34-535: The western tragopan or western horned tragopan ( Tragopan melanocephalus ) is a medium-sized brightly plumed pheasant found along the range of Himalayas from north-eastern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in northern Pakistan in the west to Uttarakhand within India to the east. The species is highly endangered and globally threatened. The male is very dark, grey and black with numerous white spots, each spot bordered with black and deep crimson patches on
68-479: A "single common ancestor" organism. Paraphyly is common in speciation , whereby a mother species (a paraspecies ) gives rise to a daughter species without itself becoming extinct. Research indicates as many as 20 percent of all animal species and between 20 and 50 percent of plant species are paraphyletic. Accounting for these facts, some taxonomists argue that paraphyly is a trait of nature that should be acknowledged at higher taxonomic levels. Cladists advocate
102-592: A cell nucleus, a plesiomorphy ) from its excluded descendants. Also, some systematists recognize paraphyletic groups as being involved in evolutionary transitions, the development of the first tetrapods from their ancestors for example. Any name given to these hypothetical ancestors to distinguish them from tetrapods—"fish", for example—necessarily picks out a paraphyletic group, because the descendant tetrapods are not included. Other systematists consider reification of paraphyletic groups to obscure inferred patterns of evolutionary history. The term " evolutionary grade "
136-407: A common ancestor are said to be monophyletic . A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more subsidiary clades (monophyletic groups) are excluded to form a separate group. Philosopher of science Marc Ereshefsky has argued that paraphyletic taxa are the result of anagenesis in the excluded group or groups. A cladistic approach normally does not grant paraphyletic assemblages
170-419: A group of dinosaurs (part of Diapsida ), both of which are "reptiles". Osteichthyes , bony fish, are paraphyletic when circumscribed to include only Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (lungfish, etc.), and to exclude tetrapods ; more recently, Osteichthyes is treated as a clade, including the tetrapods. The " wasps " are paraphyletic, consisting of the narrow-waisted Apocrita without
204-439: A kind of lizard). Put another way, viviparity is a synapomorphy for Theria within mammals, and an autapomorphy for Eulamprus tympanum (or perhaps a synapomorphy, if other Eulamprus species are also viviparous). Groupings based on independently-developed traits such as these examples of viviparity represent examples of polyphyly , not paraphyly. The following list recapitulates a number of paraphyletic groups proposed in
238-549: A more inclusive clade, it often makes sense to study the paraphyletic group that remains without considering the larger clade. For example, the Neogene evolution of the Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates, like deer, cows, pigs and hippopotamuses - Cervidae , Bovidae , Suidae and Hippopotamidae , the families that contain these various artiodactyls, are all monophyletic groups) has taken place in environments so different from that of
272-424: A phylogenetic species concept that does not consider species to exhibit the properties of monophyly or paraphyly, concepts under that perspective which apply only to groups of species. They consider Zander's extension of the "paraphyletic species" argument to higher taxa to represent a category error When the appearance of significant traits has led a subclade on an evolutionary path very divergent from that of
306-433: Is allowed as a synonym of Magnoliopsida. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the monocots are a development from a dicot ancestor. Excluding monocots from the dicots makes the latter a paraphyletic group. Among animals, several familiar groups are not, in fact, clades. The order Artiodactyla ( even-toed ungulates ) as traditionally defined is paraphyletic because it excludes Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, etc.). Under
340-570: Is considered as one of the rarest living pheasants. Its range is very restricted. In the Kashmir valley, it is known as daangeer , in Chamba as phulgar and in the Kullu valley as jujurana ("king of birds"). It was accorded the status of state bird of Himachal Pradesh in 2007. The population of the western tragopan is threatened by several anthropogenic factors throughout its range. The world population
374-608: Is estimated at fewer than 5,000 individuals, including a captive breeding population in Himachal Pradesh which numbered fewer than ten pairs in 2012. CITES has listed this species in Appendix I in order to discourage selling of its feathers. Representing the endemic bird area D02 of Western Himalaya, the western tragopan has been described as a range-restricted species. Pheasant Pheasants ( / ˈ f ɛ z ə n t s / FEH -zənts ) are birds of several genera within
