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88-735: It is known for hosting the Rhodo Festival, the biggest exhibition of rhododendrons in Europe. The festival is hosted every four years (next time in 2027). The villages of Burgforde , Eggeloge , Felde , Fikensolt , Garnholt , Gießelhorst , Halsbek , Halstrup , Hollriede , Hollwege , Hollwegerfeld , Hüllstede , Ihausen , Ihorst , Karlshof , Linswege , Linswegerfeld , Mansie , Lindern , Moorburg , Neuengland , Ocholt , Ocholterfeld , Ollenharde , Petersfeld , Tarbarg , Torsholt , Westerloy , Westerloyerfeld and Westerstederfeld are part of Westerstede. The railway station of Westerstede

176-650: A 16-point agreement was arrived at whereby the Government of India recognised the formation of Nagaland as a full-fledged state within the Union of India. Accordingly, the territory was placed under the Nagaland Transitional Provisions Regulation, 1961 which provided for an Interim body consisting of 45 members to be elected by tribes according to the customs, traditions and usage of the respective tribes. Subsequently, Nagaland attained statehood with

264-515: A Rhododendron Park has been established next to a beautiful wooded area. The park is open to visitors in May and June every year. The current mayor of Westerstede is Michael Rösner (UWG), who has been in office since 2019. This Ammerland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Rhododendrons Former subgenera : Rhododendron ( / ˌ r oʊ d ə ˈ d ɛ n d r ən / ; pl. : rhododendra )

352-468: A chromosome number of x=13, fruit that has a septicidal capsule , an ovary that is superior (or nearly so), stamens that have no appendages, and agglutinate (clumped) pollen . Rhododendron is the largest genus in the family Ericaceae , with over 1,000 species, (though estimates vary from 850 to 1,200) and is morphologically diverse. Consequently, the taxonomy has been historically complex. Although Rhododendrons had been known since

440-431: A cladistic analysis. They confirmed that the genus Rhododendron was monophyletic , with subgenus Therorhodion in the basal position , consistent with the matK studies. Following publication of the studies of Goetsch et al. (2005) with RPB2 , there began an ongoing realignment of species and groups within the genus, based on evolutionary relationships. Their work was more supportive of Sleumer's original system than

528-452: A sister to all other rhododendrons. The small polyphyletic subgenera Pentanthera and Azaleastrum were divided between two clades. The four sections of Pentanthera between clades B and C , with two each, while Azaleastrum had one section in each of A and C . Thus subgenera Azaleastrum and Pentanthera needed to be disassembled, and Rhododendron , Hymenanthes and Tsutsusi correspondingly expanded. In addition to

616-523: A hierarchy of subgenus, section, subsection, and species. Terminology from the Sleumer (1949) system is frequently found in older literature, with five subgenera and is as follows; In the later traditional classification, attributed to Chamberlain (1996), and as used by horticulturalists and the American Rhododendron Society , Rhododendron has eight subgenera based on morphology , namely

704-862: A lesser degree in the Mountainous areas of North America and Western Eurasia . Subgenus Tsutsusi is found in the maritime regions of East Asia (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, East China ), but not in North America or Eurasia. In the United States, native Rhododendron mostly occur in lowland and montane forests in the Pacific Northwest , California , the Northeast , and the Appalachian Mountains . Rhododendron ponticum has become invasive in Ireland and

792-419: A new subgenus was created by elevating subgenus Azaleastrum section Choniastrum to subgenus rank. Subgenus Pentanthera (deciduous azaleas) with its four sections was dismembered by eliminating two sections and redistributing the other two between the existing subgenera in clades B ( Hymenanthes ) and C ( Azaleastrum ), although the name was retained in section Pentanthera (14 species) which

880-617: A rich birdlife with more than 490 species. The great Indian hornbill has a place in Naga culture. Blyth's tragopan , a vulnerable species of galliform, is the state bird of Nagaland. It is sighted in Mount Japfü and Dzüko Valley of Kohima District, Satoi range in Zünheboto District and Pfütsero in Phek District . The state is also known as the "falcon capital of the world" thanks to

968-413: A single section, and some sections only a single subsection. Shown here is the traditional classification, with species number after Chamberlain (1996), but this scheme is undergoing constant revision. Revisions by Goetsch et al. (2005) and by Craven et al. (2008) shown in ( parenthetical italics ). Older ranks such as Series (groups of species) are no longer used but may be found in the literature, but

