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58-418: 41°13′30″S 173°25′30″E  /  41.22500°S 173.42500°E  / -41.22500; 173.42500 This article related to the geography of Nelson, New Zealand is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Marlborough Region -related geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nelson, New Zealand Nelson ( Māori : Whakatū )

116-778: A Māori attack on Nelson led to the formation of the Nelson Battalion of Militia in 1845. Nelson township was managed by the Nelson Provincial Council through a Board of Works constituted by the Provincial Government under the Nelson Improvement Act 1856 until 1874. It was proclaimed a Bishop's See and city under letters patent by Queen Victoria on 27 September 1858, the second New Zealand city proclaimed in this manner after Christchurch . Nelson only had some 5,000 residents at this time. Edmund Hobhouse

174-463: A distinct identity of its own in Wellington. They enjoy fishing and birding; own land rights and have an organizational structure associated with kainga, marae, and waahi tapu, among others. Despite the pressure of competing interests among the tribes of Wellington, at first a thriving economy was developed. This economy was largely based in trading with visiting ships. In November 1835, after discussing

232-637: A historical relic and the Songer Tree marks the site on Signal Hill of the original flagpole. The Nelson-Tasman area comprises two unitary authorities – Nelson City, administered by the Nelson City Council , and Tasman District , administered by the Tasman District Council , based in Richmond 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the southwest. It is between Marlborough , another unitary authority, to

290-510: A major drawback: it lacked suitable arable land ; Nelson City stands right on the edge of a mountain range while the nearby Waimea Plains amount to only about 60,000 acres (240 km ), less than one third of the area required by the Company plans. The Company secured land from the Māori, that was not clearly defined, for £800: it included Nelson, Waimea, Motueka , Riwaka and Whakapuaka. This allowed

348-658: A possible invasion of Samoa and the Norfolk Islands, many Ngati Tama took part in the sea invasion of the closer Chatham Islands. Together with the Ngati Mutunga, they captured the mate of The Lord Rodney and threatened to kill him unless he took them to the Chatham Islands. There they massacred about 300 Moriori , raped the women, enslaved the survivors, and destroyed their economy and traditional way of living. Some returned home to Taranaki. In 1835, 24 generations after

406-560: A project to replace these sands was put in place and has so far proved a success, with the sand rising a considerable amount and the dunes continuing to grow. The Nelson territorial authority area is small (just 445 km ) and has four main waterways, the Whangamoa, Wakapuaka, Maitai and Roding Rivers. The Roding River, the southernmost in Nelson, arises in the hills between Mount Meares and Dun Mountain. From there it flows westward before entering

464-464: A reign of terror. Stunned, the Moriori called a council of 1,000 men at Te Awapātiki to debate what to do. The younger men were keen to repel the invaders and argued that although they had not fought for many centuries, they outnumbered the newcomers two to one and were a strong people. But the elders argued that Nunuku’s Law was a sacred covenant with their gods and could not be broken. The consequences for

522-499: A small number of Bavarian Catholics . In 1892, the New Zealand Church Mission Society (NZCMS) was formed in a Nelson church hall. After a brief initial period of prosperity, the lack of land and of capital caught up with the settlement and it entered a prolonged period of relative depression. The labourers had to accept a cut in their wages. Organised immigration ceased (a state of affairs that continued until

580-530: Is a consolidated city and unitary authority on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay at the top of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in the country; it was established in 1841 and became a city by British royal charter in 1858. It is the only consolidated city-region in the nation. Nelson City is bordered to the west and south-west by

638-555: Is a historic Māori tribe of present-day New Zealand. Their origins, according to Māori oral tradition, date back to Tama Ariki, the chief navigator on the Tokomaru waka . They are located in north Taranaki , around Poutama . River Mōhakatino marks their northern boundary with the Tainui and the Ngāti Maniapoto . The close geographical proximity of Tainui's Ngāti Toa of Kawhia and

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696-405: Is a public holiday observed in the northern half of the South Island of New Zealand, being the area's provincial anniversary day. It is observed throughout the historic Nelson Province, even though the provinces of New Zealand were abolished in 1876. The modern area of observation includes all of Nelson City and includes all of the present-day Buller, Kaikōura, Marlborough, Tasman districts as well as

754-620: Is evidence that the earliest settlements in New Zealand were around the Nelson-Marlborough regions. Some of the earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are Ngāti Hāwea, Ngāti Wairangi, Waitaha and Kāti Māmoe . Waitaha people developed the land around the Waimea Gardens, are believed to have been the first people to quarry argillite in around Nelson. They also developed much of the Waimea Gardens complex – more than 400 hectares on

