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48-478: White Oak Plantation , also known as the William Johnston House, is a historic plantation house located near Charlotte , Mecklenburg County, North Carolina . It was built about 1792, and is a two-story, Catawba River Valley School style brick dwelling. The original Quaker plan interior has been converted to a center hall plan . It has a gable roof overhang and a full-width, two-story gabled porch. It

96-528: A central hall dividing them. In the South, they usually had full-width one-story shed extensions to the front and rear. These sheds could manifest as open porches, enclosed rooms, or a combination of the two. This I-house with sheds came to be commonly referred to as "Plantation Plain". It also proved to be one of the most adaptable folk house types to changing architectural tastes, with some even having neoclassical porticoes and other high-style elements added to them at

144-450: A descendant of the hall and parlor and the central-passage house-types. The central-passage house continued to be popular and could be either single-pile (one room deep) or double-pile (two rooms deep). If it had a porch, it was under a separate roof attached to the main house. I-houses were always two stories high, always single-pile, with side gables or a hipped roof. They were at least two rooms wide, with latter examples usually having

192-581: A dozen land grants to U.S. immigrants. After the Texas Revolution , the Congress of the Texas Republic established Harrison County in 1839, formed from Shelby County . Harrison County was named for Texas revolutionary Jonas Harrison. The county was organized in 1842. The county's area was reduced in 1846, as territory was taken to establish Panola and Upshur counties. Marshall was founded in 1841, and

240-584: A functioning farmhouse . Although some plantation houses were planned as grand mansions and were built all at once from the ground up, many more began as fairly rudimentary structures that either stayed that way, were replaced, or were enlarged and improved over time as fortunes improved. In most areas of the South, the earliest settlers constructed houses to provide basic shelter suited to their local climate, not to establish permanence or demonstrate wealth or power. In colonial Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Virginia ,

288-473: A fusion of stylistic influences. Houses that were basically Greek Revival in character sprouted Italianate towers, bracketed eaves, or adopted the asymmetrical massing characteristic of that style. Although never as popular as Greek Revival, fully Gothic Revival and Italianate plantation houses began to appear by the 1850s, after being popularized by the books of men such as Alexander Jackson Davis , Andrew Jackson Downing , and Samuel Sloan . The Gothic Revival

336-509: A later date. Another house type, the Creole cottage , came from the areas along the Gulf Coast and its associated rivers that were formerly part of New France . It was always one-and-a-half stories, with a side-gabled roof, and often had upper floor dormer windows. However, it accommodated a full-width front porch under the main roof, with doors or jib-windows opening from all of the rooms onto

384-467: A palace". Even Gaineswood , now a National Historic Landmark due to it being considered a lavish example of a plantation house, began as a two-story hewn-log dogtrot that was eventually enveloped within the brick mass of the house. After the period of initial settlement, more refined folk house types came from the older portions of the South, especially the I-house , thought by architectural scholars to be

432-592: Is land and 16 square miles (41 km ) (1.7%) is water. The northern and eastern parts of the county are drained to the Red River in Louisiana by Little Cypress Creek, Cypress Bayou, and Caddo Lake . The other third of the county is drained by the Sabine River , which forms a part of its southern boundary. These waterways were critical to early transportation in the county. The TTC-69 component (recommended preferred) of

480-636: The Corinthian . The academic version of Greek Revival embraced the pure form of ancient Grecian architecture . Due to its popularity during a time of great wealth for many southern plantations, it was the Greek Revival that became permanently linked to the plantation legend. Though some houses were architect-designed, many, if not most, were designed by the owners or their carpenters from pattern books published by Asher Benjamin , Minard Lafever , John Haviland , and others. Greek Revival proved to very adaptable to

528-573: The Lowcountry of South Carolina , by contrast, even before the American Revolution , planters holding large rice plantations typically owned hundreds of enslaved people. In Charleston and Savannah, the elite also held numerous enslaved people to work as household servants. The 19th-century development of the Deep South for cotton cultivation depended on large plantations with much more acreage than

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576-473: The United States Census Bureau , Harrison County had a population of 66,726. At the publication of the 2020 census , its population increased to 68,839. At the 2000 census, the racial makeup of the county was 71.35% White , 24.03% Black or African American , 0.35% Native American , 0.31% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 2.86% from other races , and 1.06% from two or more races; 5.34% of