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1056-615: A state of civil unrest and protests in response to the announcement to implement 33% women's reservation in the Civic Elections. On 4 December 2021, a unit of the 21st Para Special Forces of the Indian Army killed six civilian labourers near Oting Village in the Mon District of Nagaland. Eight more civilians and a soldier were killed in subsequent violence. The incident was widely condemned, with many calling out to repeal and revoke

1144-418: A subgenus of Rhododendron . In 1987 Spethmann, adding phytochemical features proposed a system with fifteen subgenera grouped into three 'chorus' subgenera. A number of closely related genera had been included together with Rhododendron in a former tribe, Rhodoreae. These have been progressively incorporated into Rhododendron . Chamberlain and Rae moved the monotypic section Tsusiopsis together with

1232-518: Is Kohima and its largest city is the twin Chümoukedima – Dimapur . The state has an area of 16,579 square kilometres (6,401 sq mi) with a population of 1,980,602 as per the 2011 Census of India , making it one of the least populated states in India. Nagaland consists of 16 administrative districts, inhabited by 17 major tribes along with other sub-tribes. Each tribe is distinct in character from

1320-437: Is Longleng (50,593). 75% of the population lives in the rural areas. As of 2013, about 10% of rural population is below the poverty line; among the people living in urban areas 4.3% of them are below the poverty line. The state showed a population drop between the 2001 census and the 2011 census, the only state to show a population drop in the census. This has been attributed, by scholars, to incorrect counting in past censuses;

1408-472: Is a genus of shrubs and small to (rarely) large trees , the smallest species growing to 10–100 cm (4–40 in) tall, and the largest, R. protistum var. giganteum , reported to 30 m (100 ft) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged; leaf size can range from 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) to over 50 cm (20 in), exceptionally 100 cm (40 in) in R. sinogrande . They may be either evergreen or deciduous . In some species,

1496-506: Is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants and in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous . Most species are native to eastern Asia and the Himalayan region, but smaller numbers occur elsewhere in Asia, and in North America, Europe and Australia. It is the national flower of Nepal , the state flower of Washington and West Virginia in

1584-406: Is at Viswema , in the southern region of the state. The state has significant resources of natural minerals, petroleum, and hydropower, with the primary sector which is mostly agriculture still accounting for 24.6% of its economy. Other significant activities include forestry , tourism, insurance, real estate, horticulture, and miscellaneous cottage industries . The origin of the word 'Naga'

1672-481: Is largely rural with 71.14% living in rural regions in 2011. Census reports up to 1951 listed just one settlement in Nagaland as a town, the capital Kohima. The next two settlements, Dimapur and Mokokchung were listed as towns from 1961. Four more towns appeared in 1981, Tuensang , Wokha , Mon and Zünheboto . The relatively slow rate of urbanisation in Nagaland was described in the 1980s as being an effect of (a)

1760-417: Is located in the village of Ocholt, 6 km south of the town. Trains from and to Leer and Oldenburg halt there every hour. The community (and the whole Ammerland region) is famous for its tree nurseries. They grow rhododendrons that are sold outside Germany as well. The slightly acid peat soil is very suitable for this type of horticulture. Near Linswege village, 7 km north-east of Westerstede,

1848-458: Is subgenus Rhododendron , containing nearly half of all known species and all of the lepidote species. For a comparison of the Sleumer and Chamberlain systems, see Goetsch et al. (2005) Table 1. This division was based on a number of what were thought to be key morphological characteristics. These included the position of the inflorescence buds (terminal or lateral), whether lepidote or elepidote, deciduousness of leaves, and whether new foliage

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1936-838: Is the World War II Cemetery, and the War Museum, in honour of those who died during World War II during the fighting between the British Empire and Japanese troops. Nearly 4,000 British Empire troops died, along with 3,000 Japanese. Many of those who died were Naga people, particularly the Angami Nagas. Near the memorial is the Kohima Cathedral , on Aradura Hill , built with funds from the families and friends of deceased Japanese soldiers. Prayers are held in Kohima for peace and in memory of

2024-467: Is unclear. The present day Naga people have historically been referred to by many names, like "Noga" or "Naka" by the inhabitants of the Ahom kingdom in what is now considered as Assam which means "naked", "Hao" by Meitei people of Imphal Valley and "Nakas" or 'Naga' by Burmese of what is now considered as Myanmar meaning "people with earrings", while others suggest it means pierced noses. Before

