37-546: The Galloway is a Scottish breed of beef cattle , named after the Galloway region of Scotland , where it originated during the seventeenth century. It is usually black, is of average size, is naturally polled and has a thick coat suitable for the harsh climate of Scotland. It is reared mainly for beef . In 2022 the Galloway was reported by twenty-three countries. The worldwide population stood at about 26 800 head, of which
74-525: A fear associated with cattle, so breed numbers declined. Since then, there has been a change in demand as bigger leaner carcasses are now favoured. Some of the adjustments made were the adoption of AI and Embryo Transfer . The breed's original characteristics are now back in demand. This is due to the demand of high quality meat that requires economical production. From the early nineteenth century, in south-western Scotland and north-western England, Galloway cows were commonly put to Shorthorn bulls to produce
111-621: A national County flowers of the United Kingdom campaign by the charity Plantlife . In 2012, a flag based on the arms of the former Cumberland County Council was registered as the flag of Cumberland with the Flag Institute . In 2013, the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Eric Pickles , formally recognised and acknowledged the continued existence of England's 39 historic counties, including Cumberland. In 2021, it
148-538: A number of parishes, areas originally formed for ecclesiastical administration. In common with other northern England counties, many ancient parishes in Cumberland were very large, often consisting of a number of distinct townships and hamlets. Many of these ancient parishes eventually became civil parishes and form the lowest level of local government. Cumberland Ward included Carlisle and Wigton as well as parts of Inglewood Forest . The parish of Stanwix just to
185-522: A population of 50,000 people or more to become a " county borough ", independent of county council control. In 1914, Carlisle successfully applied for this status, ceasing to form part of the administrative county , although remaining within Cumberland for the purposes such as Lieutenancy and shrievalty . The Local Government Act 1929 imposed the duty on county councils of reviewing the districts within their administrative county so as to form more efficient units of local government. In general, this meant
222-604: A vigorous hybrid . If the bull was white, the calf was blue roan in colour – the Blue Grey . These were easily recognisable and were much in demand. In the later nineteenth century, selection of the Whitebred Shorthorn was begun specifically for production of white sires for these calves. In 2022 the Galloway was reported to DAD-IS by twenty-three countries, of which seventeen reported population data. The reported worldwide population stood at about 26 800 head, of which
259-410: A weight of some 35 kg , and reach a weight of about 250 kg at an age of thirteen or fourteen months. Galloways have a thick double-layered coat that is wavy or curly. The coat of hair insulates their bodies so well that they have a minimal outer layer of fat on their bodies, which would otherwise create waste at slaughter. This coat sheds out in the summer months and in warmer climates. It
296-460: Is naturally polled , without horns. This breed's shaggy coat has both a thick, woolly undercoat for warmth and stiffer guard hairs that help shed water, making them well adapted to harsher climates. There is evidence of Galloway herds being milked in Cumberland for cheese production. List of cattle breeds Over 1000 breeds of cattle are recognized worldwide, some of which adapted to
333-675: Is still the most common colour for Galloways, they can also be red and several shades of dun. In 1877, the Galloway Cattle Society was formed. The Galloway was introduced in Canada in 1853, first registered in 1872, and the first Galloway registry was introduced in the United States in 1882. In 1911, 35 000 cattle were registered in the American Galloway Herd Book which was first created in 1882. The British Galloway Society
370-509: Is the county town . The Earldom of Carlisle was partitioned into baronies. When the County of Cumberland was created, the baronies were subdivided as wards , a county sub-division also used in Durham , Northumberland and Westmorland . These originated as military subdivisions used to organise the male inhabitants for the county's defence from Scottish troop incursions. Each ward was composed of
407-578: The Local Government Act 1888 , the Cumberland County Council was created as the county council for Cumberland, taking over administrative functions from the Court of Quarter Sessions . The Local Government Act 1894 reconstituted the existing sanitary districts as urban districts and rural districts , each with an elected council. The Act of 1888 also allowed any municipal borough with
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#1732869952410444-626: The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 was passed, reforming boroughs and cities in England and Wales as municipal boroughs with a uniform constitution. The corporation of the City of Carlisle was accordingly remodelled with a popularly elected council consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Outside of municipal boroughs, there was no effective local government until the 1840s. In response to poor sanitary conditions and outbreaks of cholera ,