812-566: Is set up as a village filled with buildings set in a historical time, including well established gardens. Throughout the park, there are stories to be learned about the history of this town. The New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy from the Māori some 200,000 acres (810 km ) of land, which they planned to divide into one thousand lots and sell to intending settlers. The company earmarked profits to finance

870-564: The French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Nelsonians; Trafalgar Street is its main shopping axis. Nelson's Māori name, Whakatū, means 'construct', 'raise', or 'establish'. In an article to The Colonist newspaper on 16 July 1867, Francis Stevens described Nelson as "The Naples of

928-477: The Ngati Mutunga explains the long, continuous, and close relationship among these three tribes. The Ngati Tama migrated south in the 1820s in search of better opportunities (e.g. trade) and to ensure their safety, as there was a conflict with musket-carrying Tainui people. The Ngati Tama paramount chief Te Pūoho-o-te-rangi led the expedition south, along with his brother Te Kaeaea and other chiefs. While

986-613: The Southern Hemisphere ". Today, Nelson has the nicknames of "Sunny Nelson" due to its high sunshine hours per year or the "Top of the South" because of its geographic location. In New Zealand Sign Language , the name is signed by putting the index and middle fingers together which are raised to the nose until the fingertips touch the nose, then move the hand forward so that the fingers point slightly forward away from oneself. Settlement of Nelson began about 700 years ago by Māori. There

1044-636: The Tasman District and to the north-east, east and south-east by the Marlborough District . The Nelson urban area has a population of 51,300, making it New Zealand's 15th most populous urban area. Nelson is well known for its thriving local arts and crafts scene; each year, the city hosts events popular with locals and tourists alike, such as the Nelson Arts Festival. Nelson was named in honour of Admiral Horatio Nelson , who defeated both

1102-761: The Wharepapa / Arthur Range , including the Nettlebed Cave and some of the largest and deepest explored caverns in the Southern Hemisphere. Nelson is known for its great lakes, hikes and walks surrounding the town, the most popular being the Abel Tasman Coast Track , Abel Tasman National Park , and Heaphy Track . These tracks are also known for recreational activities. There are many huts and camping grounds in all three tracks for availability to stay in. There are places to fish, hunt and observe nature within

1160-476: The 1850s). By the end of 1843, artisans and labourers began leaving Nelson; by 1846, some 25% of the immigrants had moved away. The pressure to find more arable land became intense. To the south-east of Nelson lay the wide and fertile plains of the Wairau Valley. The New Zealand Company tried to claim that they had purchased the land. The Māori owners stated adamantly that the Wairau Valley had not formed part of

1218-663: The Chatham Islands. Some individuals survived, many in whanau groupings, living with other Maori groups. The Ngati Tama's presence in Wellington as a tribe was lost. Given the absence of an organized entity representing the Ngati Tama in Wellington, other tribes such as the Ngāti Toa and the Te Atiawa took responsibility for looking after the Ngati Tama's interests. In particular, the Wellington Tenths Trust has directly represented

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1276-517: The Crown finished its land acquisition program, the Ngati Tama had virtually no land left. By the 1870s, they had largely moved from the harbor rim and been evicted. The impact on the Ngati Tama was significant. They had been scattered by the invasion of the Waikato tribes during the musket wars of the 1820s. Many then left Wellington, which they had invaded and conquered, to take part in the seaborne invasion of

1334-745: The Grey District north of the Grey River / Māwheranui and the Hurunui District north of the Hurunui River. The holiday usually falls on the Monday closest to 1 February, the anniversary of the arrival of the first New Zealand Company boat, the Fifeshire on 1 February 1842. Anniversary celebrations in the early years featured a sailing regatta, horse racing, running races, shooting and ploughing matches. In 1892,

1392-535: The Marsdens. Many of the rooms have been transformed into displays for the public to view. The restoration of Isel House is managed by Isel House Charitable trust under the supervision of Sally Papps, but the house and the park ground surrounding it are owned by the Nelson City Council. Founders Heritage Park is a local historical visit in Nelson. This interactive park shows visitors the history of Nelson. The park

1450-599: The Moriori chief Nunuku had forbidden war, the Moriori welcomed about 900 people from two Māori tribes, the Ngāti Mutunga and the Ngāti Tama. Originally from Taranaki (on New Zealand’s Northern Island), they had voyaged from Wellington on an overcrowded European vessel, the Rodney. They arrived severely weakened, but were nursed back to health by their Moriori hosts. However, they soon revealed their hostile intentions and embarked on