2112-653: Is widely spoken. The major languages spoken as per the 2011 census are Konyak (244,135), Ao (231,084), Lotha (177,488), Angami (151,883), Chokri (91,010), Sangtam (75,841), Bengali (74,753), Zeme (71,954; covering Zeliang , 60,399 and Zemi , 11,165), Yimkhiungrü (74,156), Chang (65,632), Khiamniungan (61,906), Rengma (61,537), Phom (53,674), Nepali (43,481), Kuzhami (34,218), Pochury (21,446), Kuki (18,391), Chakhesang (17,919), Assamese (17,201), Bodo (12,243; covering Bodo 7,372 and Dimasa 4,871), Manipuri (9,511), Sema (8,268), etc. Religion in Nagaland (2011) The state's population

2200-640: The Armed Forces Special Powers Act . The most recent Nagaland Legislative Assembly election took place on 27 February 2023 to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the 60 Assembly Constituencies in the state. A voter turnout of 87% was observed in the election. The election created history by electing two women candidates for the first time in Nagaland — Hekani Jakhalu Kense and Salhoutuonuo Kruse . Both candidates were from

2288-657: The British Raj , Britain expanded its domain over the whole of South Asia , including the Naga Hills . The first Europeans to enter the hills were Captain Francis Jenkins and Lieutenant Robert Pemberton in 1832. The early contact with the Naga ethnic groups was characterised by suspicion and conflict . The colonial interests in Assam, such as managers of tea estates and other trading posts led defensive action against raids from

2376-675: The East Indian Company led the British Crown to review its governance structure throughout South Asia including its northeastern region. In 1866, the British India administration established a post at Samaguting with the explicit goal of ending intertribal warfare and tribal raids on property and personnel. In 1869, Captain Butler was appointed to lead and consolidate the British presence in

2464-503: The Indian Army in 1955, to restore order. In 1957, an agreement was reached between Naga leaders and the Indian government, creating a single separate region of the Naga Hills . The Tuensang frontier was united with this single political region, Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA), and it became an autonomous area under Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India . It was to be "administered by

2552-699: The Maritime Southeast Asia from their presumed Southeast Asian origin to Northern Australia, with 55 known species in Borneo and 164 in New Guinea . The species in New Guinea are native to subalpine moist grasslands at around 3,000 metres above sea level in the Central Highlands. Subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes , together with section Pentanthera of subgenus Pentanthera are also represented to

2640-572: The Solomon Islands . The centres of diversity are in the Himalayas and Maritime Southeast Asia , with the greatest species diversity in the Sino-Himalayan region, Southwest China and northern Burma , from India – Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Sikkim and Nagaland to Nepal , northwestern Yunnan and western Sichuan and southeastern Tibet . Other significant areas of diversity are in

2728-522: The United Kingdom . It is an introduced species, spreading in woodland areas and replacing the natural understory. R. ponticum is difficult to eradicate, as its roots can make new shoots. A number of insects either target rhododendrons or will opportunistically attack them. Rhododendron borers and various weevils are major pests of rhododendrons, and many caterpillars will preferentially devour them. Rhododendron species are used as food plants by

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2816-473: The independence of India in 1947, the area remained a part of the province of Assam . Nationalist activities arose among a section of the Nagas. Phizo -led Naga National Council demanded a political union of their ancestral and native groups. The movement led to a series of violent incidents , that damaged government and civil infrastructure, attacked government officials and civilians. The central government sent

2904-658: The infant mortality rate amounts to 3 per 1,000 births (2019), on par with the most developed countries. Both health indicators are the best among Indian states. The fertility rate of 1.7 children per woman (2019–21) lies below the population replacement level. The state is home to 15 major native Naga ethnic groups – Angami , Ao , Chakhesang , Chang , Khiamniungan , Konyak , Lotha , Phom , Pochury , Rengma , Sangtam , Sümi , Tikhir , Yimkhiung , Zeme - Liangmai (Zeliang) and two other ethnic groups namely Kuki and Kachari with decent number of community. Some other recent minor tribes or subtribes that can found in

2992-452: The larvae ( caterpillars ) of some butterflies and moths ; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on rhododendrons. Major diseases include Phytophthora root rot, stem and twig fungal dieback. Rhododendron bud blast, a fungal condition that causes buds to turn brown and dry before they can open, is caused by the fungus Pycnostysanus azaleae , which may be brought to the plant by the rhododendron leafhopper, Graphocephala fennahi . In