481-530: The Public Health Act 1848 ( 11 & 12 Vict. c. 63) and the Local Government Act 1858 allowed for the formation of local boards of health in populous areas. Local boards were responsible inter alia for water supply, drainage, sewerage, paving and cleansing. Eleven local boards were initially formed at Brampton, Cleator Moor, Cockermouth, Egremont, Holme Cultram, Keswick, Maryport, Millom, Penrith, Whitehaven, Wigton and Workington. Further reform under
518-568: The Public Health Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) saw the creation of sanitary districts throughout England and Wales. The existing municipal boroughs and local boards became "urban sanitary districts", while "rural sanitary districts" were formed from the remaining areas of the poor law unions. Three more local boards were formed: Arlecdon and Frizington in 1882, Harrington in 1891 and Aspatria in 1892. In addition Workington and Whitehaven received charters of incorporation to become municipal boroughs in 1883 and 1894 respectively. In 1889, under
555-666: The unitary authority area of Cumberland , which has similar boundaries but excludes Penrith . In the Early Middle Ages , Cumbria was part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde in the Hen Ogledd , or "Old North", and its people spoke a Brittonic language now called Cumbric . The first record of the term 'Cumberland' appears in AD 945, when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that the area
592-679: The Cumberland Athletics Club; and various organisations and companies, such as the local newspapers The Cumberland News , and The West Cumberland Times and Star , and the Cumberland Building Society . It is also mentioned in Macbeth as the kingdom given to Prince Malcolm, and is also the initial setting for the Geoffrey Trease historical novel Cue for Treason . In June 1994, during the 1990s UK local government reform ,
629-553: The Local Government Commission published draft recommendations, suggesting as one option a North Cumbria unitary authority (also including Appleby , the historic county town of Westmorland). It also suggested that Cumberland could be reinstated as an independent ceremonial county . The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for
666-408: The administration of the poor law , which was carried at parish level. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 provided for the grouping of parishes into poor law unions , each with a central workhouse and an elected board of guardians . Cumberland was divided into nine unions: Alston with Garrigill, Bootle, Brampton, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Longtown, Penrith, Whitehaven and Wigton. In the following year
703-502: The area was regained by King David I of Scotland . He was able to consolidate his power and made Carlisle one of his chief seats of government, while England descended into a lengthy civil war . The Cumbric language is believed to have become extinct in the 12th century. The area returned to the English crown in 1157, when Henry II of England took possession of the area (from Malcolm IV of Scotland ). Henry II formed two new counties from
740-612: The boundary crosses the Pennines to descend Crowdundale Beck, from where it followed the rivers Eden and Eamont to the centre of Ullswater . The line follows Glencoin Beck to the top of Helvellyn ridge at Wrynose Pass and along the River Duddon (near Millom ) to the sea . The highest point of the county is Scafell Pike , at 3,208 feet (978 m), the highest mountain in England. Carlisle
777-640: The east, Westmorland to the south-east, Lancashire to the south, and the Scottish counties of Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire to the north. The area includes the city of Carlisle , part of the Lake District and North Pennines , and the Solway Firth coastline. Cumberland had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974, when it was subsumed into Cumbria with Westmorland as well as parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire . It gives its name to
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#1732869952410814-631: The former earldom: Westmorland and Carliol – originally an abbreviation of the Latin Carlioliensis '[bishop] of Carlisle'. Westmorland also included areas formerly part of the Earldom of Lancaster . The lead- and silver-mining area of Alston , previously associated with the Liberty of Tynedale was later also added to the new county of Carliol for financial reasons. By 1177, Carliol had become known as Cumberland. The border between England and Scotland
851-652: The local climate , others which were bred by humans for specialized uses. Cattle breeds fall into two main types, which are regarded as either two closely related species , or two subspecies of one species. Bos indicus (or Bos taurus indicus ) cattle, commonly called zebu, are adapted to hot climates and originated in the tropical parts of the world such as India, Sub-saharan Africa, China, and Southeast Asia. Bos taurus (or Bos taurus taurus ), typically referred to as "taurine" cattle, are generally adapted to cooler climates and include almost all cattle breeds originating from Europe and northern Asia. In some parts of
888-611: The majority were in Northern Europe, with the largest populations in Denmark and Germany. The word 'Galloway' derives from the name of a people, the Gall Gaidheil , meaning 'Scandinavian Gaels'. Polled black cattle were known in Scotland by the sixteenth century at the latest; one is mentioned in an instrument of sasine dated 1523. The Galloway breed comes from the cattle native to