1508-487: The Moriori were devastating. Although the total number of Moriori first slaughtered was said to be around 300, hundreds more were enslaved by the invading tribes and later died. Some were killed by their captors. Others, horrified by the desecration of their beliefs, died of despair. According to records made by elders, 1,561 Moriori died between 1835 and 1863, when they were released from slavery. Many succumbed to diseases introduced by Europeans, but large numbers also died at

1566-459: The National Parks and Lakes. Nelson has a temperate oceanic climate ( Cfb ), with cool winters and warm summers. Nelson has rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year and has fewer frosts due to the highly marine geography of New Zealand. Winter is the stormiest time, where gales and storms are more common. Nelson has one of the sunniest climates of all major New Zealand centres, earning

1624-588: The Nelson Jubilee Celebration featured an official week-long programme with church services, sports, concerts, a ball and a grand display of fireworks. In 1858, the Nelson Provincial Council erected a time gun at the spot on Brittania Heights where, in 1841, Captain Wakefield erected his flagpole . The gun was fired each Saturday at noon to give the correct time. The gun is now preserved as

1682-682: The Ngati Tama and the Te Atiawa arrived in Whanganui-a-Tara in a series of migrations from Taranaki, led by Ngāti Toa) in 1822, participating in a process of invasion and conquest and occupation of the surroundings of Wellington by 1824. They encountered tribes who were already settled in Te Whanganui-a-Tara such as the Ngai Tara, the Ngati Ira, and the Ngati Kahungunu. While the Ngāti Toa and

1740-459: The Ngati Tama were one of the first Taranaki tribes to arrive in Wellington in the 1820s, other tribes and clans joined the migration from Taranaki, such as the Ngati Mutunga and the Te Atiawa. These three tribes share the same heritage, which goes back to the "Tokomaru canoe". Some central and southern Taranaki tribes, including the Wanganui, also took part in the journey southwards. Evidence suggests

1798-900: The Ngati Tama's survival. By 1842, the Ngati Tama people were forcibly removed from their lands by Crown-assisted settler occupation. They sought refuge by squatting on land in the Hutt Valley, where the soil was more productive than in the reserves they had been awarded. The occupation was short-lived and ended in February 1846, when Governor Grey evicted them under threat of military intervention. The Ngati Tama's cultivated areas, their sole means of survival, were plundered. Their chief Te Kaeaea exiled in Auckland. The remaining Ngati Tama had to seek sanctuary with other indigenous tribes and clans. They suffered from high levels of disease and mortality, having no choice but to sell reserve land out of necessity. When

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1856-642: The Saddle Hill area to its mouth at Cable Bay in North Nelson, has two main tributaries, the Lud and Teal Rivers. Entering Tasman Bay near Kokorua in the north of Nelson, the Whangamoa River is the longest waterway in Nelson. Smaller waterways in the south of Nelson include: Saxton Creek, Orchard Stream, Poorman Valley Stream, Arapiki Stream, Jenkins Creek and Maire Stream. The central city of Nelson, also referred to as

1914-473: The Taranaki tribes shared common rights about the land around Wellington, the Ngati Tama kept a separate and distinct identity in various areas in Wellington. Ngati Tama settlements on the harbor included Kaiwharawhara, Pakuao and Raurimu from the first arrival in 1824, Tiakiwai (Thorndon) after the departure of Ngati Mutunga (in 1835). The Ngati Tama established settlements at Ohariu, Mākara, Ohaua, and Oterongo on

1972-745: The Tasman District where it eventually joins the Waimea River, which flows into Waimea Inlet near Rabbit Island. The Maitai River flows westward from the Dun Mountain area into the town centre of Nelson before entering the Nelson Haven then Tasman Bay via 'The Cut'. Major tributaries of the Maitai River are: York and Brook Streams plus Sharland , Packer, Groom , Glen, Neds, Sclanders, Beauchamp and Mill Creeks. The Wakapuaka River, which flows north from

2030-460: The Tasman District. Nelson is surrounded by mountains on three sides and Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere on the fourth, with its region acting as the gateway to the Abel Tasman , Kahurangi , and Nelson Lakes National Parks . It is a centre for both ecotourism and adventure tourism and has a high reputation among caving enthusiasts due to several prominent cave systems around Takaka Hill and

2088-775: The Waimea Plains near Nelson. In the early 1600s, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri displaced other te Tau Ihu Māori , becoming the dominant tribe in the area until the early 1800s. Raids from northern tribes in the 1820s, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa , soon decimated the local population and quickly displaced them. Today there are eight mutually recognised tribes of the northernwestern region: Ngāti Kuia , Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō , Rangitāne , Ngāti Toarangatira , Ngāti Koata , Ngāti Rārua , Ngāti Tama and Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui . There are three main historic places located in Nelson. They are Broadgreen Historic House, Isel House, and Founders Heritage Park. The Broadgreen Historic House