3080-438: The nursery trade. Rhododendrons can be propagated by air layering or stem cuttings. They can self-propagate by sending up shoots from the roots. Sometimes an attached branch that has drooped to the ground will root in damp mulch, and the resulting rooted plant then can be cut off the parent rhododendron. They can also be reprodcued by seed dispersal - or by horticulturalists collecting the spent flower buds and saving ad drying

3168-516: The slow loris , Assamese macaque , pig-tailed macaque , stump-tailed macaque , rhesus macaque , capped langur , hoolock gibbon , Himalayan black bear , few sun bear , dhole , occasional Bengal tiger , Indian leopard , clouded leopard , marbled cat , golden cat , Indian elephants , Indian rhinoceros , gaur , red serow , common and leaf muntjac , eastern hog deer , sambar , Chinese pangolin , Malayan porcupine , Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine , and Hoary bamboo rats . Nagaland has

3256-700: The 1960s. In 2004, two powerful bombs were set off on the same day and struck the Dimapur Railway Station and the Hong Kong Market, resulting in 30 deaths and wounding over 100 others in the deadliest terrorist attack in Nagaland to date. Over the 5-year period of 2009 to 2013, between 0 and 11 civilians died per year in Nagaland from rebellion related activity (or less than 1 death per 100,000 people), and between 3 and 55 militants died per year in inter-factional killings (or between 0 and 3 deaths per 100,000 people). In early 2017, Nagaland went into

3344-591: The 2011 census in Nagaland is considered most reliable so far. The largest urban agglomerations are centred upon Dimapur (122,834) and Kohima (115,283). Other major towns (and 2011 census populations) are Tuensang (36,774), Mokokchung (35,913), Wokha (35,004), Mon (26,328), Chümoukedima (25,885), Zünheboto (22,633), Kiphire (16,487), Kuda (16,108), Kohima Village (15,734), Phek (14,204), Pfütsero (10,371) and Diphupar 'A' (10,246). The life expectancy of Nagaland stands at 75.4 years, 79.9 years for females and 71.5 years for males (2019–21) while

3432-567: The American Rhododendron Society still uses a similar device, called Alliances The system used by the World Flora Online as of December 2023 uses six subgenera, four of which are divided further: Species of the genus Rhododendron are widely distributed between latitudes 80°N and 20°S and are native to areas from North America to Europe , Russia , and Asia , and from Greenland to Queensland , Australia and

3520-547: The British Raj to return and respond. The subsequent defeat of Khonoma marked the end of serious and persistent ultimatums in the Naga Hills. Between 1880 and 1922, the British administration consolidated their position over a large area of the Naga Hills and integrated it into its Assam operations. The British administration enforced the rupee as the currency for economic activity and a system of structured ethnic government that

3608-519: The British adopted a policy of caution and non-interference with Naga ethnic groups. Despite this, colonists continued to move into Naga peoples' territory. Between 1851 and 1865, Naga ethnic groups continued to raid the British in Assam. The British India Government took over the holdings of the East Indian Company following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The failings and atrocities of

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3696-482: The Edinburgh group, placing more emphasis on the lepidote characteristics of the leaves, united all of the lepidote species into subgenus Rhododendron , including four of Sleumer's subgenera ( Rhododendron , Pseudoazalea , Pseudorhodorastrum , Rhodorastrum ). In 1986 Philipson & Philipson raised two sections of subgenus Aleastrum ( Mumeazalea , Candidastrum ) to subgenera, while reducing genus Therorhodion to

3784-677: The Governor as the agent of the President but will be distinct from the North East Frontier Administration". This was not satisfactory to the Nagas, however, and agitation with violence increased across the state – including attacks on army and government institutions, banks, as well as non-payment of taxes. In July 1960, following discussion between Prime Minister Nehru and the leaders of the Naga People Convention (NPC),

3872-589: The Indian Government resulted in a protracted insurgency . The State of Nagaland was formally inaugurated on 1 December 1963, as the 16th state of the Indian Union, and a democratically elected government took office in 1964. Nagaland is home to a rich variety of natural, cultural, and environmental resources. It is a mountainous state and lies between the parallels of 95° and 94° eastern longitude and 25.2° and 27.0° latitude north. The high-profile Dzüko Valley