624-558: The 1840s. The dogtrot -type plan was common for many of these log houses. Rough vernacular architecture for early plantations was also true in Arkansas and Missouri although in their river regions. Admitted to the Union in the mid-1840s, early architecture in Florida and Texas generally showed a stronger Spanish Colonial architectural influence, blended with French and British forms. Some of

672-547: The 1870s the county's non-agricultural sector increased when the Texas and Pacific Railway located its headquarters and shops in Marshall. It stimulated other industry and manufacturing in the county, and also aided the transportation to market of the important cotton commodity crop. But from 1880 to 1930, Harrison County remained primarily agricultural and rural. It had a 60 percent Black majority through 1930. During this period, most of

720-421: The 2018 American Community Survey , the median household income was $ 51,202 and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line. The median gross rent in the county was $ 779 from 2014 to 2018, and the median house monthly owner costs without mortgage were $ 403. The median with a mortgage was $ 1,266. The following school districts serve Harrison County: Panola College is the assigned community college for

768-551: The African Americans worked in agriculture as tenant farmers and sharecroppers . Harrison County had a total of 14 lynchings. Most were committed in the early 20th century, particularly in the 1910s when the county suffered economic hard times. Whites "did not lynch in lieu of ineffective courts, but instead demonstrated to the black majority that legal protection and rights were inaccessible to blacks". Blacks accused of violence against law enforcement or who were from outside

816-564: The Deep South as it developed. The majority of slaveholders held 10 or fewer enslaved people, often to labor domestically. By the late 18th century, most planters in the Upper South had switched from exclusive tobacco cultivation to mixed-crop production, both because tobacco had exhausted the soil and because of changing markets. The shift away from tobacco meant they had slaves in excess of the number needed for labor, and they began to sell them in

864-719: The Southern United States In the American South , antebellum plantations were centered on a " plantation house ," the residence of the owner, where important business was conducted. Slavery and plantations had different characteristics in different regions of the South. As the Upper South of the Chesapeake Bay colonies developed first, historians of the antebellum South defined planters as those who held 20 enslaved people. Major planters held many more, especially in

912-591: The United States. Following defeat at the end of the American Civil War, the county was part of an area occupied by Federal troops under Reconstruction . The white minority in the county bitterly resented federal authority and the constitutional amendment granting the franchise to freedmen . A majority in the county, the freedmen elected a bi-racial county government dominated by Republican Party officeholders. Republican dominance in local offices continued in

960-652: The county declined until 1980, when the trend reversed. White migration from other areas has resulted in a majority-white population. In the realignment of parties in the South since the late 20th century, white conservative voters in Texas have left the Democratic Party to become overwhelmingly affiliated with the Republican Party. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 916 square miles (2,370 km ), of which 900 square miles (2,300 km )

1008-524: The county into the 1950s, aided by the state's disenfranchisement of Blacks at the turn of the century by a variety of laws, including those to permit white primaries . In addition, during the post-Reconstruction era, white terrorist violence was directed at Blacks to assert white supremacy. According to records of the Equal Justice Initiative, Harrison County had the third-highest number of lynchings of any county in Texas, from 1877 to 1950. In

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1056-519: The county until 1880, but the conservative whites of the Democratic Party regained control of the state government before the official end of Reconstruction. In 1880, the Citizen's Party of Harrison County, amid charges of fraud and coercion, gained control of elected positions in the county government after winning on a technicality, which involved hiding a key ballot box. They retained such control of

1104-411: The county were particularly at risk, but the terrorist lynchings put all Blacks on notice that whites could take action against them essentially at will. The Texas legislature disenfranchised most Blacks in 1901 by requiring poll taxes and authorizing white primaries (after various iterations, the latter were overturned by a U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1944). This disenfranchisement extended into

1152-546: The county's population. In the post-Reconstruction era, whites used lynchings to assert their dominance, in addition to the state's disenfranchisement of Blacks . From 1940 to 1970, in the second wave of the Great Migration , many Blacks moved to the West Coast to escape Jim Crow and for work in the expanding defense industry. More whites have moved in since the late 20th century as the county's economy has developed beyond