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#1732884937598408-487: Is mostly arboreal but feeds on the ground. They feed mostly on leaves, shoots and seeds, but also consume insects and other invertebrates . Like most pheasants, they roost in trees singly or in pairs except during nesting. During display, the males show the throat inflated into lappets that appear purple with pink margins. They also display blue horns with a fancied resemblance to those of the Greek mythological god Pan , whence
442-629: Is rather arbitrary, since the character states of common ancestors are inferences, not observations. These terms were developed during the debates of the 1960s and 1970s accompanying the rise of cladistics . Paraphyletic groupings are considered problematic by many taxonomists, as it is not possible to talk precisely about their phylogenetic relationships, their characteristic traits and literal extinction. Related terms are stem group , chronospecies , budding cladogenesis, anagenesis, or 'grade' groupings. Paraphyletic groups are often relics from outdated hypotheses of phylogenic relationships from before
476-436: Is said to be paraphyletic with respect to the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic grouping (a clade ) includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology ) and in the tree model of historical linguistics . Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies . If many subgroups are missing from
510-482: Is sometimes used for paraphyletic groups. Moreover, the concepts of monophyly , paraphyly, and polyphyly have been used in deducing key genes for barcoding of diverse group of species. Current phylogenetic hypotheses of tetrapod relationships imply that viviparity , the production of offspring without the external laying of a fertilized egg, developed independently in the lineages that led to humans ( Homo sapiens ) and southern water skinks ( Eulampus tympanum ,
544-644: Is widespread throughout the world, in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. Various other pheasant species are popular in aviaries , such as the golden pheasant ( Chrysolophus pictus ). According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word "pheasant" ultimately comes from Phasis, the ancient name of what is now called the Rioni River in Georgia . It passed from Greek to Latin to French (spelled with an initial "f") then to English, appearing for
578-503: The Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) that the Artiodactyla are often studied in isolation even though the cetaceans are a descendant group. The prokaryote group is another example; it is paraphyletic because it is composed of two Domains (Eubacteria and Archaea) and excludes (the eukaryotes ). It is very useful because it has a clearly defined and significant distinction (absence of
612-569: The ICN ) abandoned consideration of bacterial nomenclature in 1975; currently, prokaryotic nomenclature is regulated under the ICNB with a starting date of 1 January 1980 (in contrast to a 1753 start date under the ICBN/ICN). Among plants, dicotyledons (in the traditional sense) are paraphyletic because the group excludes monocotyledons . "Dicotyledon" has not been used as a botanic classification for decades, but
646-507: The Satluj river in India. They are found from an altitude of 1,750 to 3,600 m, going higher in summer. Their preferred habitat is the dense understorey of temperate, subalpine and broad-leaved forest. It inhabits upper temperate forests between 2,400 and 3,600 m in summer, and in winter, dense coniferous and broad-leaved forests between 2,000 and 2,800 m elevations. The western tragopan
680-638: The ants and bees . The sawflies ( Symphyta ) are similarly paraphyletic, forming all of the Hymenoptera except for the Apocrita, a clade deep within the sawfly tree. Crustaceans are not a clade because the Hexapoda (insects) are excluded. The modern clade that spans all of them is the Tetraconata . One of the goals of modern taxonomy over the past fifty years has been to eliminate paraphyletic "groups", such as
714-833: The family Phasianidae in the order Galliformes . Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera's native range is restricted to Eurasia. The classification "pheasant" is paraphyletic , as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the subfamilies Phasianinae and Pavoninae , and in many cases are more closely related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in Perdicinae , Tetraoninae , and Meleagridinae ) than to other pheasants. Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism , males being highly decorated with bright colours and adornments such as wattles . Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing
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#1732884937598748-450: The examples given here, from formal classifications. Species have a special status in systematics as being an observable feature of nature itself and as the basic unit of classification. Some articulations of the phylogenetic species concept require species to be monophyletic, but paraphyletic species are common in nature, to the extent that they do not have a single common ancestor. Indeed, for sexually reproducing taxa, no species has
