Hummock Hill: Whyalla, Whyalla Playford , Whyalla Norrie , Whyalla Stuart , and Whyalla Jenkins . A port facility, a rail yard serving the railway line to Iron Knob, and an industrial complex are located to the immediate north of Hummock Hill. Whyalla Barson and
2184-633: The Royal Australian Air Force and, assigned the rank of wing commander , he was transferred to The Pentagon , where he worked with the Strategic Bombing Survey as an analyst for estimating the impact of bombing on the military and civilian population of Japan. In 1942 an Air Technical Intelligence Unit was established under Captain Frank T. McCoy at Hangar 7, Eagle Farm airfield just outside Brisbane, and on Tindale's initiative it
2262-622: The State Library , "Scope was a monthly regional magazine in newspaper format published by the Willson family of the Whyalla News. It was issued as an insert to six local newspapers: the Recorder (Port Pirie), Transcontinental (Port Augusta), Eyre Peninsula Tribune (Cleve), Port Lincoln Times, West Coast Sentinel (Streaky Bay) and Northern Argus (Clare)." The industrial and cultural history of Whyalla
2340-502: The State Library of New South Wales has copies of genealogical charts and photographs from the communities of Boggabilla , Brewarrina , Cummeragunja , Kempsey , Menindee , Pilliga , Walgett , Wallaga Lake and Woodenbong . while the State Library of Queensland has genealogical sheets for the communities of Bentinck Island , Cherbourg , Doomadgee , Mona Mona Mission , Mornington Island , Palm Island , Woodenbong , Woorabinda and Yarrabah . Tindale's genealogical collection
2418-484: The Whyalla Conservation Park are located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the city. It is an iron-rich exporting town that supplies China. The origin of the name Whyalla is disputed. In 1916 it was referred to as the "native" name, having been ascribed during a survey conducted a few years beforehand. During the 1940s, Norman Tindale , the ethnologist at the South Australian Museum believed that
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2496-434: The Aboriginal peoples as filling every nook and cranny of what became colonial Australia, avowing their former presence, much to the unease of many cartographers, everywhere. In doing so he placed a disappearing people back "on the map", much to the later discontent of mining corporations, which fund research that would revise Tindale's approach and restrict Aboriginal territoriality. David Horton later used Tindale's map as
2574-771: The Australian ghost moths. Tindale was awarded the Verco Medal of the Royal Society of South Australia during 1956, the Australian Natural History Medallion during 1968 and the John Lewis Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia during 1980. In 1967, at the age of sixty-six, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado. He was eventually honoured with
2652-458: The Japan military was beginning to suffer shortfalls in. Tindale also played a major intelligence role in putting a halt to Japan's balloon bombing assault on the western coast of the United States. His team's forensic analysis of the debris enabled the U.S. Air Force to identify and bomb the production facilities in Japan. Jones adds two other key contributions by Tindale to the war effort: He
2730-685: The Whyalla Public Library, Bennett Oval, the largest sporting oval in Whyalla, the Whyalla Health and Leisure Centre, and the Anderson Raceway. Whyalla Norrie has a number of educational facilities: Fisk Street Primary School, Hincks Avenue Primary School, Long Street Primary School, Nicolson Avenue Primary School (opened 1954), Edward John Eyre High School (opened 1968 as the Whyalla Technical School), Sunrise Christian School,
2808-810: The Whyalla Special Education Center, the Whyalla TAFE campus and the Whyalla campus of the University of South Australia . The suburb includes the National Trust of Australia -owned Mount Laura Homestead Museum heritage village, consisting of the former Mount Laura Station homestead, the Gay Street Cottage and Wash House , the Whyalla Policemen's Dwelling Lockup , engine sheds, a blacksmith shop, harness shed, telecommunications museum, and
2886-494: The aggregation of animals from May through August each year, in water one to six metres deep. The most popular places to view the aggregation are Black Point, Stony Point and Point Lowly . Car parking and boardwalks or stairs to the waters edge are present at each location, making access easy. Dolphins frequent the Whyalla marina, but concerns have been raised that their confidence around humans may increase their vulnerability. The Whyalla Conservation Park provides an example of