1200-437: The depression. As the defense industry built up in major cities and on the West Coast, from 1940 to 1970, a total of more than 4.5 million Blacks migrated from the South, particularly Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, for work and to escape continuing suppression under Jim Crow laws. They moved to the West Coast in the second wave of the Great Migration , attracted to new jobs in the expanding defense industry. The population of

1248-462: The earliest plantation houses tended to follow British-derived folk forms such as the hall and parlor house -type and central-passage house -type. Grander structures during the later colonial period usually conformed to the neoclassically -influenced styles, although some very early and rare Jacobean structures survive in Virginia. And in the southern portion of what became the state of Louisiana ,

1296-463: The early 1800s. Although large portions of Alabama and Mississippi were settled at roughly the same time, there were areas of these states, along with portions of western Georgia and southeastern Tennessee, that did not see wide-scale settlement until after the Indian removal in the 1830s. Very little formal architecture existed within these newly settled areas, with most dwellings being of hewn logs into

1344-446: The economy was drastically altered. Planters often did not have the funds for upkeep of their existing houses and new construction virtually ceased on most plantations. The new sharecropping method kept many plantations going, but the days of extravagance were over. Harrison County, Texas Harrison County is a county on the eastern border of the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2020 United States census , its population

1392-657: The elite class, "a landowning farmer of substantial means." In the " Black Belt " counties of Alabama and Mississippi , the terms "planter" and "farmer" were often synonymous. Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman define large planters as owning over 50 enslaved people, and medium planters as owning between 16 and 50 enslaved humans. In his study of Black Belt counties in Alabama, Jonathan Wiener defines planters by ownership of real property, rather than of enslaved people. A planter, for Wiener, owned at least $ 10,000 worth of real estate in 1850 and $ 32,000 worth in 1860, equivalent to about

1440-626: The hot and humid climate of the South, with colloquial adaptations of the style seen from one region, and sometimes from one town, to another. Greek Revival would remain a favorite architectural style in the agrarian South until well after the Civil War, but other styles had appeared in the nation about the same time as Greek Revival or soon afterward. These were primarily the Italianate and Gothic Revival . They were slower to be adopted in whole for domestic plantation architecture, but they can be seen in

1488-475: The increase in traditionally minority populations reflected nationwide diversification. The largest ancestry groups in Harrison County at the 2010 United States census were: English (41%), Black or African American (24%), Irish (8%), German (3%), Scotch-Irish (3%), Scottish (2%), Dutch (1%), Italian (1%), French or French Canadian (except Basque) (1%), Mexican (1%), and Polish (1%). At

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1536-612: The internal slave trade. There was a variety of domestic architecture on plantations. The largest and wealthiest planter families, for instance, those with estates fronting on the James River in Virginia , constructed mansions in brick and Georgian style, e.g. Shirley Plantation . Common or smaller planters in the late 18th and 19th century had more modest wood-frame buildings, such as Southall Plantation in Charles City County . In

1584-400: The late 1960s, until after national civil rights legislation was passed to enforce these citizens' constitutional civil rights. In 1928, oil was discovered in the county. Its exploitation and processing made a significant contribution to the economy. The Great Depression of the 1930s hit the county hard, decimating the agricultural sector. Mobilization for World War II brought an end to

1632-428: The main houses of plantations, primarily because they were the most likely to survive and usually the most elaborate structures in the complex. Also, until fairly recent times, scholars and local historians usually focused on the life of the plantation owner, that is, the planter, and his or her family rather than the people they held as slaves. All romanticized notions aside, the plantation house was, at its most basic,

1680-410: The once-planned Trans-Texas Corridor went through Harrison County. In 2000, the 2000 U.S. census reported there were 62,110 people, 23,087 households, and 16,945 families residing in the county. The population density was 69 people per square mile (27 people/km ). There were 26,271 housing units at an average density of 29 units per square mile (11/km ). During July 2018's estimates by

1728-617: The plantations reflected French Colonial architectural types, some with Spanish influences, that remained in trend well after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Following the Revolutionary War , Federal and Jeffersonian -type neoclassicism became dominant in formal plantation architecture. Large portions of the South outside of the original British colonies, such as in Kentucky and Tennessee , did not see extensive settlement until