3960-472: The Nagaland Hills. In 1878, the headquarters were transferred to Kohima — creating a city that remains an important center of administration, commerce, and culture for Nagaland. On 4 October 1879, British political agent G. H. Damant went to Khonoma with troops, where he was shot dead with 35 of his team. Kohima was subsequently attacked and the stockade looted. This violence led to a determined effort by

4048-668: The National Research Centre on Mithun (NRCM) was established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1988. Nagaland is home to 396 species of orchids, belonging to 92 genera of which 54 having horticultural and medicinal economic importance. Several preliminary studies indicate significant recoverable reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Limestone, marble and other decorative stone reserves are plentiful, and other as yet unexploited minerals include iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt. The Nagaland population

4136-712: The UK the forerunner of the Rhododendron, Camellia and Magnolia Group (RCMG), The Rhododendron Society was founded in 1916. while in Scotland species are being conserved by the Rhododendron Species Conservation Group. Both species and hybrid rhododendrons (including azaleas) are used extensively as ornamental plants in landscaping in many parts of the world, including both temperate and subtemperate regions. Many species and cultivars are grown commercially for

4224-764: The United States, the state flower of Nagaland and Himachal Pradesh in India, the provincial flower of Jeju Province in South Korea, the provincial flower of Jiangxi in China and the state tree of Sikkim and Uttarakhand in India. Most species have brightly colored flowers which bloom from late winter through to early summer. Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron . They are distinguished from "true" rhododendrons by having only five anthers per flower. The common and generic name comes from Ancient Greek ῥόδον rhódon  'rose' and δένδρον déndron  'tree'. Rhododendron

4312-517: The arrival of European colonialism in South Asia, there had been many wars, persecution and raids from Burma on the Nagas, Meiteis and others in India's northeast. The invaders came for " head hunting " and to seek wealth and captives from these tribes and ethnic groups . When the British inquired with Burmese guides about the people living in the northern Himalayas, they were told 'Naka'. This

4400-572: The description of Rhododendron hirsutum by Charles de l'Écluse (Clusius) in the sixteenth century, and were known to classical writers (Magor 1990), and referred to as Chamaerhododendron (low-growing rose tree), the genus was first formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum in 1753. He listed five species under Rhododendron : R.   ferrugineum (the type species ), R. dauricum , R. hirsutum , R. chamaecistus (now Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (L.) Rchb.) and R. maximum . At that time he considered

4488-687: The east of India, and historical records show the present-day Naga people settled before the arrival of the Ahoms in 1228 CE. In Yan-aung-myin Pagoda inscription found in Pinya of Myanmar mentions that the Kingdom of Ava under Minkhaung I (1400–1421) in the early 1400s extended till the territories of the Nagas. With the arrival of the British East India Company in the early 19th century, followed by

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4576-647: The enactment of the state of Nagaland Act in 1962 by the Parliament . The interim body was dissolved on 30 November 1963 and the state of Nagaland was formally inaugurated on 1 December 1963 and Kohima was declared as the state capital. After elections in January 1964, the first democratically elected Nagaland Legislative Assembly was constituted on 11 February 1964. The rebel activity continued in many Naga inhabited areas both in India and Burma. Ceasefires were announced and negotiations continued, but this did little to stop

4664-465: The ethnic groups who were known for their bravery and " head hunting " practices. To put an end to these raids, the British troops recorded 10 military expeditions between 1839 and 1850. In February 1851, at the bloody Battle of Kikrüma , people died on both the British side and the Kikrüma (Naga) side; in the days after the battle, inter-ethnic warfare followed that led to more bloodshed. After that war,

4752-775: The fallen of both sides of the battle. In 1929, a memorandum was submitted to the Simon Statutory Commission , requesting that the Nagas be exempt from reforms and new taxes proposed in British India , should be left alone to determine their own future. The Naga Memorandum submitted by the Naga Club (which later became the Naga National Council ) to the Simon Commission explicitly stated, 'to leave us alone to determine ourselves as in ancient times.' After

4840-561: The genus divided into eight sections. Of these Tsutsutsi ( Tsutsusi ), Pentanthera , Pogonanthum , Ponticum and Rhodora are still used, the other sections being Lepipherum , Booram , and Chamaecistus . This structure largely survived till recently (2004), following which the development of molecular phylogeny led to major re-examinations of traditional morphological classifications, although other authors such as Candolle, who described six sections, used slightly different numeration. Soon, as more species became available in