2964-494: The authority of early ethnographers for the "extinction" of tribes and for their putative territorial boundaries weighs more heavily than modern anthropological studies of their descendants. If, for example, there are no "Jadira", but their ostensible land was mapped by Tindale, the actual tribes in that area face immense difficulties in proving their links to what is conventionally accepted to be "Jadira" territory. Ray Wood argues that Tindale's mapping of Cape York Peninsula tribes
3042-556: The average load of about 170,000 wmt. The port's inner harbour receives shipments of coal that is used to produce coke for the Whyalla steelworks and exports smaller cargoes of finished steel products. Much of the town's economy is centred around the Whyalla Steelworks . Santos has supplied gas to the steelworks for several years, and in February 2024 signed an MoU with GFG Alliance to start discussions to reduce emissions from
3120-505: The basis of the vast archive of notes he left to posterity: he was observed writing by lamplight far into the night long after others had gone to bed, during an expedition to the Pinacate . Shortly after this, Tindale lost the sight in one eye in an acetylene gas explosion which occurred while assisting his father with photographic processing . In January 1919, he secured a position at the South Australian Museum as Entomologist's Assistant to
3198-402: The city. It was served by Rex Airlines flying into Whyalla from Adelaide it served the airport several times a day however due to passenger security screening charges Rex Airlines ceased flying into Whyalla on 1 July 2023, and QantasLink which operates twice daily services from Adelaide. There is a small boat marina (populated by a number of dolphins), a sailing club, and a boat ramp on
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3276-620: The coastline below Hummock Hill, where there is a fish-cleaning station situated nearby. Iron ore is exported through an off-shore facility. Whyalla is served by several radio and TV stations. Radio stations include 5YYY FM (Local community station), Magic FM (Commercial station based in Port Augusta), and 5AU /5CS (Commercial station based in Port Pirie). The local TV stations are Southern Cross Seven , Southern Cross Nine , and Southern Cross 10 . The local newspaper, The Whyalla News ,
3354-584: The cultural diversity of Whyalla. In 1958 BHP decided to build an integrated steelworks at Whyalla and it was completed in 1965. In the following year, salt harvesting began and coke ovens were built. The population grew extremely rapidly, and the South Australian Housing Trust was building 500 houses each year to cope with the demand. Plans for a city of 100,000 were produced by the Department of Lands. A second water supply pipeline from Morgan
3432-593: The ethnographic aspect being almost an accidental sideline that developed, as his curiosity was stimulated, into close observation of the indigenous people he encountered from the Cobourg Peninsula to the Gulf of Carpentaria . Tindale's family background had qualified him to be taken on by the Church Missionary Society of Australia and Tasmania which was interested in proselytizing in the north. He spent half
3510-530: The first detailed account of the Warnindhilyagwa people on that island. In 1938–39, Tindale teamed up with Joseph Birdsell , an anthropological graduate student, who was under Earnest Hooton of Harvard University , after meeting the pair on a 1936 visit to the US. They were to undertake an extensive anthropological survey of Aboriginal reserves and missions across Australia, and the relationship forged between
3588-466: The first ship from the new shipyard, HMAS Whyalla , was launched and the blast furnace became operational. By 1943 the population was more than 5,000. On 31 March 1943, the Morgan - Whyalla pipeline became operational. In 1945 the city came under combined company and public administration and the shipyard began producing commercial ships. In 1948, displaced persons began arriving from Europe increasing
3666-450: The formidable Arthur Mills Lea . He had already published thirty-one papers on entomological , ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933. Tindale's first ethnographic expedition took place over 1921–1922. His principal aim was to gather entomological specimens for the South Australian Museum,
3744-439: The hill. The post office opened in 1901 as Hummock's Hill. In 1905 the town's first school opened. It was originally called Hummock Hill School but was subsequently renamed to Whyalla Primary School and Whyalla Higher Primary School. The school's current name is Whyalla Town Primary School. The arid environment and lack of natural fresh water resources made it necessary to import water in barges from Port Pirie. The Post Office