925-470: The majority were in Northern Europe; the largest populations were in Denmark and Germany. The breed is 'rare' in the United States and the Livestock Conservancy classifies it as a breed to 'watch'. Galloway cows are of small to medium size, with weights in the range 450–600 kg ; bulls normally weigh approximately 800 kg , but may reach weights of over 1000 kg . Heifer calves are born at
962-480: The male Dzo of Nepal, a cattle-yak hybrid which is bred for agricultural work - like the mule and the hinny , they have to be continually bred from both of the parent species. Cumberland Cumberland ( / ˈ k ʌ m b ər l ə n d / KUM -bər-lənd ) is a historic county in North West England . The historic county is bordered by Northumberland to the north-east, County Durham to
999-419: The merging of small or lightly populated areas into larger units. A review was carried in Cumberland in 1934. The following table lists the urban and rural districts before and after the changes. The distribution of population in 1971 was as follows:1971 Census; Small Area Statistics In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 , the administrative county and county borough were abolished and their former area
1036-401: The north of Carlisle was partly in both Eskdale and Cumberland wards. * Parts or all of these parishes and townships constituted the City of Carlisle, and were largely outside the jurisdiction of Cumberland Ward. During the 19th century a series of reforms reshaped the local government of the county, creating a system of districts with directly elected councils. The first changes concerned
1073-672: The northeast. To the west the county is bounded by the Solway Firth and the Irish Sea . The northern boundary is formed by the Solway Estuary and the border with Scotland running east to Scotch Knowe at Kershope Burn. The boundary runs south from Scotch Knowe along the Cheviot Hills , then followed a tributary of the River Irthing and crossed Denton Fell to the River Tees . From Tees Head
1110-538: The possessions of the Earl of Northumbria , had been incorporated into Yorkshire . In AD 1092, King William Rufus of England invaded the Carlisle district, settling it with colonists. He created an Earldom of Carlisle, and granted the territory to Ranulf le Meschin . In 1133, Carlisle was made the see of a new diocese , largely identical with the area of the earldom. However, on the death of King Henry I of England in 1135,
1147-490: The proposal to the commission. The Grass-of-Parnassus was the county flower . It had been associated with the county since 1951, when it was included in the coat of arms granted to the Cumberland County Council. It subsequently featured in the arms granted to Cumbria County Council and Copeland Borough Council , in both cases to represent Cumberland. The flower was also attributed to Cumbria in 2002 as part of
Galloway cattle - Misplaced Pages Continue
1184-415: The south-west region of Scotland, first fully developed in the seventeenth century. Originally, there was much variation within this breed, including many different colours and patterns. The original Galloway herd book only registered black cattle, but the recessive gene for red colour persisted in the population, and eventually dun Galloways were also allowed into the herd book. As a result, although black
1221-700: The world further species of cattle are found (both as wild and domesticated animals), and some of these are related so closely to taurine and indicus cattle that interspecies hybrids have been bred. Examples include the Dwarf Lulu cattle of the mountains of Nepal with yak blood, the Beefalo of North America with bison genes, the Selembu breed of India and Bhutan with gayal genes. The Madura breed of Indonesia may have banteng in its parentage. In addition to these fertile hybrids, there are sterile hybrids such as
1258-530: Was ceded to Malcolm I , king of Alba (Scotland), by King Edmund I of England . As with 'Cymru' , the native Welsh name for Wales , the names 'Cumberland' and 'Cumbria' are derived from kombroges in Common Brittonic , which originally meant "compatriots". At the time of the Domesday Book (AD 1086) most of the future county was part of Scotland, although some villages around Millom , which were
1295-529: Was combined with Westmorland and parts of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria . The area from Cumberland went on to form the districts of Carlisle , Allerdale , Copeland and part of Eden . The name continues in use as a geographical and cultural term, and it survives in Cumberland sausages ; HMS Cumberland ; the Cumberland Fell Runners Club;
1332-511: Was founded in 1908. They did not recognise dun coloured Galloway cattle, which was met with outrage and this ban was later lifted. In 1951, Galloway cattle were introduced to Australia. In the 1950s, the breed enjoyed much success because the beef market demanded low input (feed) cattle with high quality meat. However, the BSE crisis (or mad cow disease) caused an export ban in 1990, although there were no cases of BSE found in Galloway cattle. This created
1369-519: Was made permanent by the Treaty of York in 1237. The boundaries formed in the 12th century were not changed substantially over the county's existence. There are four English historic counties and two Scottish counties that it borders: Northumberland and County Durham to the east; Westmorland to the south, the Furness part of Lancashire to the southwest; Dumfriesshire to the north and Roxburghshire to
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