4928-425: The heath complex in oak-heath forests in eastern North America. They have frequently been divided based on the presence or absence of scales on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface ( lepidote or elepidote). These scales, unique to subgenus Rhododendron , are modified hairs consisting of a polygonal scale attached by a stalk. Rhododendron are characterised by having inflorescences with scarious (dry) perulae ,

5016-462: The hundreds of thousands of Amur falcons that stop at Doyang Reservoir to feast on flying termites on their way from China and Siberia to Africa each year. Mithun (a semi-domesticated gaur ) is the state animal of Nagaland and has been adopted as the official seal of the Government of Nagaland . It is ritually the most valued species in the state. To conserve and protect this animal in the northeast,

5104-481: The largely administrative roles of the towns, except for Dimapur which had a more diversified economy, and (b) a low level of mobility among the tribes of Nagaland, scheduled tribes constituting nearly 90% of the population. The population of Nagaland consists of almost 2.2 million people, consisting of 1.04 million males and 0.95 million females. Among its districts, Kohima has the largest population (270,063) followed by Dimapur (170,000). The least populated district

5192-520: The later modifications introduced by Chamberlain et al. . The major finding of Goetsch and colleagues was that all species examined (except R. camtschaticum , subgenus Therorhodion ) formed three major clades which they labelled A , B , and C , with the subgenera Rhododendron and Hymenanthes as monophyletic groups nested within clades A and B , respectively. By contrast subgenera Azaleastrum and Pentanthera were polyphyletic , while R. camtschaticum appeared as

5280-492: The monotypic genus Tsusiophyllum into section Tsutsusi , while Kron & Judd reduced genus Ledum to a subsection of section Rhododendron . Then Judd & Kron moved two species ( R.   schlippenbachii and R.   quinquefolium ) from section Brachybachii , subgenus Tsutsusi and two from section Rhodora , subgenus Pentanthera ( R. albrechtii , R. pentaphyllum ) into section Sciadorhodion , subgenus Pentanthera . Finally Chamberlain brought

5368-465: The months of May to September. Temperatures range from 21 to 40 °C (70 to 104 °F). In winter, temperatures do not generally drop below 4 °C (39 °F), but frost is common at high elevations. Summer is the shortest season in the state, lasting only a few months. The temperature during the summer season remains between 16 and 31 °C (61 and 88 °F). Winter often arrives early, with bitter cold and dry weather striking certain regions of

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5456-561: The mountains of Korea , Japan and Taiwan . More than 90% of Rhododendron sensu Chamberlain belong to the Asian subgenera Rhododendron , Hymenanthes and section Tsutsusi . Of the first two of these, the species are predominantly found in the area of the Himalayas and Southwest China (Sino-Himalayan Region). The 300 tropical species within the Vireya section of subgenus Rhododendron occupy

5544-415: The new section Tsutsusi , subgenus Azaleastrum . Genus Menziesa (9 species) was also added to section Sciadorhodion . The remaining small subgenus Therorhodion with its two species was left intact. Thus two subgenera, Hymenanthes and Azaleastrum were expanded at the expense of four subgenera that were eliminated, although Azaleastrum lost one section ( Choniastrum ) as a new subgenus, since it

5632-428: The nineteenth century so did a better understanding of the characteristics necessary for the major divisions. Chief amongst these were Maximovicz 's Rhododendreae Asiae Orientali and Planchon . Maximovicz used flower bud position and its relationship with leaf buds to create eight "Sections". Bentham and Hooker used a similar scheme, but called the divisions "Series". It was not until 1893 that Koehne appreciated

5720-400: The other in terms of customs, language and dress. It is a land of folklore passed down the generations through word of mouth. The earliest recorded history of the Nagas of the present-day Nagaland dates back to the 13th century. In the 19th century, the British India forces began expanding their influence in Northeast India , including the Naga Hills . After India's independence in 1947,

5808-475: The presence of scales (lepidote), deciduousness of leaves, and the floral and vegetative branching patterns, after Sleumer (1980). These consist of four large and four small subgenera. The first two subgenera ( Rhododendron and Hymenanthes ) represent the species commonly considered as 'Rhododendrons'. The next two smaller subgenera ( Pentanthera and Tsutsusi ) represent the 'Azaleas'. The remaining four subgenera contain very few species. The largest of these