2146-645: The central business district (CBD), is bounded by Halifax Street to the north, Rutherford Street to the west, Collingwood Street to the east, and Selwyn Place to the south. Other major streets within the CBD include Trafalgar Street, Bridge Street and Hardy Street. Suburbs within Nelson City's territorial area borders are grouped into four city districts: Nelson North : City Centre : Tāhunanui-Port Hills : Stoke : The Nelson commuter belt extends to Richmond , Brightwater , Hope , Māpua and Wakefield in

2204-481: The compensation under protest while those living in Ohariu missed any compensation whatsoever. In 1847, McCleverty concluded a series of agreements with Ngati Tama to finally settle the reserves issue. In total, the 200 Ngati Tama received 2600 acres of reserves, of which about 13 acres per person were set aside as compensation. The ceded reserves were inadequate for their needs and unsuitable for growing crops, essential for

2262-453: The difficulty of the passage. A cut was later made in the bank in 1906 which allowed larger vessels access to the port. The creation of Rocks Road around the waterfront area after the Tāhunanui slump in 1892 increased the effects of the tide on Nelson city's beach, Tāhunanui, and removed sediment. This meant the popular beach and adjoining car park were being eroded (plus the sand dunes ) so

2320-699: The east, and the West Coast Regional Council to the west. For some while, there has been talk about amalgamating Nelson City and the Tasman District to streamline and render more financially economical the existing co-operation between the two councils, exemplified by the jointly owned Port Nelson and the creation of Nelson Tasman Tourism , a jointly owned tourism promotion organisation. However, an official poll conducted in April 2012 showed nearly three-quarters of those who voted in Richmond were opposed to

2378-534: The free passage of artisans and labourers, with their families, and for the construction of public works. However, by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold. Despite this, the colony pushed ahead, and land was surveyed by Frederick Tuckett . Three ships, the Arrow , Whitby , and Will Watch , sailed from London commanded by Captain Arthur Wakefield . Arriving in New Zealand, they discovered that

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2436-491: The hands of the Ngāti Mutunga and the Ngāti Tama. In 1862 only 101 remained. When the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933, many thought this marked the extinction of a race. In the late 1830s, the New Zealand Company brought boatloads of European colonizers who searched for a place to settle in Te Whanganui-a-Tara (Wellington Harbor). The effects of European settlement on the Ngati Tama proved to be disastrous as

2494-583: The interests of its beneficiaries; namely those individuals and their descendants who were named as owners of Ngati Tama reserves in the Wellington region back in the 19th century. In 2003, the tribe's historical Treaty of Waitangi claims were resolved with the passing of the Ngati Tama Claims Settlement Act 2003. The Act includes a historical narrative of the Crown's interactions with the tribe and an apology: The settlement also includes specific financial benefits. Te Korimako O Taranaki

2552-517: The monument marks the "zero, zero" point to which the first geodetic surveys of New Zealand were referenced. These surveys were started in the 1870s by John Spence Browning, the Chief Surveyor for Nelson. From this 360-degree viewpoint, survey marks in neighbouring regions (including Wellington in the North Island) could be triangulated and the local surveys connected. In 1962, Dr Ian Reilly from

2610-465: The new Governor of the colony, William Hobson , would not give them a free hand to secure vast areas of land from the Māori or indeed to decide where to site the colony. However, after some delay, Hobson allowed the company to investigate the Tasman Bay area at the north end of the South Island. The Company selected the site now occupied by Nelson City because it had the best harbour in the area. But it had

2668-485: The new arrivals sought Maori land. The Port Nicholson Deed was a land sale transaction between the New Zealand Company and the chiefs in the Hutt Valley, with the Ngati Tama Chief Te Kaeaea taking part in it. The New Zealand Company thought they had purchased land from Te Kaeaea when they had only been given anchorage and port rights at Wellington Harbor. The Crown set up a Spanish Commission to inquire into

2726-437: The nickname 'Sunny Nelson' with an annual average total of over 2400 hours of sunshine. The highest recorded temperature in Nelson is 36.3 °C (97 °F), the lowest −6.6 °C (20 °F). Nelson has a monument on Botanical Hill, near the centre of the city. The walk to this is called the " Centre of New Zealand walk ". Despite the name, this monument does not mark the actual geographic centre of New Zealand. Instead,