3822-539: The impetus for the construction of a blast furnace and harbour. In 1939 the blast furnace and harbour began to be constructed and a commitment for a water supply pipeline from the Murray River was made. A shipyard was built to provide ships for the Royal Australian Navy during World War II . The population began to rise rapidly and many new facilities, including a hospital and abattoirs, were built. In 1941
3900-448: The importance of knowing with precision tribal boundaries. This led Tindale to question the official orthodoxy of the time, which was that Aboriginal people were purely nomadic and had no connection to any specific region. While Tindale's methodology and his notion of the "dialectal tribe" have been superseded, this basic premise has been proved correct. His salvage ethnography also involved collecting by trade objects for his museum. He
3978-486: The land of a Djukan people , despite the fact that it was absent from the map of the area prepared by Ernest Wurms . Tindale simply drew on Elkin's authority to do so. Again, Tindale conjured up, or made a separate entry for, a tribe, the Jadira , on the basis of very scant evidence, but there is almost no independent testimony that would allow the inference. Inaccuracies of this type compromise modern native title claims, since
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#17330860427144056-424: The name could have been derived from aboriginal words "Wajala", meaning "west" in a language common to Port Pirie , or "Waiala", meaning "I don't know" in a language more common to Port Augusta . In 1945, BHP advised that the name had been taken from nearby Mount Whyalla, which lies northwest of Whyalla, roughly midway between the town and Iron Knob. Other meanings ascribed to the word Whyalla include "dingo", "by
4134-409: The natural semi-arid environment accessible via walking trails. A gentle climb to the top of Wild Dog Hill provides a view of the surrounding landscape and information on native vegetation via a series of interpretive signs. Boat launching facilities exist at Whyalla and Point Lowly North marinas. The Whyalla Marina also has a jetty which is illuminated at night for the convenience of fishers. Whyalla
4212-484: The plan. in which the government has invested A$ 593 million. In February 2024, the government signed an agreement with GFG Alliance reaching "to explore opportunities for hydrogen offtake" from the WHF. Once it is up and running, it will supply power to the steelworks, which will then produce green steel . Whyalla has a semi-arid climate ( Köppen: BSk/BSh), with hot summers and mild winters. Temperatures vary throughout
4290-408: The preceding five years. It is a seaport located on the east coast of the Eyre Peninsula and is known as the "Steel City" due to its integrated steelworks and shipbuilding heritage. The port of Whyalla has been exporting iron ore since 1903. The city consists of an urban area bounded to the north by the railway to the mining town of Iron Knob , to the east by Spencer Gulf , and to the south by
4368-434: The railway system within the Whyalla steelworks was converted to standard gauge in the 1960s. Although the steelworks produced railway rail, for several decades there was no railway connection to the mainland system. Finally in 1972, the standard gauge Whyalla line to Port Augusta was completed and Whyalla railway station opened. The station was served daily from Adelaide until 1975, then again from 1986 to 1990 by
4446-631: The same language constituted a unified territorial group identity. It has been argued that Tindale's early familiarity with Japanese affected his hearing and transliteration of words in a number of Aboriginal languages, such as Ngarrindjeri . Japanese is written syllabically reflecting its phonetic consonant+vowel structure, and in writing down words like tloperi (ibis), throkeri (seagull) and pargi (wallaby) he perceived and transcribed them as toloperi , torokeri and paragi respectively. Aboriginal Legal Aid lawyer and land council lawyer Paul Burke, first in his book Law's Anthropology, and in
4524-518: The same time, these collections were often made using mere lollies or tobacco as barter goods for precious items, and at times exploited the dire conditions of undernourishment suffered by Aboriginal people. After one successful expedition at Flinders Island he wrote: "The Flinders Island people are hungry and in exchange for flour etc have been scouring the camp for specimens. We have pretty well cleaned them up, & nothing of much interest remains". In historical context, Tindale's firm insistence on