5896-425: The question of the Naga Hills' political status emerged. Nagaland was a district in the State of Assam until 1957, known to others as "The Naga Hills". The Naga National Council , led by Zapu Phizo , demanded an independent Naga state and launched an armed insurgency. The Indian Government , however, maintained that Nagaland was an integral part of the Indian Union. The conflict between the Naga National Council and

5984-455: The relationship of the flower buds to the leaf buds, habitat, flower structure, and whether the leaves were lepidote or non-lepidote. While Sleumer's work was widely accepted, many in the United States and the United Kingdom continued to use the simpler Balfourian system of the Edinburgh group. Sleumer's system underwent many revisions by others, predominantly the Edinburgh group in their continuing Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh notes. Cullen of

6072-524: The ruling Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party (NDPP). Salhoutuonuo Kruse later became the first woman minister of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly. Twenty per cent of the total land area of the state is covered with wooded forest, a haven for flora and fauna. The evergreen tropical and subtropical forests are found in strategic pockets in the state. Nagaland has a largely monsoon climate with high humidity levels. Annual rainfall averages around 1,800–2,500 millimetres (70–100 in), concentrated in

6160-403: The seed for later germination and planting. Nagaland Nagaland ( / ˈ n ɑː ɡ ə l æ n d / ) is a state in the north-eastern region of India . It is bordered by the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south, and the Naga Self-Administered Zone of the Sagaing Region of Myanmar (Burma) to the east. Its capital city

6248-491: The significance of scaling and hence the separation of lepidote and elepidote species. The large number of species that were available by the early twentieth century prompted a new approach when Balfour introduced the concept of grouping species into series . The Species of Rhododendron referred to this series concept as the Balfourian system. That system continued up to modern times in Davidian's four volume The Rhododendron Species . The next major attempt at classification

6336-441: The state are Garo , Karbi , Chirr , Makury , and Rongmei . There are also sizeable populations of non-native communities like Bengalis , Marwaris , Nepalis , Punjabis and others living mostly around Dimapur City . Languages of Nagaland in 2011 Naga people form the majority of the population. According to the 2011 census there are 2 million people living in Nagaland. The Naga people number around 1.8 million in

6424-540: The state, constituting over 90% of the population. These belong mostly to the Sino-Tibetan language family . Shafer came up with his own classification system for languages found in and around Nagaland. In 1967, the Nagaland Assembly proclaimed Indian English as the official language of Nagaland and it is the medium for education in Nagaland. Other than English, Nagamese , a creole language based on Assamese ,

6512-700: The state. The maximum average temperature recorded in the winter season is 24 °C (75 °F). Strong northwest winds blow across the state during the months of February and March. About one-sixth of Nagaland is covered by tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forests—including palms, bamboo, rattan as well as timber and mahogany forests. While some forest areas have been cleared for jhum cultivation , many scrub forests, rainforests, tall grassland, and reed-grass marshes remain. Ntangki National Park , Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary , Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary and Rangapahar Reserve Forest are some natural reserves in Nagaland. Some noteworthy mammals found in Nagaland include

6600-570: The then known six species of Azalea that he had described earlier in 1735 in his Systema Naturae as a separate genus. Linnaeus' six species of Azalea were Azalea indica , A. pontica , A. lutea , A. viscosa , A. lapponica and A. procumbens (now Kalmia procumbens ), which he distinguished from Rhododendron by having five stamens , as opposed to ten. As new species of what are now considered Rhododendron were discovered, they were assigned to separate genera if they seemed to differ significantly from

6688-571: The two separate genera included under Rhododendron by Chamberlain ( Ledum , Tsusiophyllum ), Goetsch et al. . added Menziesia (clade C ). Despite a degree of paraphyly , the subgenus Rhododendron was otherwise untouched with regard to its three sections but four other subgenera were eliminated and one new subgenus created, leaving a total of five subgenera in all, from eight in Chamberlain's scheme. The discontinued subgenera are Pentanthera , Tsutsusi , Candidastrum and Mumeazalea , while

6776-414: The type species. For instance Rhodora (Linnaeus 1763) for Rhododendron canadense , Vireya ( Blume 1826) and Hymenanthes (Blume 1826) for Rhododendron metternichii , now R. degronianum . Meanwhile, other botanists such as Salisbury (1796) and Tate (1831) began to question the distinction between Azalea and Rhododendron , and finally in 1836, Azalea was incorporated into Rhododendron and