782-473: The fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms consisting of all the descendants of a unique common ancestor. By comparison, the term polyphyly , or polyphyletic , uses the Ancient Greek prefix πολύς ( polús ), meaning "many, a lot of", and refers to the fact that a polyphyletic group includes organisms arising from multiple ancestral sources. Groups that include all the descendants of
816-487: The first time in English around 1299. This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species. Euplocamus and Gennceus are older names more or less corresponding to the current Lophura . These old genera were used for: Paraphyly Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping
850-462: The head and red on neck. Males weigh 1.8–2.2 kg (4.0–4.9 lb) and females weigh 1.25–1.4 kg (2.8–3.1 lb). The males vary in length from 55–60 cm (22–24 in) while the females are 48–50 cm (19–20 in). Five populations are known from Kohistan and Kaghan valley in Pakistan and from Kishtwar , Chamba and Kullu districts of India as well as from an area east of
884-605: The literature, and provides the corresponding monophyletic taxa. The concept of paraphyly has also been applied to historical linguistics , where the methods of cladistics have found some utility in comparing languages. For instance, the Formosan languages form a paraphyletic group of the Austronesian languages because they consist of the nine branches of the Austronesian family that are not Malayo-Polynesian and are restricted to
918-418: The name tragopan ( tragos "goat" + Pan ). During the display they call and the song is a loud two-note ringing wou-weee which is repeated every second for long periods. The breeding season is May and June. They build their nests in low tree hollows. They are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and avoid disturbed habitats (for instance, hydro-electric project development sites). The western tragopan
952-568: The named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term received currency during the debates of the 1960s and 1970s accompanying the rise of cladistics , having been coined by zoologist Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia ( reptiles ), which is paraphyletic with respect to birds . Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestor except for birds. Other commonly recognized paraphyletic groups include fish , monkeys , and lizards . The term paraphyly , or paraphyletic , derives from
986-675: The ranks of the ICZN Code , the two taxa are separate orders. Molecular studies, however, have shown that the Cetacea descend from artiodactyl ancestors, although the precise phylogeny within the order remains uncertain. Without the Cetaceans the Artiodactyls are paraphyletic. The class Reptilia is paraphyletic because it excludes birds (class Aves ). Under a traditional classification, these two taxa are separate classes. However birds are sister taxon to
1020-563: The rise of cladistics. The prokaryotes (single-celled life forms without cell nuclei) are a paraphyletic grouping, because they exclude the eukaryotes , a descendant group. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, but archaea and eukaryotes share a common ancestor that is not ancestral to the bacteria. The prokaryote/eukaryote distinction was proposed by Edouard Chatton in 1937 and was generally accepted after being adopted by Roger Stanier and C.B. van Niel in 1962. The botanical code (the ICBN, now
1054-403: The sides and back of the neck. The throat is bare with blue skin while the bare facial skin is red. They have a small black occipital crest . Females have pale brownish-grey upper parts finely vermiculated and spotted with black, and most of the feathers have black patches and central white streaks. Immature males resemble females, but are larger with longer legs and a variable amount of black on
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1088-460: The status of "groups", nor does it reify them with explanations, as in cladistics they are not seen as the actual products of evolutionary events. A group whose identifying features evolved convergently in two or more lineages is polyphyletic (Greek πολύς [ polys ], "many"). More broadly, any taxon that is not paraphyletic or monophyletic can be called polyphyletic. Empirically, the distinction between polyphyletic groups and paraphyletic groups
1122-477: The two Ancient Greek words παρά ( pará ), meaning "beside, near", and φῦλον ( phûlon ), meaning "genus, species", and refers to the situation in which one or several monophyletic subgroups of organisms (e.g., genera, species) are left apart from all other descendants of a unique common ancestor. Conversely, the term monophyly , or monophyletic , builds on the Ancient Greek prefix μόνος ( mónos ), meaning "alone, only, unique", and refers to
1156-471: The young. A pheasant's call or cry can be recognised by the fact it sounds like a rusty sink or valve being turned. Pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the summer they take advantage of insects, fresh green shoots, spiders, earthworms, and snails. However, as an introduced species, in the UK they are a threat to endangered native adders. The best-known is the common pheasant , which
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