4602-495: The steelworks. The Whyalla Hydrogen Facility (WHF, aka Hydrogen Jobs Plan) is a proposed 250MWe hydrogen electrolyser (producing green hydrogen ), a 200MW combined cycle gas turbine generator, and 3600-tonne hydrogen storage facility. A South Australian Government company called Hydrogen Power South Australia was established to own and operate the plant, which is expected to be completed in 2025 and begin operations in 2026. ATCO Australia , BOC , and Epic Energy will deliver
4680-555: The test of time. In particular Tindale's notion of a fixed tribal territory proved inadequate at least as regards the nomadic realities of the Western Desert cultural bloc , as Ronald Berndt and Catherine Berndt implicitly argued as early as 1942, and in more detail almost two decades later by Ronald Berndt. His major work was published in 1974, Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits and Proper Names , which has found its place as
4758-487: The town's ship building and mining history, including miniature replicas of various ships and a model railway diorama. Further displays introduce visitors to the region's natural and indigenous cultural histories. Tours of the Whyalla Steelworks allow visitors to view the production of long products at the working plant. Tours departing from the Whyalla Visitors Centre. The town's development and social history
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#17330860427144836-484: The two developed into a half century of collaboration. Tindale would study the genealogies , while Birdsell undertook the measuring, and with government support the pair travelled across south-east Australia, parts of Queensland , Western Australia , and Tasmania . In May 1938, the two men and their wives visited Cummeragunja Aboriginal reserve in New South Wales . A later study looking at their 1939 expedition to
4914-412: The unit of a tribe, with its set territory and fixed boundaries, flew in the face of A. R. Radcliffe-Brown 's dismissal of the idea of a higher integrating reality like the tribe, as opposed to the assemblies of hordes . Tribes did not hold land, each of their respective "hordes" did, and clan-attachment of land was Radcliffe-Brown's basic sociological unit for Australian groups. Neither notion has stood
4992-530: The water", and "a place of water". Another hypothesis is that the name was brought by European settlers and was derived from a place called Whyalla in Durham, England . Whyalla is part of the Barngarla Aboriginal country. A mariner named William Morgan Burgoyne purportedly recommended the site for the establishment of a port on False Bay to Harry Morgan of BHP . Burgoyne had spent several weeks there on
5070-665: The year, with average maxima ranging from 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in January to 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) in July, and average minima fluctuating between 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) in January and 5.3 °C (41.5 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is low, averaging 269.4 mm (10.61 in) between 77.9 precipitation days. The town has 62.7 clear days and 46.6 cloudy days annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) on 24 January 2019 to −3.2 °C (26.2 °F) on 12 June 1984 and 16 July 1982. According to
5148-409: Was divested in 2000 to form OneSteel, which is the sole producer of rail and steel sleepers in Australia. On 2 July 2012, OneSteel changed its name to Arrium . After going into administration in 2016 Arrium was purchased by UK entity GFG Alliance with the steelworks placed under Liberty Steel Group and called Liberty Primary Steel and Mining. From 2004 onward, northern South Australia enjoyed
5226-528: Was an Australian anthropologist , archaeologist , entomologist and ethnologist . He is best remembered for his work mapping the various tribal groupings of Aboriginal Australians at the time of European settlement, shown in his map published in 1940. This map provided the basis of a map published by David Horton in 1996 and widely used in its online form today. Tindale's major work was Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits and Proper Names (1974). Tindale
5304-740: Was born on 12 October 1900 in Perth , Western Australia . His family moved to Tokyo and lived there from 1907 to 1915, where his father worked as an accountant at the Salvation Army mission in Japan . Norman attended the American School in Japan , where his closest friend was Gordon Bowles, a Quaker who, like him, later became an anthropologist. The family returned to Perth in August 1917, and soon after moved to Adelaide , South Australia , where Tindale took up