6864-552: The undersides of the leaves are covered with scales (lepidote) or hairs (indumentum). Some of the best known species are noted for their many clusters of large flowers. A recently discovered species in New Guinea has flowers up to six inches (fifteen centimeters) in width, the largest in the whole genus. The accompanying photograph shows it as having seven petals . There are alpine species with small flowers and small leaves, and tropical species such as section Vireya that often grow as epiphytes . Species in this genus may be part of

6952-493: The various systems together in 1996, with 1,025 species divided into eight subgenera. Goetsch (2005) provides a comparison of the Sleumer and Chamberlain schemata (Table 1). Rhododendron Choniastrum Hymenanthes Azaleastrum Therorhodion The era of molecular analysis rather than descriptive features can be dated to the work of Kurashige (1988) and Kron (1997) who used matK sequencing . Later Gao et al. (2002) used ITS sequences to determine

7040-462: The violence. In March 1975, a direct presidential rule was imposed by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on the state. In November 1975, some leaders of the largest rebel groups agreed to lay down their arms and accept the Indian constitution , a small group did not agree and continued their insurgent activity. The Nagaland Baptist Church Council played an important role by initiating peace efforts in

7128-534: Was a distinct subclade in  A . In all, Hymenanthes increased from one to two sections, while Azaleastrum , by losing one section and gaining two increased from two to three sections. (See schemata under Subgenera .) Subsequent research has supported the revision by Goetsch, although has largely concentrated on further defining the phylogeny within the subdivisions. In 2011 the two species of Diplarche were also added to Rhododendron , incertae sedis . This genus has been progressively subdivided into

7216-624: Was by Sleumer who from 1934 began incorporating the Balfourian series into the older hierarchical structure of subgenera and sections, according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , culminating in 1949 with his "Ein System der Gattung Rhododendron  L.", and subsequent refinements. Most of the Balfourian series are represented by Sleumer as subsections, though some appear as sections or even subgenera. Sleumer based his system on

7304-402: Was derived from axils from previous year's shoots or the lowest scaly leaves. Following the cladistic analysis of Goetsch et al. (2005) this scheme was simplified, based on the discovery of three major clades (A, B, C) as follows. Clade A Clade B Clade C Sister taxon The larger subgenera are further subdivided into sections and subsections Some subgenera contain only

7392-586: Was evacuated. British India soldiers defended the area of Kohima and having lost many of their original force were relieved by British in June 1944. Together the British and Indian troops successfully repelled the Japanese troops. The battle was fought from 4 April to 22 June 1944 from the town of Kohima, coordinated with action at Imphal , Manipur. The Indian National Army lost half their numbers, many through starvation, and were forced to withdraw through Burma. There

7480-467: Was moved to subgenus Hymenanthes . Of the remaining three sections, monotypic Viscidula was discontinued by moving R.   nipponicum to Tsutsusi ( C ), while Rhodora (2 species) was itself polyphyletic and was broken up by moving R.   canadense to section Pentanthera ( B ) and R.   vaseyi to section Sciadorhodion , which then became a new section of subgenus Azaleastrum  ( C ). Subgenus Tsutsusi ( C )

7568-433: Was recorded as 'Naga' and has been in use thereafter. The ancient history of the Nagas is unclear. Ethnic groups migrated at different times, each settling in the northeastern part of present India and establishing their respective sovereign mountain terrains and village states. There are no records of whether they came from the northern Mongolian region, southeast Asia, or southwest China, except that their origins are from

7656-411: Was reduced to section status retaining the name, and included in subgenus Azaleastrum . Of the three minor subgenera, all in C , two were discontinued. The single species of monotypic subgenus Candidastrum ( R.   albiflorum ) was moved to subgenus Azaleastrum , section Sciadorhodion . Similarly the single species in monotypic subgenus Mumeazalea ( R.   semibarbatum ) was placed in

7744-700: Was very different from historic social governance practices. In parallel, since the mid-19th century, Christian missionaries from the United States and Europe , stationed in India, reached into Nagaland and neighbouring states, converting Nagaland's Naga ethnic groups from animism to Christianity. In 1944, during World War II , the Japanese Army, with the help of the Indian National Army led by Netaji Subhashchandra Bose , invaded through Burma and attempted to take India through Kohima. The population

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