1776-632: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2018, the racial makeup of Harrison County was 63.2% non-Hispanic white , 21.1% Black or African American, 1.2% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 1.7% from two or more races . Hispanics and Latino Americans of any race made up 13.6% of the populace. In 2020, the racial and ethnic makeup was 61.07% non-Hispanic white, 19.54% Black or African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.39% some other race, 3.55% multiracial, and 14.29% Hispanic or Latino American of any race; alongside statewide trends,

1824-488: The porch, and was usually raised high above the ground on a full raised basement or piers. It was a common form for many early plantation houses and town houses alike in the lower reaches of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi. When the cotton boom years began in the 1830s, the United States was entering its second neoclassical phase, with Greek Revival architecture being the dominant style. By this point trained architects were also becoming more common, and several introduced

1872-563: The rural, and now comprise the majority. Harrison County comprises the Marshall micropolitan statistical area , which is also included in the Longview-Marshall combined statistical area . It is located in the Ark-La-Tex region. Settlement by immigrants from the United States (US) began during the 1830s in the territory of present-day Harrison County. In 1835, the Mexican authorities granted

1920-619: The state and, correspondingly, of most of the enslaved African Americans. Most of the fourteen Black-majority, plantation counties were located in East Texas. By 1850, landowners in Harrison County held more slaves than in any other county in Texas until the end of the Civil War . The census of 1860 counted 8,746 slaves in Harrison County, 59% of the county's total population. In 1861, the county's voters (who were exclusively white males and mostly upper class) overwhelmingly supported secession from

1968-516: The style to the South. Whereas the earlier Federal and Jeffersonian neoclassicism displayed an almost feminine lightness, academic Greek Revival was very masculine, with a heaviness not seen in the earlier styles. Earlier neoclassicism had often used ancient Roman models and the Tuscan order , along with the Roman versions of the original three Greek orders. The original Greek orders were Doric , Ionic , and

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2016-731: The top 8 percent of landowners. In his study of southwest Georgia, Lee Formwalt also defines planters in size of land holdings rather than enslaved people. Formwalt's planters are in the top 4.5 percent of land owners, translating into real estate worth $ 6,000 or more in 1850, $ 24,000 or more in 1860, and $ 11,000 or more in 1870. In his study of Harrison County, Texas , Randolph B. Campbell classifies large planters as owners of 20 enslaved humans, and small planters as owners of between ten and 19 enslaved humans. In Chicot and Phillips counties, Arkansas, Carl H. Moneyhon defines large planters as owners of twenty or more enslaved humans, and six hundred or more acres. Most historical research has focused on

2064-405: The wealthiest planters never built grand residences. One example was noted by Albert J. Pickett , an early Alabama historian. In 1850, he visited Nicholas Davis, the owner of the prosperous Walnut Grove Plantation. Despite owning more than 100 slaves, he was still living in the large log house he had built after his migration from Virginia in 1817. He told Pickett that he "would not exchange (it) for

2112-406: Was 68,839. The county seat is Marshall . The county was created in 1839 and organized in 1842. It is named for Jonas Harrison, a lawyer and Texas revolutionary. Developed for cotton plantations by planters from the South, this county had the highest number of enslaved African Americans in Texas before the Civil War. They comprised 59% of the population. From 1870 to 1930, Blacks made up 60% of

2160-689: Was built by William Johnston, a captain in the North Carolina militia at the Battle of King's Mountain in 1780. The plantation was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. This article about a property in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Plantation house in

2208-467: Was designated as the county seat in 1842. The area was settled predominately by planters from the Southern United States, who developed this area for cotton plantations and brought enslaved African Americans with them for labor, or purchased them at regional markets. The planters repeated much of their culture and society here. East Texas was the location of most of the cotton plantations in

2256-416: Was typical of the Upper South; and for labor, planters held hundreds of enslaved people. Until December 1865, slavery was legal in parts of the United States. Most enslaved people labored in agricultural production, and planter was a term commonly used to describe a farmer with many enslaved humans. The term planter has no universally-accepted definition, but academic historians have defined it to identify

2304-399: Was usually expressed in wood as Carpenter Gothic . Italianate was the most popular of the two styles. It was also most commonly built using wood construction when used for plantation houses, although a few brick examples, such as Kenworthy Hall , have survived. The outbreak of war in 1861 put an abrupt end to the building of grand mansions. Following the war and the end of Reconstruction ,

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