5382-566: Was built to Iron Knob to supply iron ore originally used as flux when smelting copper ore. This ore became the basis of the steelworks. As the Iron Knob deposits were worked out, the railway was diverted to other sources of ore at Iron Monarch , Iron Prince , Iron Duke and Iron Baron . To enable interchange between the BHP's other steelworks in Newcastle and Port Kembla of specialised rollingstock,
5460-427: Was built to cope with the demand. In 1970 the city adopted full local government status. Fierce competition from Japanese ship builders resulted in the closing of the shipyards in 1978, which were at the time the largest in Australia. From a peak population of 38,130 in 1976, the population dropped rapidly. A decline in the BHP iron and steel industry since 1981 also impacted employment. The BHP long products division
5538-515: Was first published on 5 April 1940, and is currently owned by Australian Community Media . Historically, another short-lived monthly newspaper called the Whyalla Times (January - October 1960) was also printed for the town by E.J. McAllister and Co., from its premises in Blythe Street, Adelaide. Another publication called Scope (May 1973–November 1982) was also printed in the town. According to
5616-409: Was home to an annual Snapper Fishing Competition. The largest of its kind and renowned for attracting tourists and fisherman from all over Australia, if not the world. However, due to major over fishing, a blanket ban was put in place to help population growth until 30 June 2026. Subsequently, the annual fishing competition was closed. Whyalla is part of the state electoral district of Giles , which
5694-631: Was instrumental in cracking the Japanese aircraft production code system, which gave the Allies reliable information as to Japanese air power. More importantly, he and his unit deciphered the Japanese master naval code. On retirement after 49 years service with the South Australian Museum, Tindale took up a teaching position at the University of Colorado and remained in the United States until his death, aged 93, in Palo Alto, California on 19 November 1993. Tindale
5772-525: Was meticulous in making notes on the provenance of each object purchased. Philip Jones writes: one of Tindale's key tasks was to record the names and sociological details of each of the Aboriginal people participating in the fortnight-long intensive survey. This had a crucial outcome in that each object, drawing, photograph, sound recording or even film record subsequently collected by Tindale during these expeditions could be keyed, not only to place and tribal group, but to their individual makers or owners.' At
5850-406: Was renamed Whyalla on 1 November 1919, and on 16 April 1920 the town was officially proclaimed with its new name. The ore conveyor on the jetty was improved, and the shipping of ore to the newly built Newcastle Steelworks commenced. The town grew slowly prior to the development of steelmaking and shipbuilding facilities in the late 1930s. The BHP Indenture Act was proclaimed in 1937 and provided
5928-469: Was tasked with examining parts recovered from the wreckage of Japanese airplanes that had been shot down, working out whatever intelligence could be gathered from the manufacturing markings, and reassembling them where possible. Jones states that Tindale's unit's meticulous analysis of the metallurgical debris and serial numbers enabled them to arrive at the companies responsible for producing the components, deduce production figures and infer what crucial alloys
6006-411: Was the first to systematically do so. Over an 11-year period they produced over 10 hours of footage concerning many aspects of Aboriginal life, from material culture to hunting and gathering practices, cooking, love-making, and even ceremonies of circumcision observed during their field expeditions. Tindale produced the film while the camera-work was undertaken by E. O. Stocker. Tindale made
6084-665: Was writing up his work on Aboriginal people at the University of Virginia in the 1930s, he worked alongside eugenics scientists who supported a proposed law on involuntary sterilisation of women with disabilities or mental illness, and who influenced the Nazi program in Germany. He also wrote of his attendance at a Nazi rally in Munich , writing of Hitler as an "impressive figure". A 2007 article looking at Tindale and Birdsell's 1939 expedition to Cape Barren Island reserve argues that this "was
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