2784-682: The now defunct Department of Scientific and Industrial Research calculated the geographic centre of New Zealand (including Stewart Island and some smaller islands in addition to the North and South Island, but excluding the Chathams ) to be in a forest in Spooners Range 35 mi (56 kilometres) southwest of Nelson at 41°30′S 172°50′E  /  41.500°S 172.833°E  / -41.500; 172.833  ( Geographical Centre of New Zealand ) . Ng%C4%81ti Tama The Ngāti Tama

2842-436: The original land sale, and made it clear they would resist any attempts by the settlers to occupy the area. The Nelson settlers led by Arthur Wakefield and Henry Thompson attempted to do just that. This resulted in the Wairau Affray , where 22 settlers and 4 Māori died. The subsequent Government inquiry exonerated the Māori and found that the Nelson settlers had no legitimate claim to any land outside Tasman Bay. Public fears of

2900-479: The proposal, with a narrow majority in favour. Nelson has beaches and a sheltered harbour. The harbour entrance is protected by a Boulder Bank , a natural, 13 km (8 miles) bank of rocks transported south from Mackay Bluff via longshore drift . The bank creates a perfect natural harbour which enticed the first settlers, although the entrance was narrow. The wreck of the Fifeshire on Arrow Rock (now called Fifeshire Rock in memory of this disaster) in 1842 proved

2958-480: The sale of Ngati Tama land. Despite protests from the Ngati Tama, the Crown assisted the settlers and gave them indigenous land. The Crown's actions had a fatal impact in Whanganui-a-Tara, the Ngati Tama losing the land they had conquered in 1822. In 1844 Governor Fitzroy adopted a policy of compensating the Ngati Tama. However, there was no consultation and the compensation proceeded only in a summary fashion. The Ngati Tama living in Kaiwharawhara received their share of

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3016-404: The sale of land in Wellington. Spain adopted an attitude towards the Ngati Tama's claims prejudicial for their interests because of the occupation of the land in the Hutt by the Ngati Tama. While Spain recognized the numerous faults in the land sales, the Commission's findings incorrectly assumed that Te Kaeaea's participation in the transaction of Port Nicholson was equal to the complete support for

3074-421: The settlement to begin, but the lack of definition would prove the source of much future conflict. The three colony ships sailed into Nelson Haven during the first week of November 1841. When the four first immigrant ships – Fifeshire , Mary-Ann , Lord Auckland and Lloyds – arrived three months later, they found the town already laid out with streets, some wooden houses, tents and rough sheds. The town

3132-619: The western coast; and Komangarautawhiri further north. They also had summer fishing kainga at Okiwi and Mukamuka (Palliser Bay). The Ngati Tama basically owned all rights in Te Whanganui-a-Tara and its resources, especially from the west to the coast. The Ngati Tama were joined tangata whenua, and had tino rangatiratanga, mana whenua and tangata whenua status over those lands, in accordance with traditional Maori law and customs. They exerted their status with their mana, rangatiratanga, by creating relations between groups, or by physical use, cultivation and occupation. The Ngati Tama tribe has maintained

3190-459: Was laid out on a grid plan . Within 18 months, the company had sent out 18 ships with 1052 men, 872 women and 1384 children. However, fewer than ninety of the settlers had the capital to start as landowners. The early settlement of Nelson province included a proportion of German immigrants, who arrived on the ship Sankt Pauli and formed the nucleus of the villages of Sarau ( Upper Moutere ) and Neudorf. These were mostly Lutheran Protestants with

3248-420: Was originally built in 1855 for Mr and Mrs Edmund Buxton, additionally with their six daughters. The house was later sold to a Fred Langbein in 1901, who lived there with his family until 1965. In 1965, the house was bought by the Nelson City Council and is now used operated a museum for the general public. Isel House is a local historical building located in Nelson. It was home to one of Nelson's first families,

3306-406: Was the capital of Nelson Province . The province itself was much larger than present-day Nelson City and included all of the present-day Buller , Kaikōura , Marlborough , Nelson, and Tasman, as well as the Grey District north of the Grey River and the Hurunui District north of the Hurunui River . The Marlborough Province split from Nelson Province in October 1859. Nelson Anniversary Day

3364-472: Was the first Bishop. The Municipal Corporations Act 1876 stated that Nelson was constituted a city on 30 March 1874. Nelson City has a coat of arms, obtained in 1958 from the College of Arms to mark the Centenary of Nelson as a City. The blazon of the arms is: Motto " Palmam qui meruit ferat " (Let him, who has earned it, bear the palm). This motto is the same as that of Lord Nelson . From 1853 until 1876, when provincial governments were abolished, Nelson

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